Public Health Briefs

14. Standard Industrial Classificatiom Wash-ington, DC: Office of Management andBudget; 1972.

15. Centers for Disease Control. Surveillancefor occupational lead exposure-UnitedStates, 1987. MMWR 1989;38:642-66.

16. Rudolph L, Sharp DS, Samuels S, PerkinsC, Rosenberg J. Environmental and bio-logical monitoring for lead exposure in Cal-

ifornia workplaces. Am J Public Health.1990;80:921-925.

17. Code ofFederal Regulations: Regulationsof Lead-Containing Paint and CertainConsumer Products Bearing Lead-Con-tainingPaint. Washington, DC: ConsumerProduct Safety Commission; 1977;42:44192-44202.

18. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease

Registiy. The Natwue and Extent ofLeadPoisoning in Children in the United States:A Report. Washington, DC: US Depart-ment of Health and Human Services; 1988.

19. Califomia Employment Development De-partment. California Employment andPayrolls. Sacramento, Calif: State of Cali-fornia; 1986.

Potential Lead Exposures from LeadCrystal DecantersBnsce t Appel, PhD, JasmaidK Kahlon, MS, James Ferguson, BA,Aifredo J. Quattrone, PhD, and Steven A. Book, PhD

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Significant concentrations of lead, areproductive toxicant, can be leached byalcoholic beverages contained in leadcrystal decanters and glasses for periodsranging from less than 30 minutes to sev-eral years."2 The concentration of leadleached into sherry, port, and scotchwhis-key was reported to reach a maximum af-ter 6 to 8 weeks, with a typical concentra-tion of about 1200 ,ug/L.' In the presentstudy, the potential lead exposures forpeople from such beverages stored in leadcrystal decanters are compared with theregulatory level established for Califor-nia's Proposition 65.3

MethodsThe method used was a modification

of a procedure used to determine leadleached from glazes on ceramic products.4The leaching media included a commer-cial alcoholic beverage (white port), 4%acetic acid, and a synthetic alcoholic bev-erage. The latter contained 20% vol/volethanoVwater, 2000 mg of D-galacturonicacid monohydrate per liter, and 400 mg ofcitric acid per liter, adjusted to pH 3.0.Selection of the organic acids, concentra-tion, and pH were based on reported val-ues for wine.5

Twenty-three lead crystal decantersrepresenting 14 different manufacturers,including five sets of duplicate decanters,were evaluated. The decanterswere codedalphabetically, with the duplicate decant-ers identified as Al, A2 through El, E2.

Leadconcentrationsofthe three leach-ing media were less than 2, 40 -- 1.6, and6.0 + 1 pLg/L for 4% acetic acid, the syn-

thetic alcoholic beverage, and port, respec-tively. The corresponding pH values were2.2, 3.0, and 3.4. The lead concentration forport is the mean and standard deviation fornine bottles. The 10th bottle, which wasused for leaching decanter P, contained 28gL_, sampling without pouring.A Perldn-Elmer Model 510PC atomic

absorption spectrometer with a ModelHGA-600graphite furnacewasused for leaddetermination. Recoveries of lead in all me-diawere96% to 1077% near the lower limit ofquantitation and were 98% to 103% nearmidrange. Precision was +8% or better inall cases. All leachate lead measurementswere well above the limit of quantitation.

ResultsWith the synthetic alcoholic bever-

age used as the leaching medium, Figuresla-c illustrate the change in leachate leadconcentration over time for decantersfrom 12 manufacturers. The results areuncorrected for the level of lead in theleaching medium. The label "Cl, L" de-notes an instance in which results for two

Bruce R. Appel, Jasmail K. Kahlon, and JamesFerguson are with the Division ofLaboratories,and Alfredo J. Quattrone is with the Food andDrug Branch of the Environmental Health Di-vision of the California Department of HealthServices in Berkeley. Steven A. Book is withthe Office ofEnvironmental Health Hazard As-sessment of the California Environmental Pro-tection Agency.

Requests for reprints should be sent toBruce R. Appel, PhD, California Department ofHealth Services, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berke-ley, CA 94704-9980.

This paper was submitted to the JournalNovember 25, 1991, and accepted with revi-sions July 6, 1992.

American Journal of Public Health 1671

Pubic Heath Bris

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decanters were too close to one another tobe resolved. The data points are con-

nected by lines to facilitate comparisonsand do not imply any type of curve fitting.

Three decanters (B1, G, and K)

showed concentrations exceeding 1000,ug/L after 10 days, while three others (Cl,I, and L) showed concentrations of approximately 170 jigfL or less. In all cases,a rapid increase during the first 24 hours

was followed by amuch slower increase inlead concentration.

With 4% acetic acid used as theleaching medium, lead concentration re-sults for the five duplicate decanters weresimilar and highly correlated with resultsfor those decanters using the synthetic al-coholic beverage. Corrected for the leadcontributed by the leaching media, the lin-ear regression equation was

Acetic acid-eached lead =-12.9 + 0.39 (synthetic alcoholic

beverage-eached lead);r = .95.

Based on ratios of mean lead concentra-tions for the five matched pairs, 4% aceticacid extracted, on average, 60o more leadthan the synthetic alcoholic beverage,consistent with its lower pH.

With white port used as the leachingmedium, results for five of six decantersranged between 70 and 480 ,g/L. Thesixth decanter, after a rapid increase overthe first 24 hours, showed an approxi-mately linear increase between 1 and 10days from about 1000 to 1800 p,g/L.Quantitative comparison of leaching re-sults using port with those using othermedia cannot be made with the presentdata because matched decanters wereunavailable. However, mean lead levelsof 862 ,ug/L in 4% acetic acid and of 524pLg/L in port are consistent with thehigher pH of port.

Table 1 lists all 10-day results, ex-pressed as lead concentrations, as well asthe total amounts oflead leached into eachleaching medium, uncorrected for mediacontribution. Because the decanter vol-umes varied by about a factor of 3, com-parisons of decanter results based on totallead leached rather than on lead concen-trations could, in principle, yield differingconclusions. However, lead concentra-tion results for all 23 decanters are highlycorrelated with the corresponding totallead (r = .96). Thus, no substantial differ-ence is observed in comparing resultsbased on lead concentrations rather thanon total lead.

Discusion

The potential health significance ofthese results can bejudged by comparisonwith the maximum lead exposure levelsnot requiring warnings under California'sProposition 65: 0.5 p,g/day. Assuming aconsumption rate for fortified wines of 2fluid ounces (60 mL) per day, the 24-hour

1672 American Joumal of Public Health

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December 1992, Vol. 82, No. 12

Pubeic Health Bref

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storage results with white port and a syn-thetic alcoholic beverage indicate the po-tential to ingest 4 to 60 Fg of lead. Theseare 8 to 120 times the Proposition 65 level.After 10-day storage in lead crystal de-canters, the corresponding range is 5 to106 ptg of lead, or 10 to 212 times the reg-ulatory level.

Litigation is pending to require ap-propriate warnings for these and similarcrystal decanters when sold in California.Warnings to potential purchasers wouldbe reasonable for such products whenthey are sold throughout the United Statesand elsewhere. O

References1. de Leacy EA. Lead-crystal-a health risk?MedJAust. 1987;147:622.

2. Graziano JH, Blum C. Lead exposure fromlead crystal. Lancet. 1991;337:141-142.

3. Kizer KW, Warriner TE, Book SA. Soundscience in the implementation of public pol-icy: a case report on California's Proposition65. JAMA. 1988;260:951-955.

4. ASTM Method C738-81: Standard TestMethod for Lead and Cadmium Extractedfrom Glazes Ceramic Surfaces.

5. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology. Vol 24. 3rded. NewYork, NY:Wiley-Interscience Publications; 1980:559.

Hair Dye Use and Multiple Myelomain White MenLinda Moms Brown, MPH, Geoge D. Everett, MD, Leon F. Burmeister,PhD, andAaron Blair, PhD

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Introdcon

Hair dyes are known to contain con-stituents, including aromatic, nitro, andamino compounds, that are caranogenic ormutagenic in animals or laboratory tests.1.2Exces risk for multiple myeloma has beenassociated with occupational exposure tohair dyes in some North American cohortsoffemale cosmetologists,3,4 but not all.5 Al-though little attention has been paid to thepotential riskofmultiple myelomafrom per-sonal use of hair coloring products, a recentstudy in Nebraska6 reported an associationamong both men and women. A case-con-trol study of multiple myelomna in Iowa, ini-tially designed to investigate the role of ag-ricultural exposures,7 provided the

opportunity to evaluate further the associa-tion between hair dye use in White men andexcess risk of multiple myeloma.

Linda Morris Brown and Aaron Blair are withthe Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program,National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.George D. Everett is with the Departnent ofInternal Medicine, Orlando Regional MedicalCenter, Orlando, Fla. Leon F. Burmeister iswith the Department of Preventive Medicine,University of Iowa, Iowa City.

Requests for reprints should be sent toLinda Morris Brown, MPH, Epidemiology andBiostatistics Program, National Cancer Insti-tute, Executive Plaza N, Room 415C, Be-thesda, MD 20892.

This paper was submitted to the JournalDecember 2, 1991, and accepted with revisionsAugust 13, 1992.

American Journal of Public Health 1673