Drying Hardwood Lumber - Forest Products Laboratory - USDA Forest
Potential and limitations of using hardwood lumber …...Potential and limitations of using hardwood...
Transcript of Potential and limitations of using hardwood lumber …...Potential and limitations of using hardwood...
Potentialandlimitationsofusinghardwoodlumberasrawmaterial
forCLT.
HenryQuesada,BrianBond,Sailesh Adhikari
2018WestLafayette,IN
Agenda
• Marketsforwoodproducts• CLTproductionprocess• ResearchonhardwoodCLT• ChallengesanddriversforhardwoodsCLT• Finalthoughts
Logs
Mills
PaperMills
Bioenergy
Softwood
Hardwood
Veneer
EngineeredPanels
-Structuralpanels-Non-structuralpanels
Non-structuralpanels:decorativeplywood,MDF,HDF,particleboard,hardboard
-Strength-gradedlumber-Industriallumber-Engineeredwood-Animalbedding
-Industriallumber-Appearance-gradedlumber-Engineeredwood--Animalbedding
Decorativepanels
Paperproducts
Firewood,pellets,briquettes,advancedliquidfuels
Barkandwoodchips
Blackliquor,bark
Bark,sawdust
Bark,sawdust,blackliquor
Roundwoodprocessing
-Utilitypoles,logcabins,fencing
Sawdust,bark,andwoodchipsStructuralpanels:plywoodandOSB
Industriallumber:pallets,cranes,railroadties,cranemats,miningproducts,rails
Appearancelumber:furniture,kitchencabinets,millwork,musicalinstruments,crafts.
Engineeredwood:LVL,PLV,SVL,CLT,Glue-lams
Strengthlumber:residentialandcommercialconstruction,pallets,decking,fences
Foodindustry:wineandwhiskeybarrels,foodadditives
*ByHenryQuesada®2018
Marketsforwoodproducts
Sawdust:Bionenergy andEngineeredpanels
Bark:Mulch,filling
Woodchips:Papermill,EngineeredPanels,Bioenergy
Stavemills
Engineeredmills
Bark,sawdust,woodchips
Marketsforwoodproducts
• Impactsonenergyandglobalwarmingpotentialis16%and31%lesswhenusingtimberinsteadofconcrete.
• Energyandglobalwarmingpotentialis17%and26%lesswhenusingtimberthansteel.
http://www.themostnaturalresource.com/green-building/
Cross-laminatedtimber(CLT)
• ANSI/APAPRG320-2012 :Aprefabricatedsolidengineeredwoodpanelmadeofatleastthreeorthogonallybondedlayersofsolid-sawnlumberorstructuralcompositelumber(SCL)thatarelaminatedbygluingoflongitudinalandtransverselayerswithstructuraladhesivestoformasolidrectangular-shaped,straight,andplanetimberintendedforroof,floor,orwallapplications.
CLTProductionProcess
IsMC=12%andgrade>=2?
Yes
No
Rejectlumber
Lumbersupply
Cross-cuttingtoeliminate
defects
Fingerjointforlong-boards
Long-boardscutting
Crossandlong-boardsbuffers
Glueapplication
Vacuumstaking
Press(flat/edges)(0.8N/mm2)
CNCroutingPanelsneedrepair?
Manuallyrepair
Yes
Sandingandfinishing
Labelingandpacking Shipping Installation
ExampleofCLTline(Ledinek):-50m3/shift-1100KWrequiredpower,-Upto14mx3.2mx0.4mpanelsize
No
CLTProductionProcess
Processsystem TotalDirectCost Indirect Cost TotalCapital Cost
Manual $9.8 $5.3 $15.2
Automated $11.6 $6.2 $17.9
• Capitalcostfora30,000m3 CLTplant(millionsofUSdollars)*
*EvergreenEngineering.IWF2016.
CLTmarketpotential
• DemandintheUSby2020isestimatedin300,000m3*
– 1m3=424bf• Currentmanufacturingcapacityislessthan34,000m3
– Currentproducers• DRJohnson(4,555m3)andSmartLam (29,000m3)
– Newplantsannounced:• International Beans:Dothan,AL.Announced inJan.2017
– 227kft2 facility.$20million investment– RawmaterialisSYP
• Katerra: Spokane,WA– 250kft2
• EuropeanCLTproducersaverage50,000m3 peryear
*EvergreenEngineering.IWF2016.
CLTstandardsintheUS• PRG-320revision,lastmodifiedin2017*
– Acceptanysoftwood recognizedbyALSC• MosthardwoodhavedesignvaluesinNDS
– SpecieswithSG>=0.35• MosthardwoodshaveSG>=35• Selectedhardwoodshavehighermechanicalpropertiesthansoftwoods
– Grades#2&betterforparalleland#3&betterforperpendicularlayers• YP2COMandlowercouldmakeup#2&betterin
– MC,12+-3%• Mosthardwoodsdriedtolowmoisturecontent(~8%)
– Dimensions• Thicknessoflayers:5/8”<thickness<2”• Parallellayersw>=1.75xthickness(strongaxis):Exclude2x2,2x3dimensionsizes• Perpendicularlayersw>=3.5xthickness(weakaxis):Exclude1x2,1x3,2x2,and2x4dimensionsizes
– Hardwoodsarecommonlysawnto4/4”thickness– Hardwoodlumberissoldinrandomwidths
– Adhesion• Highercapacitypressisneededforhardwood(strongerandstiffer)• HigherdensitycouldcausemorestressesintheboldlineduetohigherdimensionalchangesfromMCvariations• Extractivesinhardwoodcouldinterferewithgluing(aciditymaychange)
– Revisedevery5years• QuesadaisavotingmemberofthePRG-320technicalCommittee• Needtoproducemorehardwooddata
– Stiffness,bending,acoustic,fire,delamination,etc.
*Espinoza,O.andBuehlman,U.2018.CLTintheUSA:OpportunityforHardwoods?CurrentlyForestryRegions.January.
• YellowPoplarCLTmechanicalproperties*– 6/4#2CommonYellowpoplar– 3plypanels,usePFasglue
• Bendingstiffness andstrengthandresistance todelaminationexceededrequiredvalues inPRG-320
• Stronganddurableadhesivebonds
ResearchonhardwoodCLTatVT
MechanicalProperty,YellowPoplarCLTs
% DifferenceWithSouthernPineCLTs
%DifferencewithGradeV1CLTs
BendingStrength,FbS 20.4% 61.9%
BendingStiffness,EI 41.3% 29.4%
*Hindman,H.,Bond,B.,Loferski,J.,Quesada,H.2012-2015.DevelopmentofLow-GradeHardwoodCross-LaminatedTimbers.USDA-NIFA.$300k.
ResearchonhardwoodCLTatVT
• Costconsiderations– LumberpricesforYPandSYP(asOct.2017)• Productionmixasanalternative
NHLA prices ($/bf)Lumber grades
FAS 4/4 1COM 4/4
2COM 4/4
1x6 Pallet
1x8 Pallet
FAS 6/4
1COM 6/4
(2COM 6/4
Pallet 6/4 x 6
Pallet 6/4 x 8
Price 1.03 0.66 0.48 0.34 0.34 1.05 0.78 0.54 0.34 0.34SPIB prices ($/bf)
Lumber grades
#1 #2 #3
Price 0.45 0.42 0.30
ResearchonhardwoodCLTatVT• Quesada, H.,andBond,B.$209K.
USDA/Wood Innovationgrants.Development ofhardwoodcross-laminatedtimber.– Simulation ofmixed-production
• Foralllogsasawingpatterwasasfollows:theouterboardsforeachlogwerecutto4/4”thicknessandtheinnerboardswerecutto6/4”thickness.
$45.08
$57.88$67.50
$44.98
$58.33$65.52
$48.71$55.68
$0.00$10.00$20.00$30.00$40.00$50.00$60.00$70.00$80.00
Dia12 Dia13 Dia14
Revenu
e
Logdescription
RevenueComparisionNHLA NHLA+SPIB Control
Log group
N Dia (in)
Grading
Red 9 12 NHLA+SPIB and NHLAPink 7 13 NHLA+SPIB, and NHLAWhite 5 14 NHLA+SPIB, and NHLAOrange 10 12 NHLABlue 8 13 NHLATotal 39
ResearchonhardwoodCLTatVT
• Whatwerethebarriersthatimpacted theinitialproductionandcommercialization ofCLTsystems inWesternEuropean companies?
• Whatarethemoresignificantdrivers andchallenges forthecommercialization ofCLTsystems?
• Methods:– interviews andtoursoftopthreeCLTproducers inWestern Europe– Interviews ofCLTsuppliersatthe2017Ligna tradeshow inGermany.Demographicaspect Company1 Company2 Company3
CLTproductioncapacity 65-75thousandm3/year 65-80thousandm3/year 95 thousand m3/year
Species SpruceandFir Spruce Spruce
Markets Europe,AustraliaandtheUSA
Global Austria,Germany,France,UK,Italy,Sweden,NorwayandtheUSA
Numberofemployees 50 40 175
TimeproducingCLTsystems
Since2008 Since2012 Since1999
ProducedproductsbeforeCLT
Lumberandengineeredwoodproducts
Lumberandglulams None.Firstproduct
*SoftwoodExportCouncil (SEC)grant
ChallengestostartoutCLTproduction
Productionsetup
LackofCLTmarkets
RawMaterials supply
Vertical integration
CLTcodeacceptance
CLTknowledge
Success
Profits
Manufacturers’perspective:
Financial•Revenue•Profits•Return of investment
Driverstostart-upCLTproduction
Collaborations•Industry andUniversity•Innovation
Productuniqueness•Customization•New product•Renewable material
Infrastructure•Transportation network•Currentmanufacturing
Verticality•Sawmill•Glulam•CLT production
Integration•Architects•Engineers•CLT production
Rawmaterial•Quality•Consistency•Closeness
Technical support•Education•Technical specifications•Post-sale
Pioneering•Innovation•First in the market
CommercializationBarriersofCLTs
Buildingregulations
Fireproofacceptance
Shippingandlogistics
Currentproductioncapacity
CLTadvantagesnotknown
Comm.from/toarchitects
NeedpolicyforCLT
Successfulcommercialization!
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-Outsideeurope-Containershippingislimited
-Norelevantmfg capacityintheUSA-Europeancapacityisbookedfor8months
-FireproofengineersinEuropestillquestionCLT
-UseofCLTinpublicbuildings-Designto
manufacturingflowofinformationneedstobeimproved
-Engineers-Architects-Generalpublic-Government
-Buildingcodes
Finalthoughts
• BarriersandchallengesimpactingthesuccessofCLTmanufacturingandcommercialization
Markets
Manufacturingtechnology
Logisticsoperations
PerformanceofCLTsystems
Informationflow
Educationalactivities
Verticalintegration
Rawmaterialsupply
TheCLTdorm-buildingattheUBCcampus
• Acknowledgements– OmarEspinoza,UM– DanHindman,VT– BobSmith,VT– USDA/WoodInnovationgrants– SothernExportCouncil– USDA/NIFA