Post Tension Ing Manual Index 6thed

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SIXTH ED IT ION

POST-TENSIONINGINSTITUTE

8601 N. Black Canyon Hwy. , Suite 10 3Phoenix, A2 85021 Telephone: (602) 870c 7540www.pcst-tensioning.org
http://www.pcst-tensioning.org/http://www.pcst-tensioning.org/


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Printed in U.S.A.

Copyright 1972By Prestressed Concrete Institute

First edition, first printing

Copyright 1976By Post-Tensioning InstituteSecond edition, first printing

CopYl;ght 1981By Post-Tensioning Institute

Third edition, first printing, 1981Third edition, second printing, 1982

Copyright 1985By Post-Tensioning Insti tuteFourth edition, first printing

Copyrigheo 1990By Post-Tensioning Institute

Fifth edition, first printing, 1990Fifth edition, second printing, 1995Fifth edition, tbird printing, 1997

Fifth edition, fourth printing, 1999Fifth edition, fifth printing, 2000

Copyrighl 2006By Post-Tensioning InstituteSixth edition, first printing

All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproducedin any form without the written permission of the Post-Tensioning Institute.

ISBN 0-9778752-0-2

Post- Tensioning Manual/Sixth Edition

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSEfforts to develop the 6th Edition began in 1997. The manual has come to fruition thanks to the efforts of hundreds of peo-ple. This eight-year effort involved contributions from all segments of the post-tensioning industry. Key contributors areidentified below; however, there are many others-too numerous to list-s-who assisted in this project.

The EditorsBecause of the extended development time for this manual, editorial responsibilities were shared by several individuals.Dr. Pawan R . Gupta, PTI Technical Director, was the chief editor for the final published version. He was preceded by Dr.Fadi Alkhairi, former PTI Technical Director, Larry Krauser, DYWlDAG-Systems International USA, Inc. and JuergenPlaehn (retired).

The AuthorsBecause of the scope and complexity of this manual, many people helped author the various chapters. The principalauthor(s) for each chapter is listed below:Chapter I introductionChapter 2 ApplicationsChapter 3 Pos t-Tens ion ing Syst emsChapter 4 Specifying Post -TensioningChapter 5 Ana ly sis a nd De sig n F un damen ta lsChapter 6 De ta ilin g a nd Con str uc tio n P ro ce du re s jo r

BuildingsChapter 7 Desi gn Examp le sChapter 8 S ei sm i c Desi gn of Post- Tensioned Concrete

StructuresChapter 9 Po st - T ens io ned Conc re te F lo or sChapter 10 Pos t-Tens ioned Parking S tructuresChapter 11 Post-Tensioned Slabs-on-GroundChapter 12 BridgesChapter 13 S ta y Cabl esChapter 14 S to rage S tructures

Chapter 15 R oc k a nd So il A nc ho rsChapter 16 De sig n o f P re str es se d B ar rie r Cab le S ys tem sChapter 17 P re str es se d Con cr ete Un de r Dynamic L oa ds

and Fatigue .Chapter 18 Fire Resi stanceChapter 19 DurabilityChapter 20 InspectionChapter 21 PTf Certification Programs

Theodore L. Neff, PTlPawan R. Gupta, Ph.D. and Theodore L. Neft: PTIPawan R. Gupta, Ph.D. PTIFadi Alkbairi, Ph.D. and Theodore L. Neff, PTlKenneth B. Bondy, Consulting Structural EngineerPawan R. Gupta, Ph.D. PTJFadi Alkhairi, Ph.D. and Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D.Florian Barth, Walid Naja and Chris Bane, FBA Inc.

Kenneth B. Bondy, Consulting Structural EngineerFlorian Barth, FBA Inc.James Rogers, Evaluation-Certification Services, Inc.Paul Gauvreau, Ph.D., University of TorontoDavid Goodyear, T. Y . Lin internationalTheodore L. Neff, PTI; with contributions from StevenClose and Ib Jorgensen,* Jorgensen Close AssociatesTheodore L.Neff, PTlJames Rogers, Evaluation-Certification Services, Inc.Antoine Naaman, Ph.D. University of Michigan; JuergenPlaehn (retired);Theodor Krauthammer, Ph.D., PennsylvaniaState University; and Fadi Alkhairi, Ph.D.Armand Gustaferro"Andrea Schokker, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State UniversityJames Rogers, Evaluation-Certification Services, Inc.James Rogers, Evaluation-Certification Services, Inc.* Deceased
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The ReviewersAn extensive review process was used to ensure the technical accuracy and quality of the manual. For each chapter, theauthor prepared a draft that was submitted for several rounds of review. The first level of review was provided by staff andselected individuals with expertise relative to the particular subject matter. The edited draft was then reviewed by the Tech-nical Advisory Board (TAB). The TAB-approved draft was then reviewed and edited by a professional writer, Ms. Cole enBondy. The finalized chapter drafts were then reviewed by staff and an editorial task group to ready them for printing.PTI is particularly indebted and would like to express its appreciation to the members of the Technical Advisory Board whoput in countless hours in the review of this manual. Many corrections and technical enhancements resulted from thesereviews. Without the hard work and dedication of the TAB members listed below, this manual would not have been possible.

PTl TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARDChairman

Florian Barth, FBA, Inc.

Many other individuals contributed to the manual and helped to review select sections of the manual. These review-ers included:

The Production StaffManuscript preparation and graphic layout for printing was handled by:

A special acknowledgement to Kenneth B. Bondy, Florian Barth, Gregory P . Chacos, Coleen Bondy, and PTI staff, whosededication and tireless efforts have made this publication possible. PTI would also like to acknowledge the support of theExecutive Committee and Board of Directors for the successful completion of this complex project.

Rasbid Ahmed, Walker Parking ConsultantsJoseph M . Ales, Jr. , Ph.D., Walter P. Moore and

Associates, Inc.Asit Baxi, Ph.D., Suncoast Post-Tension, L.P.Kenneth B. Bondy, Consulting Structural EngineerK. Dirk Bondy, Seneca Structural Engineering, Inc.

Bryan AllredSteven CloseBrian GallagherJack W Graves, Jr.Robert GulyasH.Trey Hamilton

Edward HohmanDonald IllingworthIb Jorgensen"Rattan KhosaLarry KrauserThomas Mathews

Stefanie Friel, PTI

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James R. Cagley, Cagley &AssociatesGregory P. Chacos, Gregory P . Chacos PLLCJohn Crigler, VSLPawan R. Gupta, Ph.D., Post-Tensioning InstituteCary Kopczynski, Cary Kopczynski &Company, Inc.Merrill Walstad, Walstad Engineering, Inc.

Gerard McGuireAndrew Micklus, Jr.Heinz NierlichRussell PriceJose-Luis QuintanaThomas Richards

Michael RussilloAndrea SchokkerPete ScoppaRobert Van NoordDavid Weatherby

Janet Huff, PTI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS1. lNTRODUCTION............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

1.1 HISTORY .1.2 USAGE 11. 3 STATE-OF-THE-ART DEVELOPMENTS 21. 4 POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE 31.5 CHANGES FROM EARLIER EDITIONS 31.6 SUMMARY 4

2. APPLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52.2 BUILDINGS 5

2.2.1 Office Buildings 52.2.2 Condominiums/Residential Buildings 72.2.3 Hotels 102.2.4 Mixed Use 122.2.5 Casinos 142.2.6 Research/Academic Institutions 162.3 PARKJNG STRUCTURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 192.3.1 Commercial.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 192.3.2 Airports 202.3.3 Underground Parking Structures 222.3.4 Mixed Use 23

2.4 BRIDGES 242.4.1 Cast-in-Place Box Girders 242.4.2 Segmental. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 252.4.3 Cable-Stayed Bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 302.4.4 Pff Bridge Decks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 342.4.5 Precast Spliced Girders 352.5 STORAGE STRUCTURES 362.5.1 Water Storage Tanks 372.5.2 Silos 382.5.3 Nuclear Containment 39

2.6 GRANDSTANDS AND STADIUMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 392.7 STAGED CONSTRUCTlONffRANSFER GIRDERS 412.8 TENSrON MEMBERS 44

2.8.1 Post-Tensioned Tension Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 442.8.2 Post- Tensioned Tie Beams 44

2.9 ROCK AND SOLLANCHORS 462.9.1 RetainingWalls 462.9.2 Dam Tiedowns 462.9.3 Earth Stabilization 462.9.4 Excavation Stabilization 472.9.5 Resist Uplift 472.9.6 Tower Tiedowns 47

2.10 POST-TENSIONED SLABS-ON-GROUND 482.10.1 Residential Slab-on-Ground Foundations . . . . .. 482.10.2 Light Industrial Foundations 49

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5. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN fUNDAMENTALS 955.1 BASICS OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE 95

5.1.1 Introduction 955.1.2 Difference Between Analysis and Design 96

5.2 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS , 965.2.1 Freebody Diagrams , , , .. , 965.2.2 The Equivalent Load Freebody Diagram , 975.2.3 The Combined Freebody Diagram , ,. 100

5.3 FLEXURAL DESIGN 1045.3.1 Building Codes. . , , , 1045.3.2 Service Loading, . , , , " 1045.3.3 Nominal Strength , , , 1045.3.4 Transfer of Prestress Force, , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 106

5.4 SHEAR. . , , , , .. , ,.,..... 1075.4.1 Shear in One-Way Slabs .. , , .. , , . , . . . .. 1075.4.2 Shear in Beams , , , . . . . . . . . . . .. 1075.4.3 Shear in Two-Way Slabs , , . . . . . . . . . . .. 108

5.5 VARIABLE PRESTRESS FORCE , , " 1105.6 PRESTRESS LOSSES , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110

6. DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES FOR BUILDINGS ........................ 1136.1 GENERAL , , , , , , 1136.2 DESIGN ISSUES, , , , , , . , , . , , . 113

6.2,1 Information on Structural Drawings , . , , , . . . . . . . . . .. Il36.2.2 Floor Shortening and Restraint Cracking , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1136.2.3 Measures to Mitigate Restraint Cracking 113

6.3 CONSTRUCTION ISSUES , , 1166.3.1 Tendon Layout , 1166.3.2 Detailing of Anchorage Zones, . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1176.3.3 Joints , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117

6.4 GENERAL NOTES/STANDARD DETAILS 1186.4.1 General Notes , , ' , . . . . . . . .. 1186.4.2 Standard Details , . , , .. , , . . . . . . . . . .. 122

6.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES, , , . . .. 1286.5.1 Document Flow , 1286.5.2 Formwork , , , ,. 1296.5.3 Tendon Placing , , , 1296.5.4 Concrete Placement 1326.5.5 Stressing Operations 1326.5.6 Form Removal and Re-Shoring , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1336.5.7 Protection of End Anchorages, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133

6.6 SPECIAL ISSUES , , . , , , , .. 1336.6.1 Lift-Off Procedures , . , , , .. 1336.6.2 De-Tensioning Tendons l346.6.3 Splicing Tendons , . , 1346.6.4 Future Slab Penetrations and Openings , 134

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7. DESIGN EXAl\tlPLES............................................................... 1377.1 INTRODUCTlON 1377.2 DESIGN OF A ONE-WAY SLAB IN A PARKING STRUCTURE _ 1377.3 DESIGN OF A TWO-WAY SLAB 1427.4 DESIGN OF A SINGLE SPAN CAST-IN-PLACE T-BEAM 1517.5 ANALYSIS OF A TWO SPANT-BEAM _ 1547.6 ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN 156

8. SEISl\1IC DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ...................... 16J8.'1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1618.2 ROLE OF POST-TENSIONING IN SEISMIC DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 161

8.2.1 Strength and Ductility of Post-Tensioned Concrete Members _. .. 1618.2.2 Post-Tensioned Gravity Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1628.2.3 Post-Tensioned Lateral Force Resisting Systems _ 162

8.3 POST-TENSIONED MEMBER DESIGN 1628.3.1 Beams 1638.3.2 Slabs 163

8.4 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNBONDED P IT WALLAND FRAME SYSTEMS 1678.4.1 Wall Systems .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1678.4.2 Frame Systems 167

9. POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE FLOORS ................................................ 1699.1 FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS _ _ 169

9.1.1 Transfer Slabs and Beams , 1699.1.2 Penetrations and Openings _ , , , 1709.1.3 Other Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170

9.2 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED FLOOR SySTEMS 1709.2.1 Types of Floor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 171

10. POST-TENSIONED PARKING STRUCTURES ............................................. 17510.1 INTRODUCTION , 17510,2 APPLICATIONS OF POST-TENSIONING IN PARKING STRUCTURES _.. , 177

10.2.1 Freestanding Parking Structures 17710.2.2 Parking Facilities as Part of Other Building Occupancy , , 17810.2.3 Barrier Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

10.3 ECONOMICS OF PARKING STRUCTURES , , 18010.4 ADDITIONAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR prr PARKlNG STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180

10.4.1 Design Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18010.4.2 Material Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18110.4.3 Cover Requirements for Reinforcement. 18110.4.4 Minimum Average Compression Limits , , 18310.4.5 Allowable Stresses 18310.4.6 Drainage ,. . _.. _...................... . 18310.4.7 Floor Surface Treatments 183

11. POST-TENSIONED SLABS-ON-GROUND .................................................. 18511.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 185

ll.l.l Advantages of Post-Tensioned Slabs-On-Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185

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