Potential Beneficial Effects of Whole-body

POTENTIAL BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY

VIBRATION FOR MUSCLE RECOVERY AFTER EXERCISE

ANGELA C. KOSAR, DARREN G. CANDOW, AND JESSICA T. PUTLAND

Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Aging Muscle and Bone Health Laboratory, University of Regina, Regina,Saskatchewan, Canada

ABSTRACT

Kosar, AC, Candow, DG, and Putland, JT. Potential beneficial

effects of whole-body vibration for muscle recovery after exercise.

J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 2907–2911, 2012—Whole-body

vibration is an emerging strategy used by athletes and exercising

individuals to potentially accelerate muscle recovery. The

vibration elicits involuntary muscle stretch reflex contractions

leading to increased motor unit recruitment and synchronization

of synergist muscles, which may lead to greater training ada-

ptations over time. Intense exercise training, especially eccentric

muscle contractions, will inevitably lead to muscle damage and

delayed onset muscle soreness, which may interfere with the

maintenance of a planned training program. Whole-body

vibration before and after exercise shows promise for attenuating

muscle soreness and may be considered as an adjunct to

traditional therapies (i.e., massage, cryotherapy) to accelerate

muscle recovery.

KEY WORDS exercise-induced muscle damage, delayed onset

muscle soreness, whole eccentric, athletes

MUSCLE SORENESS

Alterations to skeletal muscle architecture, whichtypically occur after intense exercise training,include primary or secondary sarcolemmal disrup-tion, swelling or disruption of the sarcotubular

system, distortion of the myofibrils’ contractile components,cytoskeletal damage, and extracellular myofiber matrixabnormalities (21). The mechanical stimuli from intenseexercise training lead to a cascade of cellular processes (i.e.,muscle protein turnover, inflammation), which increasemuscle soreness and discomfort. Skeletal muscle disruptionsresulting from exercise training are known as exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) (39). Exercise-inducedmuscle damage typically occurs during the initial phases of

an exercise training program and when the training principlesof overload, variety, periodization, or increased volume(frequency, duration) are adopted (39). Symptoms of EIMDinclude muscle and joint stiffness, acute inflammation andswelling, a decrease in muscle force production, and delayedonset muscle soreness (DOMS) (12,39). Exercise-inducedmuscle damage can be quantified by assessing the concen-trations of skeletal troponin I, myoglobin, and myosin heavychain (12,40) but is more commonly assessed by plasmacreatine kinase levels (CK) (4). Typically, an increase in CKafter intense muscle contraction represents muscle fiberdamage (2). During exercise, especially with eccentric musclecontractions, alterations to the normal binding pattern oralignment of muscle fibers occur, which results in CK release(2) into the lymphatic system and eventually the bloodstream (12).

Two central theories exist that may help explain EIMDduring exercise training. The mechanical stress model istheorized to be the primary cause of EIMD (12) and ischaracterized by eccentric or forced-lengthening musclecontractions (21). High-tension eccentric contractions stretchor disrupt Z line and sarcomere structure (11,21), resulting ingreater EIMD. High-tension eccentric contractions typicallyresult in a 50–65% loss of force-generating capacity (12) andsignificant muscle soreness, which may be caused by increasedcalcium-activated neutral proteases (21), lysosomal proteases(21), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), a main regulator ofinflammation (34). It is well established that eccentric con-tractions produce higher muscle force compared withconcentric, isokinetic, or isometric muscle contractions perunit of muscle (39), possibly because of the greater mechanicalstress per muscle fiber (39) and greater muscle hypertrophy(19). Alternatively, the metabolic stress theory suggests thatEIMD may be the product of metabolic deficiencies within theworking muscle, which causes the muscle to becomevulnerable to mechanical and oxidative stress (12,39). Specif-ically, the inability of Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)to function properly is implicated in the metabolic stress theory(39). The decreased action of Ca2+ ATPase compromises theremoval of Ca2+ from the cytosol, which may result in musclefiber degeneration with subsequent training sessions.

Delayed onset muscle soreness is classified as a type Imuscle strain injury (11,24), and may lead to an irregular

BRIEF REVIEW

Address correspondence to Darren G. Candow, [email protected].

26(10)/2907–2911

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research� 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association

VOLUME 26 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2012 | 2907

Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.


maintenance of a training program for athletes and exercisingindividuals (36), possibly because of muscle aches and pain,discomfort, and inflammation (2,4,11). Delayed onset musclesoreness is generally concentrated in the distal portionsof skeletal muscle and peaks around 24–48 hours post-exercise (4,11,12). Mechanistically, localized muscle sorenesshas been attributed to a higher concentration of painreceptors in the connective tissue in the myotendinousregions (11). The myotendinous junction is a membrane thatis extensively folded and integrated into the skeletal musclecells. The oblique arrangement of muscle fibers just beforethe myotendinous region reduces the ability of the muscleto withstand intense mechanical stimuli (11), leading tomicroscopic damage and inflammation (12). Inflammatorysignaling compounds such as PGE-2 are upregulated andmay blunt the muscle protein synthetic response afterexercise (16) because PGE-2 decreases the stimulationof the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway(23). Subsequently, increased levels of the proinflammatorycytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, andC-reactive protein, which upregulate the synthesis of PGE-2, have been linked to increased inflammation (22,32,33).Cytokines target the site of muscle disruption and act asmediators by either facilitating or impeding the influx ofinflammatory cells into the injured tissue (12). Exercise thatresults in substantial muscle damage leads to a well-organizedrecovery response for the repair and regeneration ofdamaged tissues, known as the acute response phase (17).Because of the loss of muscle function, which is the end resultof EIMD and DOMS, it is important to minimize muscledamage to increase muscle recovery for subsequent exercisetraining sessions. Emerging research suggests that vibrationbe considered as a strategy to possibly reduce musclesoreness in relation to exercise training.

FUNDAMENTALS OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION

Vibration is any motion that repeats itself after a given periodof time (35). Free vibration occurs if a system, independent ofexternal forces, moves on its own (e.g., pendulum), whereasforced vibration occurs when a system is subjected to anexternal force (often a repeating type of force) (35). Vib-rations can be either deterministic or random and arecharacterized by frequency and amplitude. Frequency is thenumber of cycles per unit time (generally per second) and istypically measured in the hertz (8,30). Amplitude is thehalf difference between the maximum and the minimumvalue of the periodic oscillation (30). One hertz is 1 cycle persecond (43); therefore, when a subject is exposed toa vibration of 30 Hz, the targeted muscles receive 30 cyclesof vibration per second, which makes the muscles contractand relax 30 times in the same period. To activate the musclemost effectively, the vibration frequency should be in therange of 30–50 Hz (30). Depending on the desired outcome,different frequencies may be required. The duration andkinetics of the recovery period are determined by a number

of factors (e.g., age, muscle volume, fiber type, prior fatiguelevel, years of training, prior vibration training) (13). In day-to-day life, people are exposed to many different forms ofvibration. Everyday transportation vehicles such as boats,cars, bicycles, planes, helicopters, and trains exert vibrationson the human body (31). Even musical instruments causevibrations through sound waves (35). Many sporting acti-vities also have high levels of vibration. Sports such as alpineskiing, off-road cycling, surfing, inline skating, and horsebackriding, and also simply running and jumping create oscil-latory motion that leads to vibratory effects (31).

Whole-body vibration is a neuromuscular training tech-nique that uses low to moderate multidimensional mechan-ical oscillations on both sides of a fulcrum that pivot toproduce vibration, either vertically or horizontally, whichtriggers the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) (1,25,44). Biomech-anical parameters influencing the intensity of mechanicalstimulus are determined primarily by the frequency andamplitude of the vibration and, to a lesser degree, by thenumber of deflections per minute (10). Frequencies studiedrange from 15 to 44 Hz, amplitudes from 3 to 10 mm, andgravitational loads from 3.5 to 15g (10). Whole-bodyvibration–induced physiological changes have been sugges-ted to be similar to those after several weeks of resistancetraining (5). The main variables that determine the mag-nitude of response to WBV include (a) vibration direction(i.e., vertical vs. oscillatory), (b) vibration amplitude (milli-meters), (c) vibration frequency (Hertz), (d) vibrationacceleration (gravitational units, 1.0g = 9.81 m�s22), and (e)body position on the platform.

Whole-body vibration training involves an individualstanding, sitting, or laying on a vibrating platform performinga static or dynamic exercise at various frequencies (42). Thevibration can be applied to individual body segments, eli-citing involuntary reflex contractions through the TVR (6,9).During vibration, the TVR is continually activated causingmultiple muscle contractions (42), possibly because of greatermotor neuron activation (7) and recruitment (44) and byincreased synchronization of synergist muscles (6,10,40).Whole-body vibration is theorized to increase the amountof gravitational load placed on the neuromuscular system(5,10), resulting in greater muscle cross-sectional area andforce-generating capacity (14,20).

WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION AS A RECOVERY MODALITY

Recovery modalities such as massage, cryotherapy, stretch-ing, and ultrasound have not been proven to be consistentin alleviating symptoms of DOMS (11,28,36). Over thepast few years, research indicates that WBV should be con-sidered as a potential intervention to accelerate musclerecovery after exercise training (2,4,28,36). Whole-bodyvibration increases muscle spindle activity and muscle pre-activation (i.e., lower firing threshold), which results ingreater background tension and less disruption to excitation-contraction coupling (2,4,28). Theoretically, with an increase

2908 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Researchthe TM

Whole-Body Vibration for Muscle Recovery



in muscle preactivation, a greater number of motor units andmuscle fibers would be recruited, which may reduce myo-fibrillar stress during repeated muscle contractions leading toaccelerated recovery (6). For example, using a crossoverexperimental design to determine the effects of single-limbvibration (6 minutes, 65 Hz) 30 minutes after eccentricexercise (10 sets of 6 maximal contractions) on DOMS inyoung men, Lau and Nosaka (28) observed a significantdecrease in muscle soreness (18–30%) of the vibration-treated limb compared with the control limb. Serum CKactivity increased in both limbs after exercise by ;60%, butafter 4 days of recovery, CK activity was decreasing at a fasterrate with vibration. Potentially, vibration therapy may haveinfluenced the activation of afferent input from sensory unitsin muscle fibers and attenuated pain sensation associatedwith exercise or increased lymphatic blood flow and theremoval of metabolic wastes (H+) (28). Furthermore,untrained adults (N = 15) who maintained a static half-squatposition for 60 seconds on a WBV platform (35 Hz) beforeperforming 6 sets of 10 maximal voluntary isokineticeccentric (60��s21) knee extensors contractions experienceda decrease in muscle damage (i.e., CK) and sorenesscompared with participants who did not perform WBVbefore exercise (2). Creatine kinase levels were 46% higher inthe control group 24 hours postexercise and remainedelevated for up to 7 days. Participants in the control groupalso experienced greater muscle soreness in the days after theexercise bout. The authors speculate that WBV performedbefore exercise may have increased recruitment of slow-twitch muscle fibers and broadened the contractile stimulusover a larger number of muscle fibers (i.e., fast twitch andslow twitch combined), resulting in less muscle damage (2).In examining the potential effects of WBV (35 Hz) onDOMS, Rhea et al. (36) showed that young untrained adultswho performed WBV (90 seconds of static stretching of thegastrocnemius, hamstring, and quadriceps) immediately aftereccentric resistance training (4 sets of 8–10 repetitions;exercises: squat, leg extension, leg curl, calf raise, and deadlift)and sprinting exercise (10 maximal 40-yard sprints) experi-enced a significant reduction in muscle pain (visual analoguescale, 22–61%) for up to 72 hours postexercise comparedwith subjects who performed the same stretches withoutWBV. These results suggest that WBV is an effectiveintervention to attenuate muscle pain after intense exercisetraining, possibly by stimulating skeletal blood flow (29) andincreasing metabolic waste disposal (15) or by inhibiting painsensory receptors (36). Finally, in assessing the effects oflower-limb vibration therapy (quadriceps, hamstrings, andcalf; 50 Hz for 1 minute) before walking downhill (treadmill,10� decline at 4 km�h21 for 30 minutes) in young adults,Bakhtiary et al. (4) discovered that WBV resulted ina significant reduction in muscle soreness and subsequentdecrease in plasma CK levels postexercise compared withsubjects who did not perform WBV. In contrast, WBV (12Hz, 2 3 15–minute sessions) performed after high-intensity

interval training (3-km time trial, 8 3 400–m sprints) in 9well-trained male runners had no effect on exerciseperformance or muscle damage. The authors suggest thatthe lower hertz (12 Hz) used may not have been frequentenough to produce meaningful results (15). Bullock et al. (8)suggest that a frequency of #30 Hz and an amplitude of4 mm is too small of a stimulus to produce meaningfulbenefits in elite athletes, possibly because of advancedtraining status and neuromuscular adaptations. For example,well-trained athletes and exercising individuals have highmuscle strength, motor neuron excitability, reflex sensitivity,and fast-twitch fiber recruitment, which may diminish theeffects of WBV compared with untrained individuals (2).Rønnestad (38) suggests that the optimal frequency fortrained individuals is 50 Hz, as the knee extensors reachmaximum force output around 50–60 impulses per second.A vibration frequency of 50 Hz would potentially causemuscle spindles to fire at a rate of 50 impulses per second andincrease the excitatory stimulus to the motor neuron poolcompared with lower frequencies (38). However, 50 Hzcoupled with the amplitude of 4–6 mm may be too strong ofa stimulus for untrained individuals (27).

As with any form of training, one must consider theprinciples of progressive overload: training frequency,volume, and intensity (3). Lamont et al. (27) suggest thatis more practical to periodize vibration exposure startingat lower frequencies and amplitudes before progressing tohigher frequencies and amplitudes with shorter exposuretime. The gradual increase in vibration intensity may lead togreater neuromuscular, skeletal, and exercise performancebenefits over time (18,27).

SAFETY OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION

Among the potential positive aspects of WBV, research islimited regarding the safety of vibration. Exclusion criteria formost studies reviewed include kidney or bladder stones,arrhythmia, pregnancy, epilepsy, seizures, cancer, a pace-maker, untreated orthostatic hypotension, recent implants(e.g., joint, corneal, or cochlear), recent surgery, recentlyplaced intrauterine devices or pins, acute thrombosis or hernia,acute rheumatoid arthritis, serious cardiovascular disease,severe diabetes, or migraines (41). A clinical trial investigatingthe effects of passive standing and WBV among individualswith spinal cord injuries reported adverse effects includingpain, pressure sores on the feet, autonomic dysreflexia, anddizziness, which were largely attributed to the passivestanding portion of the intervention (41). Whole-bodyvibration may cause inner-ear problems, dizziness, headache,lower-limb spasticity, fracture (especially among those withsevere osteoporosis), or hardware loosening (plates or screwsas a result of surgery) over the long term (41).

The majority of adverse effects from vibration occur inoccupational settings (26). Occupational vibrations typicallycome from electrical tools or heavy machinery, withfrequencies ranging from 80 to 100 Hz (29). Long-term


Journal of Strength and Conditioning Researchthe TM

| www.nsca.com



occupational vibrations have been shown to negatively affectperipheral nerves, blood vessels, joints, and perceptualfunction (26,41). Because of the potential health hazards ofoccupational vibrations, the International Organization ofStandards created guidelines limiting occupational exposureto vibration (37). The frequency and magnitude of occu-pational vibrations differ from those used with WBV as anexercise training modality (26,41). Overall, very little is docu-mented or published regarding adverse effects or seriousadverse effects as a result of WBV exposure. Among pub-lished literature, several studies using a low-magnitude, high-frequency WBV stimulus among populations with physicalor neurological impairments have reported no adverse rea-ctions (41), although it is important to keep in mind thatshock and vibration are potentially harmful, in particular tothe soft tissue organs in the head and chest (37).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Muscle soreness after exercise training may eventuallyjeopardize training status for athletes and exercising individ-uals. In addition to traditional therapies, WBVshows promisefor alleviating symptoms of muscle soreness, which may inturn allow athletes to exercise more frequently leading to anincrease in sporting performance over time. Evidence sug-gests that vibration therapy both before and after exercise,especially after eccentric contractions, is beneficial, althoughlittle is known regarding the timing of application. Futureresearch should investigate the effects of the timing of vib-ration therapy (i.e., before vs. after exercise) on indices ofmuscle biology. Furthermore, long-term application of vib-ration therapy on bone biology should also be considered.

REFERENCES

1. Abercromby, A, Amonette, W, Layne, C, McFarlin, B, Hinman, M,and Paloski, W. Vibration exposure and biodynamic responsesduring whole-body vibration training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:1794–1800, 2007.

2. Aminian-Far, A, Hadian, M, Olyaei, G, Talebian, S, and Bakhtiary,AH. Whole-body vibration and the prevention and treatment ofdelayed onset muscle soreness. J Athl Train 46: 43–49, 2011.

3. Baechle, TR and Earle, RW. Essentials of Strength Training andConditioning (3rd ed.). Windsor, ON: Human Kinetics, 2008.

4. Bakhtiary, AH, Safavi-Farokhi, Z, and Aminian-Far, A. Influence ofvibration on delayed onset muscle soreness following eccentricexercise. Br J Sports Med 41: 145–148, 2007.

5. Bosco, C, Cardinale, M, and Tsarpela, O. Influence of vibration onmechanical power and electromyogram activity in human arm flexormuscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 79: 306–311, 1999.

6. Bosco, C, Colli, R, Introini, E, Cardinale, M, Tsarpela, O, Madella, A,Tihanyi, J, and Viru, A. Adaptive responses of human skeletal muscleto vibration exposure. Clin Physiol 19: 183–187, 1999.

7. Bosco, C, Iacovelli, M, Tsarpela, O, Cardinale, M, Bonifazi, M,Tihanyi, J, Viru, M, De Lorenzo, A, and Viru, A. Hormonal responsesto whole-body vibration in men. Eur J Appl Physiol 81: 449–454,2000.

8. Bullock, N, Martin, DT, Ross, A, Rosemond, CD, Jordan, MJ, andMarino, F. Acute effect of whole-body vibration on sprint jumpingperformance in elite skeleton athletes. J Strength Cond Res 22:1371–1374, 2008.

9. Burke, D, Hagbarth, KE, Lofstedt, L, and Wallin, BG. The responsesof human muscle spindle endings to vibration during an isometriccontraction. J Physiol 261: 695–711, 1976.

10. Cardinale, M and Bosco, C. The use of vibration as an exerciseintervention. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 31: 3–7, 2003.

11. Cheung, K, Hume, PA, and Maxwell, L. Delayed onset musclesoreness: Treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med33: 145–164, 2003.

12. Clarkson, PM and Hubal, MJ. Exercise induced muscle damage inhumans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81: S52–S69, 2002.

13. Da Silva-Grigoletto, ME, Vaamonde, DM, Castillo, E, Poblador,MS, Garcıa-Manso, JM, and Lancho, JL. Acute and cumulativeeffects of different times of recovery from whole body vibrationexposure on muscle performance. J Strength Cond Res 23:2073–2082, 2009.

14. Duchateau, J and Enoka, RM. Neural adaptations with chronicactivity patterns in able-bodied humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:S17–S27, 2002.

15. Edge, J, Mundel, T, Weir, K, and Cochrane, DJ. The effects of acutewhole body vibration as a recovery modality following high-intensity interval training in well-trained, middle aged runners. Eur JAppl Physiol 105: 421–428, 2009.

16. Evans, WJ. Skeletal muscle loss: Cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity.Am J Clin Nutr 91: 1123S–1127S, 2010.

17. Evans, WJ and Cannon, JG. The metabolic effects of exercise-induced muscle damage. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 19: 99–126, 1991.

18. Fagnani, F, Giombini, A, Di Cesare, A, Pigozzi, F, and Di Salvo, V.The effects of a whole-body vibration program on muscleperformance and flexibility in female athletes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil85: 956–962, 2006.

19. Farthing, JP and Chilibeck, PD. The effects of eccentric andconcentric training at different velocities on muscle hypertrophy.Eur J Appl Physiol 89: 578–586, 2003.

20. Fitts, RH, Riley, DR, and Widrick, JJ. Functional and structuraladaptations of skeletal muscle to microgravity. J Exp Biol 204:3201–3208, 2001.

21. Friden, J and Lieber, RL. Structural and mechanical basis ofexercise induced muscle injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24: 521–530,1991.

22. Gokhale, R, Chandrashekara, S, and Vasanthakumar, KC. Cytokineresponse to strenuous exercise in athletes and non-athletes—Anadaptive response. Cytokine 40: 123–127, 2007.

23. Greig, CA, Atherton, PJ, and Rennie, MJ. Can an NSAID a day keepmuscle wasting away? J Physiol 15: 5799–5800, 2009.

24. Gulick, DTand Kimura, IF. Delayed onset of muscle soreness: Whatis it and how do we treat it? J Sport Rehabil 5: 234–243, 1996.

25. Hazell, TJ, Kenno, KA, and Jakobi, JM. Evaluation of muscle activityfor loaded and unloaded dynamic squats during vertical whole-bodyvibration. J Strength Cond Res 24: 1860–1865, 2010.

26. Jordan, MJ, Norris, SR, Smith, DJ, and Herzog, W. Vibration training:An overview of the area, training consequences, and futureconsiderations. J Strength Cond Res 19: 459–466, 2005.

27. Lamont, HS, Cramer, JT, Bemben, DA, Shehab, RL,Anderson, MA, and Bemben, MG. Effects of a 6-weekperiodized squat training program with or withoutwhole-body vibration on jump height and power outputfollowing acute vibration exposure. J Strength Cond Res 23:2317–2325, 2009.

28. Lau, WYand Nosaka, K. Effect of vibration treatment on symptomsassociated with eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Am JPhys Med Rehabil 90: 648–657, 2011.

29. Lohman, EB, Petrofsky, JS, Maloney-Hinds, C, Betts-Schwab, H,and Thorpe, D. The effect of whole body vibration on lowerextremity skin blood flow in normal subjects. Med Sci Monit 13:CR71–CR76, 2007.

2910 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Researchthe TM

Whole-Body Vibration for Muscle Recovery



30. Luo, J, McNamara, B, and Moran, K. The use of vibration training toenhance muscle strength and power. Sports Med 35: 23–41, 2005.

31. Mester, J, Spitzenfeil, P, Schwarzer, J, and Seifriz, F. Biological reactionto vibration—Implications for sport. J Sci Med Sport 2: 211–226, 1999.

32. Pedersen, BK. Exercise and cytokines. Immunol Cell Biol 78: 532–535,2000.

33. Pedersen, BK, Steensberg, A, Fischer, C, Keller, C, Keller, P,Plomgaard, P, Wolsk-Petersen, E, and Febbraio, M. The metabolicrole of IL-6 produced during exercise: Is IL-6 an exercise factor? ProcNutr Soc 63: 263–267, 2004.

34. Rainsford, KD. Ibuprofen: Pharmacology, efficacy and safety.Inflammopharmacology. 17: 275–342, 2009.

35. Rao, SS. Mechanical Vibrations (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson Education, Inc., 2004.

36. Rhea, MR, Bunker, D, Marın, PJ, and Lunt, K. Effect of iTonicwhole-body vibration on delayed-onset muscle soreness amonguntrained individuals. J Strength Cond Res 23: 1677–1682, 2009.

37. Rittweger, J. Vibration as an exercise modality: How it may work,and what its potential may be. Eur J Appl Physiol 108: 877–904,2010.

38. Rønnestad, BR. Acute effects of various whole-body vibrationfrequencies on lower body power in trained and untrained subjects.J Strength Cond Res 23: 1309–1315, 2009.

39. Tee, JC, Bosch, AN, and Lambert, MI. Metabolic consequences ofexercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med 37: 827–836, 2007.

40. Torvinen, S, Kannus, P, Sievanen, H, Harvinen, TA, Pasanen, M,Kontulainen, S, Jarvinen, TL, Jarvinen, M, Oja, P, and Vuori I. Effectof four-month vertical whole body vibration on performance andbalance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 1523–1528, 2002.

41. Totosy de Zepetnek, JO, Giangregorio, LM, and Craven, BC.Whole-body vibration as potential intervention for people with lowbone mineral density and osteoporosis: A review. J Rehabil Res Dev46: 529–542, 2009.

42. Vela, CA. Whole-body vibration training: Shake up clients’ work-puts with this low-impact training method. IDEA Fit 2: 23–25, 2005.

43. Wallace, RH. Understanding and Measuring Vibrations. London, EN:Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1970.

44. Wilcock, I, Whatman, C, Harris, N, and Keogh, J. Vibration training:Could it enhance the strength, power, or speed of athletes? J StrengthCond Res 23: 593–603, 2009.


Journal of Strength and Conditioning Researchthe TM

| www.nsca.com



Potential Beneficial Effects of Whole-body

Documents

Transcript of Potential Beneficial Effects of Whole-body