Potential link between ground water hardness, arsenic content...

Prof. Priyani Paranagama Senior Professor & Chair of Chemistry

University of Kelaniya Kelaniya

Potential Link between Ground Water Hardness, Arsenic and Prevalence of CKDu

Members of the research team • Prof. Priyani Paranagama-Chemistry - Uni. of Kelaniya • Prof. Mala Amarasinghe- Botany - Univ. of Kelaniya • Mr. Saranga Fonseka – Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya • Dr. Channa Jayasumana - Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University • Ashwin Fernando, Collage of Chemical Science, Institute of Chemistry,

Celon. • Ms. Kumudika Jayalath, University of Kelaniya

Team of medical doctors • Dr. Chinthaka Wijewardhane- Former MOIC-Padavi Sripura Hospital • Dr. Kumudu Dahanayake- Former JMO-Monaragala DGH • Dr. Dananjaya Samarasinghe - Karawanella Base Hospital • Dr. Panduka Mahamithawa - Faculty of Medicine,Rajarata University • Dr. Lakshitha Rajakaruna- Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University

• University of Ruhuna • Dr. Mangala de Silva, Department of Zoology

Why? 1) unique geographical distribution of the

CKDu

2) there was no CKDu 20-25 years back

• Literature Search on Causative Factors for CKDu

Initiated in December 2010

• With the concurrence of Ethics Committee of the Faculty

of Medicine and Allied Sciences of Rajarata University of

Sri Lanka.

• Written informed consent was obtained from all the

individuals who have participated in the study.

Objectives of the present study • To investigate the link between water

hardness and prevalence of CKDu

• To determine the prevalence of clinical features and analysis the arsenic content in biological and environmental samples

• To investigate the sources of arsenic contamination in the environment and biological samples

Clinical assessments of our Study

Study areas;

Endemic areas: Padavi-Sripura, Anuradhapura urban area, Polpithigama, Nikawewa, Mahawa-Siyambangamuwa, Medawachchiya, Matale, Kebithigollawa (Gonameriyawa)

Nonendemic areas:

Gampaha and Pasgoda

Endemic areas

Nonendemic areas: Gampaha and Pasgoda

Clinical assessments • Total no. of participants in the study (n) = 1293

• Endemic areas: CKDu cases - 801 & Controls – 346

• Non endemic areas : 146

• A door-to-door survey to gather background information on CKDu patients among the villagers

• Questionnaire form was used for the survey

• All subjects were interviewed

• Urine ACR were obtained and recorded

• Socio - demographic variables and Anthropometric characteristic, blood pressure and pulse recording of all subjects were obtained

Statistical analysis • MINITAB 14 statistical software

• Data obtained from CKDu cases in endemic area, controls in endemic and nonendemic area ; age, sex, education, occupation, type of agriculture, source of drinking water, use of agrochemicals were statistically analyzed .

• Linear regression analysis and correlation of water hardness and number of CKDu patients were statistically analyzed

• p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

• At the beginning of the study, all selected house holds were mapped using Global Positioning System (GPS)

Moragollagama

Nikawewa

Siyabakangamuwa

Socio - demographic variables of CKDu cases

• Gender

– Male 85 %

– Female 15 %

male

female

85%

15%

0

50

100

150

200

250

15 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 -70 71 - 80 80-90

Age breakdown of the CKDu patients

No. of CKDu

Cases

Age category

CKDu primarily affects middle-aged farmers.

Level of education of CKDu cases

– Grade 1 to grade 5 21. 4 %

– Grade 6 to Grade 10 46. 2 %

– Up to O/L 18.3 %

– Up to A/L 13.5 %

– Degree or above 0.6 %

Employment status Farmers 77.5 %

House wives 14.2 %

Office employee 08.3 %

(farmers)

Marital status

Single 38.4 %

Married 61.6 %

Source of Drinking water Well water - 92 % Tube wells – 08 %

Type of agriculture - Use of Agrochemicals 100 %

The farming communities are predominantly affected; of which more than 90% live in rural areas

Kristina Jakobsson & Channa Jayasuman (2013) Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown origin in Sri Lanka, Proceedings of the First International Research Workshop on Mesoamerican Nephrophathy, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET-UNA) and Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Editors: Catharina Wesseling, Jennifer Crowe, Christ er Hogstedt, Kristina Jakobsson, Rebekah Lucas and David Wegman, 28-30 November, Costa Rica, pp 53.

Hardness of water from endemic area and nonendemic area

Collection of water samples

Endemic area (n = 381)

Non endemic area (n = 232)

Methodology

Total hardness was measured using EPA

130.2 method

EPA methods were used for detection of

anions in hardwater.

District Sampling locations Number of

samples

Anuradhapura

Kebithigollewa Spring 10

Medawachchiya 40

Padaviya 36

Anuradhapura city 45

Kurunegala Polpithigama, Nikawewa 60

Mahawa-Siyambalangamuwa 20

Mathale Mathale 49

Ampara Padiyathalawa, Dehiaththakandiya 83

Gampaha Kadawatha, Ja - ela, Katunayaka, Biyagama,

Kaduwela, Gampaha 212

Monaragala Monaragala 38

Mathara Pasgoda 20

District Sampling

locations

Number

of samples

Avg. Total

Hardness

(mg/L-1)

Minimum and

Maximum

Hardness

(mg/L-1)

Median

hardness

(mg/L-1)

Number

of CKDu

patients

Anuradhapura

Kebithigollewa

Spring 10 9.2 9.1 - 9.3 9.2 0

Medawachchiya 40 376.2 160.2 -

685.2 384.6 2783

Padaviya 36 323. 8 270.0 -

820.0 340 2378

Anuradhapura

city 45 112.4

108.2 –

312.5 122.5 5

Kurunegala

Polpithigama,

Nikawewa 60 352.5 90.0 - 615.0 307.5 2654

Mahawa-

Siyambalangamuwa 20 253 60.0 - 410.0 240 72

M.A.C.S. Jayasumana, P.A. Paranagama, M.D. Amarasinghe, S.I. Fonseka, Sri Lankan Agricultural Nephropathy and high ground water hardness Possible link, Proceedings of the First International Research Workshop on Mesoamerican Nephrophathy, Central American Institute for Studies on toxic Substances (IRET-UNA) and Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Editors: Catharina Wesseling, Jennifer Crowe, Christer Hogstedt, Kristina Jakobsson, Rebekah Lucas and David Wegman, 28-30 November, Costa Rica, pp 195.

Endemic area

District Sampling locations Number

of samples

Avg. Total

Hardness

(mg/L-1)

Minimum and

Maximum

Hardness

(mg/L-1)

Median

hardness

(mg/L-1)

Number

of CKDu

patients

Kurunegala

Polpithigama,

Nikawewa 60 352.5 90.0 - 615.0 307.5 2654

Mahawa-

Siyambalangamuwa 20 253 60.0 - 410.0 240 72

Mathale Mathale 49 228 60.0 - 460 252.5 55

Ampara Padiyathalawa,

Dehiaththakandiya 83 259.4 18.9 - 943 260 977


Endemic area

District Sampling locations Number

of samples

Avg. Total

Hardness

(mg/L-1)

Minimum and

Maximum

Hardness

(mg/L-1)

Median

hardness

(mg/L-1)

Number

of CKDu

patients

Gampaha

Kadawatha,

Kelaniya, Ja -

ela, Katunayaka,

Biyagama,

Kaduwela,

Gampaha

212 94.6 9.4 -

140.0 67.3 0

Mathara Pasgoda 20 30.6 28.4-

54.6 33.7 0


nonendemic area

Relationship between water hardness and number of CKDu patients in sampling areas


Hardness of water in reservoirs in the endemic

area

Hardness of water in reservoirs in the endemic area

Location of the Reservoir Avg. Hardness

(ppm)

Padaviya 115 - 135

Tissa wewa 120 - 135

Bulankulama 130 - 140

Olugolla 105 - 125

Nikawewa 140 - 155

Siyambalangamuwa 100 - 120

Medawachchiya 130 - 145

Measured in three occasion of the year as Values may vary due to different climetic conditions.

Distribution and prevalence of

CKDu in Sri Lanka

Distribution of hardwater in Sri Lanka

(Technical data for groundwater

hardness in Sri Lanka, Water

Resources Board, Colombo 7)

Average values of total hardness and other ions in water samples of sampling areas

Location Avg.

Hardness

mg/L

Avg.

PO43-

mg/L

Avg.

SO42-

mg/L

Avg.

NO3-

mg/L

Avg.

CO32-

mg/L

Avg. F

mg/L

Avg.

Fe

mg/L

Pasgoda 30.60 0.14 2.40 0.21 60.82 0.20 0.22

Gampaha 94.60 0.93 25.10 1.02 82.38 0.20 0.28

Anuradhapura city 112.40 0.51 16.93 0.45 186.17 1.04 0.02

Monaragala 142.90 0.60 20.31 1.60 110.80 1.80 0.10

Mathale 228.00 0.37 9.57 0.41 294.27 0.72 0.09

Mahawa -

Siyambalangamuwa 253.00 10.41 63.79 3.07 178.58 1.40 0.24

Ampara 259.40 9.60 54.58 1.25 346.00 1.02 0.11

Padaviya 323.80 12.63 76.80 3.72 324.20 1.20 0.26

Polpithigama 352.50 11.21 72.89 4.07 192.77 1.20 0.36

Medawachchiya 376.20 12.80 80.10 4.86 366.75 1.50 0.60

Fonseka, S.I., Amarasinghe, M.D., Paranagama, P.A. (2013) Nitrate, phosphate and sulfate concentrations of well water in CKDu endemic areas and non endemic areas and their relation to water hardness, Proceedings of the 69th annual sessions of Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, Sri Lanka will be held on 2nd – 6th Dec. 2013, pp 271.

Fonseka, S.I., Amarasinghe, M.D., Paranagama, P.A. (2013) Nitrate, phosphate and sulfate concentrations of well

water in CKDu endemic areas and non endemic areas and their relation to water hardness, Proceedings of the 69th

annual sessions of Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, Sri Lanka will be held on 2nd – 6th Dec.

2013, pp. 271.

• To determine the prevalence of clinical features and analysis the arsenic content in urine and hair samples

• Abnormal spotty pigmentation observed in palms and soles of CKDu patients during clinical examinations of CKDu patients

• Different from Chronic Arsenic Toxicity present in Bangladesh

IN BANGLADESH

Endemic area

•Jayasumana, M.A.C.S., Paranagama, P.A., Amarasinghe, M.D., Wijewardane, K.M.R.C., Dahanayake, K.S., Fonseka, S.I.,

Rajakaruna, K.D.L.M.P., Mahamithawa, A.M.P., Samarasinghe, U.D., Senanayake, V.K. (2013) Possible link of Chronic

arsenic toxicity with Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka, Journal of Natural Sciences Research,

3(1), 64-73.

Percentage dermal manifestation observed in

the CKDu cases and control groups

Subjects from non-endemic area did not show hyperpigmentations or kerotosis

of palms and soles

Collection of biological samples

• Urine samples were collected

CKDu patients (n = 125)

controls from endemic area (n = 180)

controls from nonendemic area (n = 43)

• Hair samples were collected

CKDu patients (n = 125)

controls from endemic area (n = 180)

controls from nonendemic area (n = 43)

Measurement of Arsenic content in urine and hair samples

• GBC 932 plus Atomic Absorption Spectrometer-AAS (Australia) equipped with a hydride generation system (GBC 3000) and Graphite Furnace (GF 3000) with the background corrector

Analysis of arsenic content

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and Mercury Vapour Generator at Water Resources Board Colombo 07 -Sri Lanka

CONSOLAB, MALAYSIA

AAS analysis with EPA 7060A method

ALS Laboratory in Australia (http://www.alsglobal.com) ICPMS analysis

Digestion of samples –EPA 7060 A method

• Digestion of samples was carried out with concentrated nitric acid (70% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),

• concentrated sulfuric acid (98% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),

• perchloric acid (70% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd), HCl (37% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),

• and high purity hydrogen peroxide (35.5%) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),

• Laboratory glassware was kept overnight in 10% (v/v) nitric acid. Before use, the glassware were rinsed with de-ionized

water and dried in a dust free environment.

• Spike samples were used in order to calculate the % recovery of biological samples

Urinary arsenic contents of CKDu patients

and individuals of the control groups

•Jayasumana MACS, Dahanayake KS, Paranagama PA, Amarasinghe, MD, Wijewardena C, Rajakaruna

L, Mahamithawa AMP, Samarasinghe UDS, Fonseka SI, Senanayake KV,Wijekoon, DVK (2012) Toxic levels of arsenic in

hair and urine samples of patients of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, Proceedings of

the research symposium on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown aetiology, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka, 11th

March 2012, pp12.

Toxic excretory level for arsenic in urine for south Asian population is 35μg/L.

(http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com).

Urinary arsenic

Concentration

(µg/L)

CKDu patients (%)

(n=125)

Controls 1 (%)

(n=180)

Controls 2

(%)

(n=43)

0-10 4.0 10.0 11.6

10-20 4.8 13.3 16.3

20-30 6.4 26.6 27.9

30-40 12.0 21.2 23.3

40-50 32.0 14.4 9.3

50-60 25.6 10.0 6.9

>60 15.2 4.5 4.6

Controls 1 – controls from endemic area control 2 – controls from

nonendemic area

Arsenic content in hair samples of CKDu patients and individuals of the control groups

• Jayasumana MACS, Dahanayake KS, Paranagama PA, Amarasinghe, MD, Wijewardena C, Rajakaruna

L, Mahamithawa AMP, Samarasinghe UDS, Fonseka SI, Senanayake KV,Wijekoon, DVK (2012) Toxic levels of arsenic in

hair and urine samples of patients of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, Proceedings of

the research symposium on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown aetiology, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka,

11th March 2012, pp12.

Hair samples Arsenic -mg/kg

Mean-Normal (Muzumdar

2000)

0.46

Control group 1 0.22 to 4.58

Control group 2 0.15 to 2.59

CKDu patients 1.27 to 7.03

Controls 1 – controls from endemic area control 2 – controls from

nonendemic area

Arsenic content in Plants, Rice, Hard

water and Soil

Plant species As (µg/Kg) Calotropis gigantean (Wara) 80.5±2.1

Asteracantha longifolia (Ikiriya) 5.55±0.1

Calotropis gigantean (Wara) 157.6±1.4

Eichhornia crassipes 553.5±2.4

Marsilea hirsuta 80±1.0

Syzygium cumini ( (Dan) Root 17.85±0.6

Cynodon dectylon (A grass) 84.05±1.1

Terminalia arjuna Bark 115±2.4

Tamarindus indica (Siyambala) bark 45.05±1.0

Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia) root 38.45±0.7

Schleichera oleosa (Kon) root 160.1±2.8

Diospyros ebenum (Kaluwara) leaves 53.2±1.0

Bauhinia racemosa (Maila) leaves 87.0±1.3

Memecylon sp. (Kuratiya) 40.5±1.1

Pephrosia purpurea (Pila) root ND

Schleichera oleosa (Kon) bark ND

Bauhinia racemosa (Maila) bark ND

Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara) root ND

Ocimum sanctum (Maduruthala) ND

Azadirachta indica (Kohomba) Bark high

Terminalia arjuna Root high Amarasinghe, MD, Fonseka SI, Jayalath, K, Senanayake KV, Paranagama PA, Jayasumana MACS (2012) Preliminary investigations on presence of arsenic in soils and plants from two CKDu prevalent areas in Sri Lanka, (2012) Proceedings of the 10th Annual Academic S essions of the College of Forensic Pathologists of Sri Lanka, 25th February 2012, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka, pp 15.

Arsenic in rice

Sample name As g/L

• CRM 1 253.73

• CRM 2 256.94

• CRM 3 262.07

• CRM 4 257.31

Dr. Mangala C De Silva, University of Ruhuna

Analyzed by Prof. Andrew A. Meharg, Institute for Global Food

Security, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone

Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, U.K.

(ICPMS)

Sample name As ug/L

• SPIKE 1 8.17

• SPIKE 2 8.07

• SPIKE 3 8.12

• SPIKE 4 7.99

Mean 8.09

Recovery 80.87 %

Dr. Mangala C De Silva, University of Ruhuna

Analyzed by Prof. Andrew A. Meharg, Institute for Global Food

Security, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone

Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, U.K.

Sample As g/kg

1 101.5

2 183.0

3 115.9

4 100.6

6 179.2

7 87.9

8 55.9

9 122.9

10 68.2

14 114.5

14 77.4

15 108.8

16

71.3

110.4

17

18 51.2

19 79.5

20 106.3

21 51.9

22 67.7

23 92.7

24 76.1

25 51.9

26 64.3

Arsenic

content in Rice

samples

collected from

endemic and

nonendemic

area (n= 75)

Dr. Mangala de Silva,

University of Ruhuna

Andrew A. Meharg, Gareth Norton, Claire Deacon,‡ Paul Williams, Eureka E. Adomako, Adam Price, Yongguan Zhu, Gang Li, Fang-Jie Zhao, Steve

McGrath, Antia Villada Alessia Sommella, P. Mangala C. S. De Silva, Hugh Brammer, Tapash Dasgupta and M. Rafiqul Islam (2013) Variation in Rice

Cadmium Related to Human Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology, in press.

Dr. Mangala de Silva,

University of Ruhuna

Drinking water analysis for arsenic Levels of arsenic in dug wells used by CKDu ranged from 0.1 - 12.3 μg L-1

In most of the water samples below 10 µg/L Arsenic was detected.

Concentration of Arsenic in different water sources in endemic and non endemic areas DW(EN) = Dug wells in endemic areas;

TW(EN) = Tube wells in endemic areas; PF(EN) = Paddy field water in endemic areas; DW(nEN) = Dug wells in non endemic

areas; PF(nEN) = Paddy field water in non endemic areas (Reference limit for As: 10 µg/L)

Fonseka, S., Paranagama, P.A., Jayalath, K, Amarasinghe, M., Senanayeke, K., Jayasumana, C., Mahamithawa, P., Wijewardhane, C., Samarasinghe, D ., Dahanayake, K. Preliminary investigations on the presence of arsenic in groundwater surface water and soils around Siyambalangamuwa and Moragolla in the Kurunegala district, Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemical Sciences, Sri Lanka Foundation Institute, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka, 20 – 22 June, 144.

Location

As (

pp

b)

PF(nEN)DW(nEN)PF(EN)TW(EN)DW(EN)Reservoir

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Arsenic content in soli (Endemic area)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

As Content μg/ kg

Depth (feet)

"C Yaya" Paddy field

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

As

Content

μg/ kg

Depth (feet)

Padaviya lake

n= 10

Amarasinghe, MD, Fonseka SI, Jayalath, K, Senanayake KV, Paranagama PA, Jayasumana MACS (2012) Preliminary

investigations on presence of arsenic in soils and plants from two CKDu prevalent areas in Sri Lanka, (2012) Proceedings of the 10th Annual Academic Sessions of the College of Forensic Pathologists of Sri Lanka , 25th February 2012, Sri Lanka Medical

Association, Sri Lanka, pp 15.

Gampaha paddy field

Arsenic content in soli (nonendemic area)

Amarasinghe, MD, Fonseka SI, Jayalath, K, Senanayake KV, Paranagama PA, Jayasumana MACS (2012) Preliminary investigations on presence of arsenic in soils and plants from two CKDu prevalent areas in Sri Lanka, (2012) Proceedings of the 10th Annual Academic Sessions of the College of Forensic Pathologists of Sri Lanka, 25th February 2012, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka, pp 15.

n= 10

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Pasgoda paddy field

• As content in soil profiles from the study area indicated that the As loads in

soil show gradual decline with depth.

• Although these data provide evidence that As is added to the soil from the

surface, more data will be collected for its confirmation.

Place Feets pH N (mg/Kg) P

(mg/Kg) SO4

(mg/Kg) Cd

(mg/Kg) As

(mg/Kg) Fe

(mg/Kg)

1

1 7.3 48.447 78.90 237.43 0.005 0.034 802.66

2 7.3 21.895 78.11 237.00 0.005 0.017 960.28

3 7.1 16.421 76.61 232.00 0.002 0.008 940.45

4 7.1 7.974 65.20 218.86 ND 0.004 864.14

5 6.9 5.158 40.24 206.86 ND ND 702.53

6 6.7 3.053 38.74 180.43 ND ND 806.74

7 6.6 2.132 30.42 163.22 ND ND 795.49

8 6.6 0.204 30.37 132.54 ND ND 743.31

Soil profile from Nikawewa area

../A-FINAL

• The results suggested that arsenic is

not present naturally in the soils of the

study area

•No reported work is available as to the

presence of arsenic in the bedrocks

•Anthropogenic activities

Potential Source of Contamination of toxic trace elements

Analysis of agrochemicals

• Number of pesticides samples = 472

• Number of fertilizer samples = 74

Jayasumana MACS, Paranagama PA, Fernando A, Jayalath K, Fonseka SI, Amarasinghe MD, Presence of arsenic in fertilizers and its association with the agricultural kidney disease in Sri Lanka, (2013) The Journal of Toxicology and Health

• EPA – 3050B Method was used to determine the Arseic in

fertilizer available in Sri Lanka

• Digested samples were filtered and used to detect arsenic

by Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

(HGAAS)

• Spike samples were used in order to calculate the % recovery of

agrochemical samples

Arsenic content in pesticides

No. Active ingredient company Arsenic content

(µg/kg)

1 Carbofuran

A

A

A

B

B

331 ±12

2458 ±78

554 ±16

854 ±21

1654 ±35

2 Imidacloprid A

A

180 ±14

359 ±12

3 Methoxyfenozide A

A

911 ±24

872 ±18

4 Tubuconazole A

A

288 ±23

680 ±14

5 Etofenprox C

C

757 ±18

2584 ±28

7 Diazinon C

C

625 ±42

995 ±21 Jayasumana MACS, Paranagama PA, Fernando A, Jayalath K, Fonseka SI, Amarasinghe MD, Presence of arsenic in fertilizers and its association with the agricultural kidney disease in Sri Lanka, (2013) The Journal of Toxicology and Health

Approximately 50 % contaminated with Arsenic

8 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

+Ethoxysulfuron

C

C

1254 ±26

2578 ±39

9 Diazinon C

C

625 ±42

995 ±21

10 Quinalphos C

C

928 ±08

1893 ±15

11 Thiamethoxam D

E

542 ±19

1024 ±25

12 Penthoate E

E

E

698 ±36

565 ±31

1258 ±44

13 Dimethoate B

B

965 ±25

2457 ±59

14 Profenofos

A

A

C

C

C

1452 ±45

865 ±21

458 ±12

569 ±22


15 Oxyfluorofen D 788 ±32

16 Ispyribac Na E

E

721 ±21

1458 ±36

17 Methomyl F

F

1112 ±29

1458 ±35

18 Chlophyriphos

B

B

C

C

1365 ±42

654 ±09

865 ±31

1008 ±24

19 MCPA

A

A

C

C

D

D

D

858 ±15

458 ±12

895 ±11

478 ±13

1258 ±18

1496 ±24

789 ±20

20 Carbendazim A

C

1458 ±23


Arsenic content in synthetic fertilizer

Sample Arsenic content (mg/kg) Triple super phosphate1 43.25+2.5

Triple super phosphate 2 25.49+4.3

Triple super phosphate 3 33.58+7.6

Single super phosphate 26.75 + 4.12

Eppawala rock phosphate 15.25 + 3.67

Urea 0.88 + 0.32

Muriate Of Potash 1.2 + 0.19

Vegetable fertilizer 1 14.75+1.04

Flower fertilizer 1 16.46+5.2

Flower fertilizer 2 11.28+7.9

Dolomite 30.46 + 5.82

Calcium carbide 16.30 + 3.08

N = 39

Arsenic content in Natural fertilizer

Sample Arsenic content

(µg/kg)

Compost mixture 1 2.32 + 0.43

Compost mixture 2 ND

Chicken manure 1.77 + 0.41

Cow dung mixture 1.48 + 071

Natural flower fertilizer

mixture

ND

Wood charcoal 3.54 + 0.58

Paddy husk charcoal 1.23 + 0.34 N = 35

3 ppt

Bioaccumulation biomagnification

Risk factors for CKDu

• Hardness of water

• Agrochemicals

• Arsenic

• Cadmium

Jayasumana, M.A.C.S., Paranagama, P.A., Amarasinghe, M. D., Wijewardane, K.M.R.C., Dahanayake, K.S., Fonseka, S.I., Rajakaruna, K.D.L.M.P., Mahamithawa, A.M.P., Samarasinghe, U.D., Senanayake, V.K. (2013) Possible link of Chronic arsenic toxicity with Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 3(1), 64-73.

Acknowledgement

Financial support given by

• HETC grant awarded to Dr. Channa Jayasumana

• University grant (Rs. 300,000/-) from University of Kelaniya

• Prof. Nalin de Silva, Former Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya

Potential link between ground water hardness, arsenic content...

Documents

Transcript of Potential link between ground water hardness, arsenic content...