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REFERENCES 1. WHO. Deafness and hearing loss. WHO. 2013:15. Available at: hkp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/index.html. Accessed April 27, 2013. 2. Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, et al. Valida?on of selfreported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:13711378. doi:10.1093/ije/30.6.1371. 3. Zhu W, Zeng N, Wang N. Sensi?vity , Specificity , Accuracy , Associated Confidence Interval and ROC Analysis with Prac?cal SAS ® Implementa?ons K & L consul?ng services , Inc , Fort Washington , PA Octagon Research Solu?ons , Wayne. NESUG Heal Care Life Sci. 2010:19. 4. MedCalc. Diagnos?c test evalua?on. :12. Available at: hkp://www.medcalc.org/calc/diagnos?c_test.php. 5. Marini a. LS, Halpern R, Aerts D. Sensibilidade, especificidade e valor predi?vo da queixa audi?va. Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39(6):982984. doi:10.1590/S003489102005000600017. 6. Torre P, Moyer CJ, Haro NR. The accuracy of selfreported hearing loss in older La?noAmerican adults. Int J Audiol. 2006;45:559562. doi:10.1080/14992020600860935. 7. Nondahl DM, Cruickshanks KJ, Wiley TL, Tweed TS, Klein R, Klein BEK. Accuracy of Selfreported Hearing Loss. 1998:295301. 8. ValeteRosalino CM, Rozenfeld S. Triagem audi?va em idosos: comparação entre autorelato e audiometria. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 2005;71(2):193200. doi:10.1590/S003472992005000200013. n Prevalence Diference SensiHvity Specificity PPV NPV Accuracy Self report HL(P SR ) HL(P HL ) P HL P SR Right ear 57 3 47,0% 46,7% 0,3% 74,2% 76,7% 73,6 % 77,2 % 75,5% LeM ear 57 3 50,5% 44,6% 5,9% 79,9% 73,1% 70,5 % 81,9 % 76,1% n Prevalence Diference SensiHvity Specificity PPV NPV Accuracy Self report HL(P SR ) HL(P HL ) P HL P SR TOTAL 573 34,6% 37,9% +3,3% 65,0% 84% 71,2% 79,7% 76,8% SensiHvity and specificity of selfreported hearing loss Cris?na Caroça, MD 1,2 ; Paula Campelo, MD 2 ; João Paço, MD, PhD 1,2 1 Nova Medical School – Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal; 2 Hospital CUF Infante Santo, Lisbon, Portugal INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION RESULTS Chart 1. Label in 24pt Arial. Graph & Table 1. Distribu?on by age. Figure 1. Child during PTA. Figure 2. Child during ABR. ABSTRACT METHODS AND MATERIALS CONCLUSIONS IntroducHon: The ques?on about hearing status is common and oAen placed in epidemiological studies. In this work we compare the prevalence of selfreported hearing loss with the prevalence of hearing loss obtained from audiometric tes?ng in a sample of the popula?on of São Tomé and Príncipe. Material and methods: We analyzed the data collected through a ques?onnaire on the percep?on of hearing applied in a clinical audiology assessment of pa?ents in São Tomé and Príncipe. All pa?ents were asked about their hearing status for each ear with the ques?on: “Do you feel you have a hearing loss?”. We considered two classifica?ons of hearing disability. We assessed the sensi?vity, specificity and predic?ve value of complaints, based on audiometric tests carried out tone pure audiogram and auditory brainstem response. Results: From 721 queries performed, only 573 pa?ents answered the ques?on: “Do you feel you have a hearing loss?”. We obtained, according to the classifica?on in the best ear, a sensi?vity of 65% and specificity of 84%, with a posi?ve and nega?ve predic?ve value of 71.2% and 79.7% respec?vely, compared to the full range of audiometric tests. The prevalence of individuals with hearing complaints was 34.5% and of those who actually had hearing loss on audiometric tests was 37.9%. Conclusions: Although audiometric evalua?on remains the gold standard for hearing screening, the subjec?ve percep?on of hearing loss con?nues to be a form of deafness iden?fica?on and may be useful in epidemiological studies, especially in poor countries like São Tomé and Príncipe. Total of 573 individuals were analyzed Aged 1 to 83 years, mean age of 20.79 years, median age of 16 and mode of 7 years Audiological test valida?on: Pure Tone Audiogram (PTA) – 81.2% Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) – 18.8% Retrospec?ve study of medical charts, from individuals that have been observed at the audiology appointment within the Humanitarian Missions in São Tomé and Príncipe Only individuals or caretakers who answered a selfreported ques?on “Do you think you have hearing loss?” and had record of the hearing or electrophysiological threshold, were included Classifica?on adopted was the classifica?on of World Health Organiza?on (WHO) 1 Hearing loss is a hearing threshold (mean value of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000Hz air conduc?on thresholds) higher than 25 dB in the beker ear. According to the WHO classifica?on, the ques?on “Do you think you have hearing loss?” has demonstrated to be efficient in iden?fying hearing loss but mainly normal hearing individuals within the popula?on of São Tomé and Príncipe, becoming a useful ques?on on hearing loss screening in this popula?on. Although audiometric tes?ng s?ll remains as the gold standard, the subjec?ve percep?on of hearing loss con?nues to be an important way of iden?fying hearing loss, especially in epidemiologic studies. In younger ages, where the tutor mostly gives the answer to the ques?on, the selfreport presents a high specificity despite the low sensi?vity. About 5% of the world’s popula?on has hearing loss (HL) 1 HL is responsible for: Social isola?on Depression Low educa?on Low social produc?vity Low quality of life Ques?ons about one’s hearing are seldom included in ques?onnaires on largescale epidemiological studies 2 Pure tone audiogram is the gold standard exam to es?mate the prevalence of HL Applica?on of a ques?on: “Do you think you have a hearing loss?” in a clinical inquiry during the audiology appointment within the Humanitarian Mission in São Tomé and Príncipe (“Health for All specialiFes” project from a NGDO IMVF) Valida?on of self reported ques?on by audiometric exams: Pure tone audiogram (PTA) Auditory brainstem response (ABR) Study the sensi?vity, specificity, posi?ve predic?ve value (PPV), nega?ve predic?ve value (NPV) and accuracy of the selfreported ques?on 3,4 Cris?na Caroça Hospital CUF Infante Santo Email: [email protected] Phone: +351 917507165 CONTACT PURPOSE n Prevalence Diference SensiHvity Specificity PPV NPV Accuracy Self report HL(P SR ) HL(P HL ) P HL P SR Male 277 48% 33,2% 37,2% +4% 61,2% 83,3% 68,5 % 78,4 % 75,1% Female 296 52% 35,8% 38,5% +2,7% 68,4% 84,6% 73,6 % 81,0 % 78,4% The female group revealed a higher sensi?vity (68.72%) and specificity (84.62%) than the male group; the results from this study were similar to the one’s considering the best ear 5 . Probably because male underes?mate HL In children, the answer to the ques?on about hearing loss, based on the best ear is some?mes complicated 5 , resul?ng in a lower sensi?vity (67.7%) but with a high specificity of 85.5%. As age increases, when evalua?ng the best ear, the sensi?vity decreases and the specificity rises. The selfreport of hearing loss in the older group was lower because it was hard to recognize one’s hearing loss as it is seen as a sign of ageing or, on the other hand, as the loss is gradual, there is no percep?on of the hearing loss 6,7,8 . n Prevalence Diference SensiHvity Specificity PPV NPV Accuracy Self report HL(P SR ) HL(P HL ) P HL P SR <7 Y 100 18% 31,0% 31,0% 0% 67,7% 85,5% 67,7 % 85,5 % 80% ≥7 <20 Y 218 38% 41,3% 39,9% 1,4% 75,9% 81,7% 73,3 % 83,6 % 79,3% ≥20 Y 254 44% 27,8% 38,6% +10,8% 55,1% 85,3% 70,1 % 75,1 % 73,6% 48% 52% Male Female Graph & Table 2. Distribu?on by gender. Graph & Table 3. Distribu?on by ear. Table 4. Results in global sample. ‘HEALTH FOR ALL’ Sao Tome and Principe 19882014

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REFERENCES  1.  WHO.  Deafness  and  hearing  loss.  WHO.  2013:1-­‐5.  Available  at:  hkp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/index.html.    Accessed  April  27,  2013.  2.  Sindhusake  D,  Mitchell  P,  Smith  W,  et  al.  Valida?on  of  self-­‐reported  hearing  loss.  The  Blue  Mountains  Hearing  Study.  Int  J  Epidemiol.  2001;30:1371-­‐1378.  doi:10.1093/ije/30.6.1371.  3.  Zhu  W,  Zeng  N,  Wang  N.  Sensi?vity  ,  Specificity  ,  Accuracy  ,  Associated  Confidence  Interval  and  ROC  Analysis  with  Prac?cal  SAS  ®  Implementa?ons  K  &  L  consul?ng  services  ,  Inc  ,  Fort  Washington  ,  PA  Octagon  Research  Solu?ons  ,  Wayne.  NESUG    Heal  Care  Life  Sci.  2010:1-­‐9.  4.  MedCalc.  Diagnos?c  test  evalua?on.  :1-­‐2.  Available  at:  hkp://www.medcalc.org/calc/diagnos?c_test.php.  5.  Marini  a.  LS,  Halpern  R,  Aerts  D.  Sensibilidade,  especificidade  e  valor  predi?vo  da  queixa  audi?va.  Rev  Saude  Publica.  2005;39(6):982-­‐984.  doi:10.1590/S0034-­‐89102005000600017.  6.  Torre  P,  Moyer  CJ,  Haro  NR.  The  accuracy  of  self-­‐reported  hearing  loss  in  older  La?no-­‐American  adults.  Int  J  Audiol.  2006;45:559-­‐562.  doi:10.1080/14992020600860935.  7.  Nondahl  DM,  Cruickshanks  KJ,  Wiley  TL,  Tweed  TS,  Klein  R,  Klein  BEK.  Accuracy  of  Self-­‐reported  Hearing  Loss.  1998:295-­‐301.  8.  Valete-­‐Rosalino  CM,  Rozenfeld  S.  Triagem  audi?va  em  idosos:  comparação  entre  auto-­‐relato  e  audiometria.  Rev  Bras  Otorrinolaringol.  2005;71(2):193-­‐200.  doi:10.1590/S0034-­‐72992005000200013.    

n  

Prevalence   Diference  

SensiHvity   Specificity   PPV   NPV   Accuracy  Self-­‐report  HL(PSR)  

HL(PHL)   PHL-­‐PSR  

Right  ear   573   47,0%   46,7%   -­‐0,3%   74,2%   76,7%   73,6

%  77,2%   75,5%  

LeM  ear   573   50,5%   44,6%   -­‐5,9%   79,9%   73,1%   70,5

%  81,9%   76,1%  

n  

Prevalence   Diference  

SensiHvity   Specificity   PPV   NPV   Accuracy  Self-­‐report  HL(PSR)  

HL(PHL)   PHL-­‐PSR  

TOTAL   573   34,6%   37,9%   +3,3%   65,0%   84%   71,2%   79,7%   76,8%  

SensiHvity  and  specificity  of  self-­‐reported  hearing  loss    

Cris?na  Caroça,  MD1,2;  Paula  Campelo,  MD2;  João  Paço,  MD,  PhD1,2  

1Nova  Medical  School  –  Faculty  of  Medical  Sciences,  Lisbon,  Portugal;  2Hospital  CUF  Infante  Santo,  Lisbon,  Portugal  

INTRODUCTION  

DISCUSSION  

RESULTS  

Chart  1.  Label  in  24pt  Arial.  

Graph  &  Table  1.  Distribu?on  by  age.  

Figure  1.  Child  during  PTA.   Figure  2.  Child  during  ABR.  

ABSTRACT  

METHODS  AND  MATERIALS  

CONCLUSIONS  

IntroducHon:  The  ques?on  about  hearing  status  is  common  and  oAen  placed  in  epidemiological  studies.  In  this  work  we  compare  the  prevalence  of  self-­‐reported  hearing  loss  with  the  prevalence  of  hearing  loss  obtained  from  audiometric  tes?ng  in  a  sample  of  the  popula?on  of  São  Tomé  and  Príncipe.      Material  and  methods:  We  analyzed  the  data  collected  through  a  ques?onnaire  on  the  percep?on  of  hearing  applied  in  a  clinical  audiology  assessment  of  pa?ents  in  São  Tomé  and  Príncipe.  All  pa?ents  were  asked  about  their  hearing  status  for  each  ear  with  the  ques?on:  “Do  you  feel  you  have  a  hearing  loss?”.  We  considered  two  classifica?ons  of  hearing  disability.  We  assessed  the  sensi?vity,  specificity  and  predic?ve  value  of  complaints,  based  on  audiometric  tests  carried  out  -­‐  tone  pure  audiogram  and  auditory  brainstem  response.      Results:  From  721  queries  performed,  only  573  pa?ents  answered  the  ques?on:  “Do  you  feel  you  have  a  hearing  loss?”.  We  obtained,  according  to  the  classifica?on  in  the  best  ear,  a  sensi?vity  of  65%  and  specificity  of  84%,  with  a  posi?ve  and  nega?ve  predic?ve  value  of  71.2%  and  79.7%  respec?vely,  compared  to  the  full  range  of  audiometric  tests.  The  prevalence  of  individuals  with  hearing  complaints  was  34.5%  and  of  those  who  actually  had  hearing  loss  on  audiometric  tests  was  37.9%.      Conclusions:  Although  audiometric  evalua?on  remains  the  gold  standard  for  hearing  screening,  the  subjec?ve  percep?on  of  hearing  loss  con?nues  to  be  a  form  of  deafness  iden?fica?on  and  may  be  useful  in  epidemiological  studies,  especially  in  poor  countries  like  São  Tomé  and  Príncipe.    

•  Total  of  573  individuals  were  analyzed  •  Aged  1  to  83  years,  mean  age  of  20.79  years,  median  age  of  16  and  mode  of  7  years      

•  Audiological  test  valida?on:  •  Pure  Tone  Audiogram  (PTA)  –  81.2%    •  Auditory  Brainstem  Response  (ABR)  –  18.8%  

■  Retrospec?ve  study  of  medical  charts,  from  individuals  that  have  been  observed  at  the  audiology  appointment  within  the  Humanitarian  Missions  in  São  Tomé  and  Príncipe    

■  Only  individuals  or  caretakers  who  answered  a  self-­‐reported  ques?on  “Do  you  think  you  have  hearing  loss?”  and  had  record  of  the  hearing  or  electrophysiological  threshold,  were  included    

■  Classifica?on  adopted  was  the  classifica?on  of  World  Health  Organiza?on  (WHO)1  

■  Hearing  loss  is  a  hearing  threshold  (mean  value  of  500,  1000,  2000  and  4000Hz  air  conduc?on  thresholds)  higher  than  25  dB  in  the  beker  ear.   •  According  to  the  WHO  classifica?on,  the  ques?on  “Do  you  think  you  have  hearing  loss?”  has  demonstrated  to  be  

efficient  in  iden?fying  hearing  loss  but  mainly  normal  hearing  individuals  within  the  popula?on  of  São  Tomé  and  Príncipe,  becoming  a  useful  ques?on  on  hearing  loss  screening  in  this  popula?on.  

•  Although  audiometric  tes?ng  s?ll  remains  as  the  gold  standard,  the  subjec?ve  percep?on  of  hearing  loss  con?nues  to  be  an  important  way  of  iden?fying  hearing  loss,  especially  in  epidemiologic  studies.    

•  In  younger  ages,  where  the  tutor  mostly  gives  the  answer  to  the  ques?on,  the  self-­‐report  presents  a  high  specificity  despite  the  low  sensi?vity.    

§  About  5%  of  the  world’s  popula?on  has  hearing  loss  (HL)1  

§  HL  is  responsible  for:  §  Social  isola?on  §  Depression  §  Low  educa?on  §  Low  social  produc?vity  §  Low  quality  of  life    

§  Ques?ons  about  one’s  hearing  are  seldom  included  in  ques?onnaires  on  large-­‐scale  epidemiological  studies2    

§  Pure  tone  audiogram  is  the  gold  standard  exam  to  es?mate  the  prevalence  of  HL  

 

■  Applica?on  of  a  ques?on:  “Do  you  think  you  have  a  hearing  loss?”  in  a  clinical  inquiry  during  the  audiology  appointment  within  the  Humanitarian  Mission  in  São  Tomé    and  Príncipe  (“Health  for  All  -­‐  specialiFes”  project  from  a  NGDO  -­‐  IMVF)  

■  Valida?on  of  self  reported  ques?on  by  audiometric  exams:  §  Pure  tone  audiogram  (PTA)  §  Auditory  brainstem  response  (ABR)  

■  Study  the  sensi?vity,  specificity,  posi?ve  predic?ve  value  (PPV),  nega?ve  predic?ve  value  (NPV)  and  accuracy  of  the  self-­‐reported  ques?on3,4    

Cris?na  Caroça  Hospital  CUF  Infante  Santo  Email:  [email protected]  Phone:  +351  917507165  

CONTACT  

PURPOSE

n  

Prevalence   Diference  

SensiHvity   Specificity   PPV   NPV   Accuracy  Self-­‐report  HL(PSR)  

HL(PHL)   PHL-­‐PSR  

Male   277  48%   33,2%   37,2%   +4%   61,2%   83,3%   68,5

%  78,4%   75,1%  

Female   296  52%  

35,8%   38,5%   +2,7%   68,4%   84,6%   73,6%  

81,0%   78,4%  

§  The  female  group  revealed  a  higher  sensi?vity  (68.72%)  and  specificity  (84.62%)  than  the  male  group;  the  results  from  this  study  were  similar  to  the  one’s  considering  the  best  ear5.    Probably  because  male  underes?mate  HL  

§  In  children,  the  answer  to  the  ques?on  about  hearing  loss,  based  on  the  best  ear  is  some?mes  complicated5,  resul?ng  in  a  lower  sensi?vity  (67.7%)  but  with  a  high  specificity  of  85.5%.  

§  As  age  increases,  when  evalua?ng  the  best  ear,  the  sensi?vity  decreases  and  the  specificity  rises.  §  The  self-­‐report  of  hearing  loss  in  the  older  group  was  lower  because  it  was  hard  to  recognize  one’s  hearing  loss  as  

it  is  seen  as  a  sign  of  ageing  or,  on  the  other  hand,  as  the  loss  is  gradual,  there  is  no  percep?on  of  the  hearing  loss6,7,8.    

n  

Prevalence   Diference  

SensiHvity   Specificity   PPV   NPV   Accuracy  Self-­‐report  HL(PSR)  

HL(PHL)   PHL-­‐PSR  

<7  Y   100  18%   31,0%   31,0%   0%   67,7%   85,5%   67,7

%  85,5%   80%  

≥7  <20  Y  

218  38%   41,3%   39,9%   -­‐1,4%   75,9%   81,7%   73,3

%  83,6%   79,3%  

≥20  Y   254  44%  

27,8%   38,6%   +10,8%   55,1%   85,3%   70,1%  

75,1%   73,6%  

48%  

52%  

Male  Female  

Graph  &  Table  2.  Distribu?on  by  gender.  

Graph  &  Table  3.  Distribu?on  by  ear.  

Table  4.  Results  in  global  sample.  

‘HEALTHFOR ALL’

Sao Tome and PrincipeINFORMATIVE DOCUMENT

1988!2014