PROSPECTS OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY IN GHANAKOFI ANAMANResearch & Development Analyst

ANAEROBIC SANITATION SYSTEMS

(Sustainable Solutions Sanitations Systems,4sYs)

OUTSIDE THE BOX THOUGHTS!!Did you know • A total of 88,144 m3 of biogas could be produced daily from

dung which could generate about 107.7 MWh of energy daily which can support the energy needs of 300 households annually?

• A grand total of 121,700 m3 of gas could be produced and could replace of 138.8 tonnes of firewood daily??

• A potential output of 360,000 tons of liquid organic fertilizer which is capable of fertilizing about 70,000 ha of irrigated farmland or 140,000 ha of dry farmland from the dung portion of the waste??

WASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN GHANA• Rapid growth urban population.• Changes in consumption patterns• Inadequate sites and facilities for waste

management operations• Negative habits and apathy of the general public

towards the environment giving raise to the practice of open defecation , flying toilets etc.

• Inadequate equipment and operational funds to support management efforts.

WASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN GHANAFACTS( Housing and Populations Census 2000)• 4.8% of households in Ghana have their waste

collected from their dwellings.• 7.9% of households burn their refuse.• 57.6% employ receptacles for storage and send

to designated dump sites.• 25.9% of households dump their refuse at

unspecified locations including drains, embankment of water courses, rivers, wetlands.

NEGATIVE WASTE HABITS & PRACTICES

IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE PRACTICESDirect Impacts• Water pollution(Surface and ground)• Land degradation• Emissions of harmful gases • Destruction of Ecosystem• Air Pollution• Poor aesthetics

IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE PRACTICESIndirect Impacts• Public Health problems;80% ailments reported

in Ghana are associated with inadequate sanitation and therefore preventable.

• Poverty• Climate Change; flooding• Ecological Imbalance• Threat to hydro-energy sources.

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT(SWM)

• Initials Thoughts

Generating electricity from garbage and pollution??

SWM- CONCEPTUALIZED

SWM- PARADIGM

• Waste as resource/raw material for energy and fertilizer production.

• Appropriate and Economically sound technologies that combine solid waste and wastewater treatment and energy production can simultaneously protect the surrounding environment and enhance energy production.

BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY

• Biogas is derived through Anaerobic Digestion(AD) of organic solid waste(agricultural waste, municipal and industrial waste).

• AD consist of several independent, complex, sequential and parallel biological reactions in the absence.

• In the process, the product from one group of microorganisms serve as the substrates for the next.

• At the end, a mixture of gases(biogas) is produced.• Biogas comprise mainly of methane and carbon

dioxide.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FLOW CHART

PERSPECTIVES ON BIOGAS TECHNOLOGYSustainably addressing• Health • Sanitation • Environmental Impacts of ground and surface water contamination and

Landfills• Land use pattern

Economically addressing• Water use and reuse-water recycle• Cesspool emptying and its impacts• Beneficial use of biogas-electricity, cooking , refrigeration

FIXED-DOME AD PLANT(Hohlfield and Sasse,1986)

COMPONENTS OF AD SYSTEM

• THE BIO-DIGESTER

• COMPENSATION TANK/CHAMBER

• EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM

• TREATED EFFLUENT STORAGE

• BIOGAS STORAGE BALLOON

• END-USE ACCESSORIES

BIOGAS COMPONENT

BIOGAS FILTRATION SYSTEMMethane component should be increased(from 60% to

90%) to enhance the calorific value of the gas. Also to remove H2S which causes corrosion.

To achieve this, • Chemical adsorption; Using Iron-chelated solution.• High pressure water scrubbing ;simple and easy process• Pressure swing adsorption• Cryogenic separation• Membrane separation

Local option and low-cost options??

BIOGAS UTILIZATION

• Cooking- biogas stoves

• Electricity- Generators, biogas lamps

• Refrigeration

COOKING-BIOGAS STOVE

ELECTRICITY

REFRIGERATION

TREATED EFFLUENT USAGE

For non-critical applications• Landscaping

• Flushing Toilets

Economics Perspective• Feasible minimum plant size -8m3 With per m3 charge $200-300(depending prevailing soil

conditions).

• No regular cesspool emptying services; Low operational charges, reduced environmental pollution.

• Estimated life span of AD plant 30-40 years with minimal or no maintenance.

• All these freebies plus energy(electricity,cooking gas) & fertilizer production makes this technology economical and environmentally friendly.

Thank you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ANAEROBIC SANITATION SYSTEMS(Sustainable Solutions Sanitation Systems, 4sYs)

36 Kofi Annan Avenue, Second LinkNORTH LEGON, ACCRA-GHANA

E-mail: sssansystems.anaman@gmail.comMobile : 0244187173