PostLab 3-7 [Compatibility Mode]
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Transcript of PostLab 3-7 [Compatibility Mode]
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Biology 102 Lab
Post-LaboratoryDiscussion
EXERCISES 3-7
Millard Uy, M.Sc.UST - College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
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Exercise no. 3 Digestion
Food Biomolecules and Breakdown
- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
- physical and chemicaldigestion
- digestion is necessary for the breakdown of the “not readily absorbable” into “readily absorbable”
- source of energy and source of molecular building blocks
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Exercise no. 3 Digestion
I. Physical Digestion- gives way for chemical digestion
- starts from the mouth- physical change- in humans and certain animals, this is facilitated by the set of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars).
- Stomach contributes to this, by contracting, churning movements.
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Exercise no. 3 DigestionII. Chemical Digestion
Macromolecules Enzyme Precursors FunctionCarbohydrates Amylases,
CellulasesMonosaccharides energy source,
structural component
Proteins Proteases Amino Acids enzymes, structuralcomponents,
antibodies, hormones,Lipids Lipases Fatty acids, Glycerol energy source,
structural components,hormone synthesis
Nucleic Acids Nucleases Nucleotides ATP, cAMP synthesis, coenzyme component
- starts from the mouth- chemical change- facilitated by enzymes and other secretions (e.g. acids)- through enzymatic hydrolysis (opposite of dehydration reaction—for building / synthesis)
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Exercise no. 3 DigestionTypes of Chemical Digestion:
1. Absorptive Digestion - exhibited by simple life forms- secretion of digestive enzymes into surrounding medium, and resulting simple nutrients are absorbed.
2. Ingestive Digestion- exhibited by higher life forms- engulf food into vacuoles or digestive tracts where digestion takes place and nondigestiblewastes are excreted.
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Digestive Secretions
Site of Digestion
Source of Secretion
Secretion Role in Digestion
Mouth Salivary glandsSalivary glands
AmylaseMucus, Water
Starch into disaccharidesLubricates, dissolves food
Stomach Lining cells
Lining cellsLining cells
HCl
PepsinMucus
Allows pepsin to work, kills bacteria, solubilizes minerals
Proteins into large peptidesProtects stomach
Small Intestine
PancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreas
LiverLining cells (S.I)Lining cells (S.I)
Sodium bicarbonateAmylasePeptidasesTrypsinChymotrypsinLipases
BilePeptidasesDisaccharidases
Neutralizes acidic chymeStarch into disaccharidesProteins into small peptidesProteins into large peptidesProteins into large peptidesLipids into fatty acids & glycerolEmulsifies lipidsSmall peptides into am. acidsDisaccharides into Mono-
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Some Important Digestive Hormones
Hormone Production Stimulus for Production
Effect
Gastrin Stomach Food in mouthThought of FoodDistension of StomachPeptides in Stomach
Stimulates acid secretion by cells in stomach
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Gastric-inhibitorypeptide
Small intestine
Small intestine
Small intestine
Acid in small intestine
Amino acids, fatty acids in small intestine
Fatty acids and sugars in small intestine
Stimulates bicarbonate production by pancreas in liver, increses bile output
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and release of bile
Inhibits stomach movements and release of stomach acid
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In the experiment…1. Why iodine? Iodine is yellowish brown Iodine test distinguishes starch from mono-, disaccharides Starch (coiled polymer of glucose) = bluish black = (+) mono-, disaccharide = yellowish brown = (-)
2. “Gargle” solution? w/ salivary amylase Breakdown starch into disaccharides Starch test = some areas with yellowish brown coloration
3. Fresh Pineapple extract vs. Gelatin Protease enzyme vs. Protein = liquefaction
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Guide Questions
Explain why pineapple juice is sometimes used as ameat tenderizer.
Protease Enzymes
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Guide Questions
How come canned pineapple tidbits / chunks can besafely mixed with gelatin without ever causingliquefaction of the surrounding gelatin medium?
Degraded Enzymes (during processing)
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Guide Questions
Briefly differentiate mechanical from chemicaldigestion.
Physical vs. Chemical
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Exercise no. 4 Gas Exchange
Key Concepts in Gaseous Exchange:Plants produce O2 (by-product of photosynthesis) using CO2 and H2O Animals produce CO2 and H2O (by-product of cellular respiration) using O2
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In the experiment…1. Why Bromothymol blue in Snail-Hydrilla-H2O
setup? Indicator for respiration or photosynthetic activities Originally blue in color Blue (Alkaline) Green (Neutral) Yellow (Acidic) CO2 produced by snails, reacts with H2O in the setup CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
2. Why place setups in a well-lighted area? For photosynthesis
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Guide Questions
What happened to the mice in the closed chamber,and the other chambers?
two mice = died early plants = survived but wilted mice + plants = survived longer
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Guide Questions
What have you observed on the walls of the sealedchambers of mice? What about the chamber wallsof plants, and also of the mouse and plants?
moisture = gases present
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Guide Questions
What is the purpose of setting an empty bottle?
control setup
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Guide Questions
What happened to the two-snail setup after 5 days?
died = oxygen deprivation
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Guide Questions
Why did the organisms in the snail-Hydrilla setupremained alive?
gas exchange
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Guide Questions
Explain why the plant alone (Hydrilla) survived?
pond water = dissolved CO2
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Exercise no. 5 Diuresis
Key terminologies
Diuretic – substance that increases urine production.Anti-Diuretic – substance that reduces urine production.
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) – hormone regulated by the hypothalamus (in the brain) that reduces urine production by making the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney more permaeable to water.Pituitary Gland (posterior) – releases ADH as induced by the hypothalamus.
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Exercise no. 5 Diuresis
Salt, Exercise and ADH
Certain sensors in the hypotahalamus aresensitive to changes in the saltconcentration of body fluids, particularlythe blood. If, for example, a person issweating and losing large amounts ofwater, the sodium in the blood becomesmore and more concentrated. Thehypothalamus can sense this highconcentration of sodium and it signals theposterior lobe of the pituitary to releaseADH. The ADH is transmitted by the bloodto the kidneys causing the kidney tubules toreabsorb more water into the blood streamto dilute the sodium. As a result of thiseffect, less urine is produced. This actionconserves water in the body.
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In the experiment…
1. Why decrease in urine after exercise? ADH stimulation due to loss of water throughperspiration (to dilute salt concentration in blood)
2. Why let a student drink water only? Control setup
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Exercise no. 6.1 Internal Transport in PlantsWater Uptake Plants must maintain optimum water.Water, minerals
root hairs rootsroots xylemxylem shoots
Sugarsleaves phloemphloem other organs
Transpiration in leaves (H2O vapor -stomata) is replaced by absorption in roots (root hairs)Key concepts:(1) More stomata + bigger leaf surface =
faster transpiration rate(2) transpiration = “pull” of water
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In the experiment…
1. Why decrease of water in burette?Water uptake through the xylem of the stem to theother organs (e.g. leaves)
2. Why inside a well-sealed bell jar? To be able to observe transpiration (In the form ofmoisture / water droplets)
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Guide Questions
Note the inner sides of the bell jar. What evidencethat transpiration has occurred?
moisture / water droplets
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Exercise no. 6.2 Girdling a Stem
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Guide Questions
What are the pores found at the stems that aremainly for aeration?
lenticels
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Guide Questions
What do you call the brown cell layers of the bark(outermost)?
cork
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Guide Questions
Name the composite tissues that include theconductive cells that transport food, water and othermetabolites.
xylem and phloem
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Guide Questions
What is the mersitematic tissue that gives rise tonew conductive cells?
vascular cambium
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Exercise no. 7 Agluttination - Immunology
Experiments with blood transfusions have been carried out for hundreds of years, but many patients have died.
In 1901, Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups and found that mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping.
blood clumping is an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodiesagainst the donor blood cells.
Brief History on Blood Groups
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Exercise no. 7 Agluttination - Immunology
The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies.
The antigens are located on the surface of the RBCs and the antibodiesare in the blood plasma.
Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules.
According to the ABO blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or O (null).
Different Blood Groups
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Exercise no. 7 Agluttination - ImmunologyBlood Groups
Blood group AIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your RBCs and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood group BIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your RBCs and A antibodies in your blood plasma.
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Exercise no. 7 Agluttination - ImmunologyBlood Groups
Blood group ABIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your RBCs and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.
Blood group OIf you belong to the blood group O (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your RBCs but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
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When RBCs carrying one or both antigens are exposed tothe corresponding antibodies, they agglutinate; that is,clump together. People usually have antibodies againstthose red cell antigens that they lack.
Human RBC before (left) and after (right) adding serumcontaining anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reactionreveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of thecells.
Concept of Agglutination
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Blood transfusions:who can receive blood from whom?
People with blood group O are called "universal donors"
People with blood group AB are called "universal receivers"