Postgraduate Induction Session Ruth Bird 2009 Introduction to UK Common Law Legal Research &...
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Transcript of Postgraduate Induction Session Ruth Bird 2009 Introduction to UK Common Law Legal Research &...
Postgraduate Induction Session
Ruth Bird 2009
Introduction to UK Common Law Legal Research & Resources
The Judicial System: England & Wales
Criminal and civil cases are decided on adversarial, not inquisitorial, basis.
Ultimate source of law is statutes passed by Westminster or Scottish Parliaments.
Legal duty to comply with EC Law; courts must apply EC law where there is a conflict between the two.
EU Convention on Human Rights built into UK Law in 1998 and binding on public authorities and courts
The Judicial System: Nthern Ireland and Scotland
Nthern Ireland system broadly similar to E&W, with Lord Chancellor as highest officer & Scty of State responsible for criminal law and policing.
Scottish Parlt makes laws on matters devolved to it, with a Minister for Justice responsible for civil and criminal law and justice.
Court Structure
Reference can be made to the
European Court of Justice from any
court in the system.
The European Court of Human Rights
enforces the European Convention
on Human Rights.
Role of the Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court will:
be the final court of appeal for all United Kingdom civil cases, and criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland
hear appeals on arguable points of law of general public importance concentrate on cases of the greatest public and constitutional
importance maintain and develop the role of the highest court in the United
Kingdom as a leader in the common law worldThe Supreme Court will hear appeals from the following courts in
each jurisdiction: England and Wales
The Court of Appeal, Civil Division The Court of Appeal, Criminal Division (in some limited cases) the High Court
Scotland The Court of Session
Northern Ireland The Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland (in some limited cases) the High Court
Law Reports – what and how…
Doctrine of Precedent Court hierarchy Structure of a law report Which cases are reported Which reports to use? Citations & abbreviations
What is precedent?
Precedent - a court is bound by the decisions of a court above it and, usually by a court of equivalent standing. Superior courts are able to overrule decisions of lower courts, and sometimes their own decisions.
Law reporting was made more efficient when the Judicature Acts of 1873-1875 created a proper pyramid of authority, completed when the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 made the House of Lords the final Court of Appeal. (The House of Lords has been replaced (Oct 2009) by the Supreme Court.)
What is a law report A law report is a record of the judge’s
reasons for a judgment in a dispute. In England and Wales, only a proportion of
cases decided by courts are reported In most report series, the cases are
selected by law report editors – not the courts
Layout of a report has consistent elements
To be reported a case must: raise a point of legal significance materially modify an existing principle of
law or settle a doubtful question of law may include questions of interpretation
of statutes and important cases which illustrate new applications of accepted principles
What are primary and secondary sources?
Primary sources are direct sources of law - eg, legislation, treaties, law reports (or case law), parliamentary papers, etc.
Secondary sources - opinions, commentaries, articles, discussions.
Which reports to use?
Sometimes a case located online will have parallel citations to different report series.
If there are several versions of a case in several report series, use and cite authorised or best versions of reports.
Authorised versions are written by barristers, read & signed off by judge(s).
The Law Reports, established 1865, are closest to a set of ‘official’ reports (practice direction at [1998] 1 WLR 825)
If a case is not reported there, then cite the All England LR or the Weekly LR; beyond that, no further series are identified
Citing law reports Citation is the abbreviated reference to a
case – in a civil case, the names of the Plaintiff and the Defendant, the year, abbreviation of law report, page number, eg:
Mond v Hyde [1999] 1 QB 1097-in a criminal case usually by the abbreviation R (for Rex or Regina) and the accused, eg:
R v Rowe [2007] 2 Cr App 171 Square brackets are used when there is no
running volume number
Round brackets are used when the date is not necessary for cite, eg Brasstington v Guthrie (1996) 64 TC 435
Neutral citation Used for electronic version of law reports Refers to year of decision, the court, a running
number for the case, and then uses paragraph numbers instead of page numbers, eg:
Morris v KLM [2001] EWCA Civ 790 at (3)
This refers to paragraph 3 of the 790th judgment of 2001 in the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal.
R v Rowe [2007] EWCA Crim 635
This refers to the 635th judgment of 2007 in the Criminal Division of the CA
How to identify abbreviations Online at Cardiff site - http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk
Raistrick, D. Index to legal citations and abbreviations. Cw UK R159c2
Card catalogue section of abbreviations in the law library (red drawer labels)
Index volumes of Halsbury’s Encyclopedia, and of The Digest
K.U. Leuven site – http://www.law.kuleuven.be/rechtsaf/index.phtml?page=uk
Searching Case Law using paper
The Law Report Indexes (“Red Book”) - all citations to a case; search by subject; research judicial history.
All England Law Reports (“All ERs”) have an index by subject, case name, and list cases and legislation judicially considered.
Current Law Yearbook - summaries of significant cases, legislative details, words and phrases judicially considered. Also the Current Law Case Citator for judicial history
Searching Case Law - The Digest Compendium of case law, covers the UK, Ireland,
the Commonwealth & the EU, from medieval times to the present day.
Provides summary (“digest”) of cases organised by subject, with the citation to the full text report and the judicial history of each case
The Digest volumes are revised and reissued when necessary to take account of changes in law and practice.
It follows the same title classification and arrangement as Halsbury’s Laws of England.
Includes a cumulative supplement, consolidated table of cases, and a consolidated index
Why use The Digest?
Provides key case law in a subject area Citations to law reports Judicial history of cases Useful source for tracing older case law Is not available in electronic format Shelf location: Cw UK 150 E58a3
Searching Case Law - Halsbury’s Laws of England
Encyclopedia of law including authoritative commentary, statute and case law, analysis and background information
Arranged alphabetically by subject. Updated by yearly supplement and
monthly updating service
K 1
Searching & updating the law - Current Law
Case law and statutory developments from 1947-date
Digests cases from most series of law reports and quality newspapers
Current Law Case Citators give citations for cases and judicial history
Alphabetical table of cases and index to subjects
Shelf location: Cw UK 200 C976c
Finding cases by name
In books: Current Law Case Citator Law Report indexes – red indexes The Digest Halsbury’s – Table of Cases volumesOn-line: Key databases such as Lexis,
Westlaw, Bailii
Legislation Types of legislation How statutes are made Structure of an act Commencement of an act Citation Statutory instruments
Types of Legislation
Primary legislation Bills – precursors to Acts – Public, Private
& Hybrid Acts or Statutes – Public general, Local
and Personal Secondary or delegated legislation
Statutory instruments, (S.I.s) or Regulations
Other subsidiary legislation – Bye-laws, Orders, Codes of Practice etc
How an act (statute) is made
Need for a law comes about from various sources – election promises, a specific event, law commission reports, Royal commissions and Public Inquiries
Preparatory Stages Consultation stage – organised by government
dept. sponsoring the bill – (this is a Green Paper, which, once agreed, becomes a White paper – basis of bill)
Bill is drafted by parliamentary draftsmen within the relevant department.
How an act is made (ii)
The House Of Commons First Reading (letting Members know about
the Bill) Second Reading (explaining the purpose of
Bill, questions) Committee Stage (detailed examination by a
Standing Committee) Report Stage (further consideration &
changes by whole House Third Reading (Overall examination – can only
pass or reject at this stage)
How an act is made (iii)
The House Of Lords First Reading Second Reading Committee Stage (usually a C’tee of the whole
House Report Stage (Consideration of Amendments) Third Reading (Can still be amended in HoL)(If amended, Bill has to go back to Commons) Royal Assent (granted via Letters Patent or, at
end of a session, via a Commission)
Where to find… Information on pre-legislative materials online:
Current Legal Information (CLI) – LRDI (‘grey papers’) database http://cli.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/
(Also on Westlaw)
Lawtel – Bills, Command Papers and News & Press databases http://www.lawtel.com/my_lawtel/welcome.asp
Internet – check Government websites and the Parliament website http://www.parliament.uk/
Where to find bills Information on Bills
Parliament website• http://www.parliament.uk/bills/bills.cfm
Hansard Weekly Information Bulletin Sessional Information Digest LexisLibrary CLI Lawtel BLL list of bills received -
http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/law/e-resources/legislation (under UK& Ireland - ‘Parliamentary Bills’)
Where to find acts Original text of Acts as passed:
Queen’s Printer’s copy Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) website
• http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ Current Law Statutes Justis Westlaw & LexisLibrary Law Reports Statutes
Current Acts incorporating amendments: Halsbury’s Statutes (Cw UK 30 H196a4) Statute Law database http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/ LexisLibrary Westlaw
Commencement / coming into force
Once a bill receives Royal Assent, it usually will come into force
However: Some Acts require a Commencement
Order before they take effect – (use noter ups, or LexisLibrary to check)
Some Acts are never brought into force (eg. Easter Act 1928)
Citing legislation
Acts are numbered sequentially during the year as they receive Royal Assent
Acts are referred to either by their short name or by their Act or Chapter number – eg,
• Name of Act 2003 (c42) or c42, 2003
Public General Acts are cited using Arabic numerals, e.g.: Companies Act 1985 (c 6)
Prior to 1963 Acts cited by regnal year, e.g.: Debtors Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict cap 62)
Citing legislation (ii)
Acts (continued): Local and Personal Acts are cited using
Roman numerals, e.g.:• British Railways (Liverpool Street Station)
Act 1983 (cap. iv) Private Acts are cited using Arabic
numerals given in italics, e.g.:• Hugh Small and Norma Small (Marriage
Enabling) Act 1982 (cap. 10)
Citing Bills
Bills A Bill is assigned a new number each
time it is reprinted References to Parliamentary Bills should
include short title, Parliamentary Session in round brackets and Bill number, e.g.:• Prevention of Terrorism HC Bill (2004 –
2005) 61• Prevention of Terrorism HL Bill (2004 – 2005)
34
Where to find… ..the status of a piece of legislation
Online:• LexisLibrary• Justis• Lawtel• Westlaw and CLI
• http://bills.parliament.uk/AC.asp In paper:
• Current Law Statute Citators Cw UK 20 C976• Halsbury’s Statutes –Is it in force? Cw UK 30 H196a4• Halsbury’s Statutory Instruments Cw UK 90 S5797.2
Statutory instruments
Statutory instruments are also known as Regulations – over 3000 introduced each year.
SI’s are subordinate legislation, made by the government department responsible for an act
They cover the implementation aspects of an act, eg. Building Regulations, Road Rules
Citing Statutory Instruments
S.I.s Draft S.I.s are not numbered Once an SI is approved it receives the
next sequential number within the year, e.g.:• The Licensing Act 2003 (Personal licences)
Regulations 2005 S.I. 2005 No.41 The Statute Law database lists the date
of deployment of regulations.
Some other book resources
Legal journals – in paper, and online via OU e-journals, and on Lexis, Hein Online & Westlaw. (They have less standing than in European legal systems)
Loose-leaf services – often combine legislation with section commentary, and analyse related cases
Textbooks – specialist subject case books
Summary Use the list of databases on the Law Library
website http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/law/e-resources/d
atabases
Law Library website also contains self-paced tutorials http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/law/guides
Refer to the Parliament website for background information and current status on England’s legislation http://www.parliament.uk/