Postharvest, Learning Alliances and Business Models Gummert-IRRI.pdf · Postharvest, Learning...
Transcript of Postharvest, Learning Alliances and Business Models Gummert-IRRI.pdf · Postharvest, Learning...
Postharvest, Learning Alliances and Business Models
Martin Gummert, Senior Scientist II, Post Harvest Development, IRRI
Alfred SchmidleyScientist, Business Model Development, IRRI
GRISP Workshop: Boosting agricultural mechanization in rice-based systems in sub-Saharan Africa
Senegal, 6-8 June 2011
Manual threshing1-5%
Sun drying3-5%
Cutting, handling1-5%
Open storage5-10%
Village milling20-30%
Small retailers
Machine threshing1-5%
Combine harvesting1-5%
Mechanical drying1-2%
Sealed storage1-2%
Commercial milling5-10% Large retailers
Crop Consumption
Physical losses in traditional postharvest chain
Physical losses in mechanized postharvest chain
Quality losses resulting in 10-30% loss in value
Average Postharvest Losses in Southeast Asia
IRRI’s Postharvest (PH) Partnerships in Southeast Asia, 2011
Public sectorPrivate sectorProjectConsortium
Objective:Reduce PH lossesValue addingOutputs:1. Adapted technology
and management options
2. New multi-channel extension approaches
3. Business models for PH technologies
4. Multi-stakeholder platforms (Learning Alliances)
Technology
Axial Flow Thresher
Introduction in CountriesPhilippines, 1969-1972Pakistan, 1976-1978Thailand, 1977-1980Indonesia, 1980-1982Lao, 1997-1998Vietnam, 1980s?
Combine HarvesterThailand: mid 1990sVietnam: since ~ 2000
Axial Flow Threshing Principle
Green revolutionYield increases
Double cropping systems
IRRI, 1972
Mechanized Harvesting• Response to labor
shortage and high harvesting cost
• Physical losses reduced from 4-10% to 1-2%
• Timeliness -> Better quality
Vietnam: 4,000 combines in the Mekong Delta
India
Central Plain in Thailand: fully mechanized, 90% by combine
Cambodia: in 2011 around 200 combines
Mini Combine Harvester Training and Field days in CambodiaFebruary 2007
Manual harvesting cost: US$ 188/haCombine harvesting: US$ 120/ha(Data from 2011, Battambang province)
Reduction of PH losses to 1-2%
Mechanized Drying• Paddy should be dried
within 24 h after harvesting to <14% moisture content
• Mechanical dryers produce optimum quality but use is limited– Vietnam: 30% of crop produced
in Mekong Delta– Thailand: 70% of crop produced
in Central Plain (?)– Other SE Asian countries: <5%
• Constraints– Lack of quality incentives– In-appropriate technology– Wrong targeting of technology
?
2-5% physical loss
Quality loss
Dryer Development in VietnamFarm level dryer, 1995-19972,000 unitsDiscontinued
1980-89: 1t•IRRI flat bed dryer introduced•Few units
1990-99: 4-8t•Contract service•Rice husk furnace
2000-09: 10-20t•Better quality•Partial automatization•6,200 in Mekong Delta
1990s: Two-stage drying strategy: Fluidized bed dryer + in-store drying
2010-19: Value chain integration, capacity, quality optimization
Columnar dryers
Contributors to success• Developing export market• Lack of roads in Mekong Delta• Simplicity, local manufacturing• Subsidies only for initial prototypes• Scientific support did not end
IRRI support to NARES and manufacturers: Transfer of Vietnamese type Flat Bed Dryer to Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Indonesia, Philippines
Hermetic Sealed Storage Systems
5 t Cocoon™
Principle• Low oxygen permeability• Biological activity reduces O2 and increase CO2
• Insects die at low oxygen level => pest control without pesticides• Plastic prevents moisture adsorption• => Germination maintained for 12+ months• => Higher head rice yields and less spoilage
50 kg “Super bag”
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
0 20 40 60 80 100
Days of storage
Oxy
gen
cont
ent,
%
Thick PE bag92106001-092106002-0
Source IRRI Agricultural Engineering Unit, 2004
Hermetic storage, status
• Verified with farmers and seed producers throughout SE-Asia
• Bayer Crop Science and Philippine Seed producer store all hybrid rice seeds hermetically
• Last mile delivery for farmers• Improper usage due to lack of training• Counterfeits with non-hermetic properties• Other manufacturers of hermetic products
– Certification through third party laboratory?
Achievements:
Challenges:
50 kg IRRI Super bag,Super Grain Bag™
Rice mill evaluation and improvement
• Raw material quality• Reduce losses through better
maintenance and operation• Upgrading of equipment• Organic rice certification (Lao PDR)
Lao PDR Indonesia Vietnam
Rice quality test kit
Temperature
Moisture content
Milling degree
Head rice, brokens
DimensionsCracks, Insects Weight Volume
• Better understanding of grain quality• Better decision making in post harvest
management• Affordable, for farmer intermediaries and
processors
Effect of production on losses: Laser leveling
Research findings:• Increases yields (5-15%)• Reduces water use (10-
30%)• Better weed control• Reduced pesticide use• Lower harvesting losses• Better milling quality
Approaches
New impact pathway focus
• Value chain approach – multiple actors• Facilitate multi stakeholder platforms
– Participatory Impact Pathway Analysis (PIPA)– Learning Alliances
• Increased public private partnerships– Piloting available technologies
(e.g. Spectra - laser leveling)– Jointly developing new technologies
(e.g. GrainPro - Super grain bag for rice storage)– Extension for farmers
(e.g. hermetic storage with Philippine seed producers,dryers through Myanmar Rice and Paddy Traders Association)
Postharvest value systemHorizontal rice value chain with vertical linkage (equipment value chain)
•Extensionists•NGOs•Researchers•Banks
Other value creators:
Rice markets
Farmers Service providers Millers
MillingStorageDryingThreshingHarvesting
Seed producers
Distributor
Retail Dealers
Service / Repair
ComponentSuppliers
Fabricator
Traders
Seed Production
Business models
The PIPA process(Participatory Impact Pathway Analysis)
Impact pathway- Actor- Change in practice- Change in knowledge attitudes
skills and aspirations- Project strategies for achieving thisNational Learning Alliances
Composite network map from PIPA workshop in Cambodia, 2008
Machinery suppliersNo link to end users?
Traders and millers: very often mentioned and many connections
Developing the Impact pathways
Actor Change in practice
Change in KASKnowledge, Attitudes, Skills
Project Strategy, Activities
Impact Pathways
VisionPostharvest loss reduced
Postharvest ProblemHigh Postharvest Loss
Farmers Use drying service Know about better quality of mech. dried
paddy
Stakeholder mappingRoles, relationships, power..
Training for farmers, on quality
Manufacturers Produce good dryers, after sales service
Production know how, they value quality
Training, industrial extension
Other actors……
Sources: Douthwaite et al., 2007; IRRC and ADB projects
Learning alliances• Multi stakeholder platform to
embrace key public and private stakeholders
• First step: PIPA• Flexible “membership”• Leads to cost sharing• Facilitated by an honest broker• Process oriented
Cambodia
Vietnam
Philippines
Plan Act Reflect and capture
A mechanization example
• Agricultural extension + industrial extension
• Multi stakeholder platform (Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture, Manufacturers Association, Universities, Bank…)
• Technology champions• Time frame of 6 years• Business support for
users (business plans, link to micro credit project)
• Critical mass
Hydrotiller in West Sumatra, Indonesia• Designed by IRRI based on Turtle tiller from
the Philippines• 1995: Introduced by ATIAMI project• 2010: 2 manufacturers, 1,000 units/year• 10+ workshops provide after sales services
Drivers for successIntroduction in South Sulawesi failed!Project worked with 4 manufacturers to introduce the hydrotiller. At the same time the Provincial Government imported hand tractors from China and distributed them through subsidized loans to cooperatives (most loans were not paid back).-> killed the market for the hydro tiller-> damaged local industriesmost Chinese machines broke within a season, no after sales services -> farmers ended up with broken machines
Summary: Factors contributing to successful uptake
• Sound and affordable technology adapted to local conditions
• Pull and push• Technology champion• Critical mass (personnel, funding)• Time frame (6-10 years)• Business case• Partnerships
– Early inclusion of the private sector– Research did not disconnect– Some sort of multiple stakeholder platform
What has not worked well
• Technology usage by farmers groups (cooperatives, informal groups)
• Government driven technology supply programs
• Public sector manufacturing• Farm level drying• Focus on small farmers only• Focus on either “push” or “pull” only
Capacity building / Training
• Cross cutting through all outputs, • At IRRI and in-country• Training modules
– Reference manuals, power points, fact sheets, videos, sample teaching plans, e-learning
• October 17-28, 2011 at IRRI– Basic PH course, hands on, modules on all
postharvest operations plus related topics– Accreditation as IRRI postharvest trainer– Study visits to Philippine PH stakeholders– Cost: US$ 2,600
Thank you
For better livelihoods for future generations of rice farmers and
consumers
Contacts:1. IRRI homepage: http://www.irri.org2. IRRI Postharvest group: [email protected]. Postharvest Learning Alliance Site: http://postharvestLA.irri.org4. IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org