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RESEARCH ARTICLE

POST MARKET SURVELLIANCE OF MARKETED FORMULATION OF

OMEPRAZOLE IN DEHRADUN AND RISHIKESH

(A CASE STUDY)

NEHA JUYAL and SACHDEV YADAV *

Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banathali Vidyapith, Rajasthan

ABSTRACT:

Title-Post market survelliance of marketed formulation of Omeprazole in Dehradun and Rishikesh.

Objectives-Sales analysis of selected brands of omeprazole.Methods-A survey was done for selected brands of

omeprazole by formal method i.e. prescription analysis. Results-The sales of Omez were higher than that of Ocid.

KEYWORDS: Post market survelliance, Omeprazole, Omez, Ocid.

INTRODUCTION

Drug Omeprazole

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used

in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease

(PUD), gastroesophageal reflux disease

(GORD/GERD), laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), and

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It was first marketed in

the US in 1989 by AstraZeneca under the brand

names Losec and Prilosec, and is now also available

from generic manufacturers under various brand

names. AstraZeneca markets omeprazole as Losec,

Antra, Gastroloc, Mopral, Omepral, and Prilosec.

Omeprazole is marketed as Zegerid by Santarus,

Prilosec OTC by Procter & Gamble and Zegerid OTC

by Schering-Plough. In India it is available as OMEZ

(FGP). Omeprazole is one of the most widely

prescribed drugs internationally and is available over

the counter in some countries.

Pharmacology

Omeprazole is a racemate. It contains a

tricoordinated sulfur atom in a pyramidal structure

and therefore can exist in equal amounts of both the S

and R enantiomers. In the acidic conditions of the

stomach, both are converted to achiral products,

which react with a cysteine group in H+/K+ ATPase,

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thereby inhibiting the ability of the parietal cells to

produce gastric acid.

Name change

In 1990, at the request of the U.S. Food and

Drug Administration (FDA), the brand name Losec

was changed to Prilosec to avoid confusion with the

diuretic Lasix (furosemide). Unfortunately, the new

name has led to confusion between omeprazole

(Prilosec) and fluoxetine (Prozac), an antidepressant.

Clinical use

Use in Helicobacter pylori eradication

Omeprazole is combined with the antibiotics

clarithromycin and amoxicillin (or metronidazole in

penicillin-hypersensitive patients) in the 7-14 day

eradication triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori.

Infection by H. pylori is the causative factor in the

majority of peptic and duodenal ulcers.

Side effects

Some of the most frequent side effects of

omeprazole (experienced by over 1% of those taking

the drug) are headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain,

nausea, dizziness, trouble awakening and sleep

deprivation, although in clinical trials the incidence

of these effects with omeprazole was mostly

comparable to that found with placebo.

Proton pump inhibitors may be associated

with a greater risk of hip fractures, and clostridium

difficile-associated diarrhea.] Patients are frequently

administered the drugs in intensive care as a

protective measure against ulcers, but this use is also

associated with a 30% increase in occurrence of

pneumonia.

Other side effects may include bone rebuild

interference and B12 vitamin reduction.

Interactions

Omeprazole is a competitive inhibitor of the

enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2C9, and may therefore

interact with drugs that depend on them for

metabolism, such as diazepam, escitalopram, and

warfarin; the concentrations of these drugs may

increase if they are used concomitantly with

omeprazole.Clopidogrel (Plavix) is an inactive

prodrug that partially depends on CYP2C19 for

conversion to its active form; inhibition of CYP2C19

blocks the activation of clopidogrel, thus reducing its

effects and potentially increasing the risk of stroke or

heart attack in people taking clopidogrel to prevent

these events.Omeprazole is also a competitive

inhibitor of p-glycoprotein, as are other PPIs.

Drugs that depend on stomach pH for

absorption may interact with omeprazole; drugs that

depend on an acidic environment (such as

ketoconazole or atazanavir) will be poorly absorbed,

whereas drugs that are broken down in acidic

environments (such as erythromycin) will be

absorbed to a greater extent than normal.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and

Gingko biloba significantly reduce plasma

concentrations of omeprazole through induction of

CYP3A4 and CYP2C19.

Absorption and distribution

The absorption of omeprazole takes place in

the small intestine and is usually completed within 3–

6 hours. The systemic bioavailability of omeprazole

after repeated dose is about 60%. Omeprazole

bioavailability is significantly impaired by the

presence of food and, therefore, patients should be

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advised to take omeprazole before eating. The capsule

should be taken immediately before a meal. The

MUPS tablet may be taken with or without food. The

powder for oral suspension should be taken on an

empty stomach at least 1 hour before a meal. Plasma

protein binding is about 95%.

Metabolism and excretion

Omeprazole is completely metabolized by the

cytochrome P450 system, mainly in the liver.

Identified metabolites are the sulfone, the sulfide and

hydroxy-omeprazole, which exert no significant

effect on the acid secretion. About 80% of an orally

given dose is excreted as metabolites in the urine and

the remainder is found in the feces, primarily

originating from bile secretion.

FORMULATIONS AND DOSAGE FORMS

Omeprazole is available as tablets and

capsules (containing omeprazole or omeprazole

magnesium) in strengths of 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg,

and in some markets 80 mg; and as a powder

(omeprazole sodium) for intravenous injection. Most

oral omeprazole preparations are enteric-coated, due

to the rapid degradation of the drug in the acidic

conditions of the stomach. This is most commonly

achieved by formulating enteric-coated granules

within capsules, enteric-coated tablets, and the

multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS).

It is also available for use in injectable form

(I.V.) in Europe, but not in the U.S. The injection pack

is a combination pack consisting of a vial and a

separate ampule of reconstituting solution.

Multiple unit pellet system

Omeprazole tablets manufactured by

AstraZeneca (notably Losec/Prilosec) are formulated

as a "multiple unit pellet system" (MUPS). Essentially,

the tablet consists of extremely small enteric-coated

granules (pellets) of the omeprazole formulation

inside an outer shell. When the tablet is immersed in

an aqueous solution, as happens when the tablet

reaches the stomach, water enters the tablet by

osmosis.

The contents swell from water absorption

causing the shell to burst, releasing the enteric-coated

granules. For most patients, the multiple-unit pellet

system is of no advantage over conventional enteric-

coated preparations. Patients for which the

formulation is of benefit include those requiring

nasogastric tube feeding and those with difficulty

swallowing (dysphagia) because the tablets can be

mixed with water ahead of time, releasing the

granules into a slurry form, which is easier to pass

down the feeding tube or to swallow than the pill. The

granules are manufactured in a fluid air bed system.

Sugar spheres in suspension are sequentially sprayed

with aqueous suspensions of omeprazole, a protective

layer, an enteric coating and an outer layer to reduce

granule aggregation.

Immediate release formulation

In June 2004 the FDA approved an

immediate release preparation of omeprazole and

sodium bicarbonate that does not require an enteric

coating. This preparation employs sodium

bicarbonate as a buffer to protect omeprazole from

gastric acid degradation. This allows for the

production of chewable tablets. This combination

preparation is marketed in the United States by

Santarus under the brand name Zegerid. Zegerid is

marketed as capsules, chewable tablets, and powder

for oral suspension. Zegerid is most useful for those

patients who suffer from nocturnal acid

breakthrough (NAB) or those patients who desire

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immediate relief. In India it is marketed by Dr.

Reddy's Laboratories as powder formulation with the

brand name OMEZ-INSTA.

Omeprazole

BRAND NAME COMPOSITION COMPANY PACKING MRP

ABCID cap Omeprazole 20mg ARBRO PHARMA 10 36.25

ACICHEK cap Omeprazole 20mg SANOFI AVENTIS 10 36.00

ACIDOF cap Omeprazole 20mg CHEMO DRUGS 10x20 780.00

ADOLOC cap Omeprazole 20mg ADOC PHARMA 10 35.00

ADZOLE cap Omeprazole 20mg ADLEY FORM. 10 N.A.

ALPHACID-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg ALPHA HEALTHCARE 10 32.00

ATOZOL cap Omeprazole 20mg ATOZ PHARMA 10 34.90

AZOL cap Omeprazole 20mg D.R. JOHN’S LAB 10 38.50

BINACID cap Omeprazole 20mg BIOCIN HEALTHCARE 10 34.50

BIOCID cap Omeprazole 10mg BIOCHEM 10 19.96

BIOCID cap Omeprazole 20mg BIOCHEM 10 28.80

BIOCID cap Omeprazole 40mg BIOCHEM 10 39.96

BIOMEZOLE cap Omeprazole 20mg BIOCHEM 10 N.A.

BLANCID cap Omeprazole 20mg PRG PHARMA 10 35.00

COSZOL cap Omeprazole 20mg CFL 10 39.00

COZEP cap Omeprazole 20mg NICHOLAS PIRAMAL 10 37.27

DIOCID cap Omeprazole 20mg INTRA LABS 10 39.00

DIOMED cap Omeprazole 20mg DYNAMIC 10 N.A.

KLOCID-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg KLOKTER 10 40.00

KULGUT cap Omeprazole 20mg SANDOZ 20x10 700.00

LOKIT cap Omeprazole 10mg KOPRAN 10 23.05

LOKIT cap Omeprazole 20mg KOPRAN 10 39.88

LOMAC cap Omeprazole 10mg CIPLA 10 22.75

LOMAC cap Omeprazole 20mg CIPLA 10 42.25

LORESS cap Omeprazole 20mg BIOLOGICAL E. 10 39.00

MAGO cap Omeprazole 20mg RAPROSS 10 32.50

MOZAC cap Omeprazole 20mg MARC LAB 10 39.50

OCID cap Omeprazole 10mg ZYDUS CADILA 20 54.68

OCID cap Omeprazole 20mg ZYDUS CADILA 20 86.28

OLIT cap Omeprazole 10mg CADILA PHARMA 10 24.20

OLIT cap Omeprazole 20mg CADILA PHARMA 10 42.00

OMAG 20 cap Omeprazole 20mg ORDAIN HEALTHCARE 10 42.40

OMALCER cap Omeprazole 20mg WOCKHARDT 7 73.39

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OMAPIN cap Omeprazole 20mg BRAWN LAB 10 20.00

OMECER cap Omeprazole 20mg ALPHA LAB 10 32.00

OMELAX cap Omeprazole 20mg ZYTRAS LIFE 10 35.50

OMENAT cap Omeprazole 20mg NATCO 10 39.87

OMENAT inj Omeprazole 40mg NATCO 10ml 43.00

OMEPRALE cap Omeprazole 10mg FDC 10 21.15

OMEPRALE cap Omeprazole 20mg FDC 10 35.25

OMEPRAZ cap Omeprazole 20mg ALKEM 10 46.00

OMEPREN cap Omeprazole 20mg BLUE CROSS 10 25.00

OMEPRON-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg MESCKON 10 N.A.

OMERON cap Omeprazole 20mg AGRON REMEDIES 10 N.A.

OMEROX cap Omeprazole 20mg SHINTO BIOTEC 10 N.A.

OMETAB tab Omeprazole 10mg INTAS 10 N.A.

OMETAB tab Omeprazole 20mg INTAS 10 32.40

OMEZ cap Omeprazole 10mg DR. REDDY’S 10 23.67

OMEZ cap Omeprazole 20mg DR. REDDY’S 15 64.80

OMIND-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg INDOCO 10 34.50

OMIZAC cap Omeprazole 10mg TORRENT 10 23.45

OMIZAC cap Omeprazole 20mg TORRENT 10 43.10

OMPEP cap Omeprazole 20mg CHEMO BIOLOGICAL 10 37.00

OPAZ cap Omeprazole 10mg AGLOWMED 10 N.A.

OPAZ cap Omeprazole 20mg AGLOWMED 10 N.A.

OSKAR-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg DISCOVERY MANKIND 10 12.50

OVEVAR cap Omeprazole 20mg ZOTA HEALTHCARE 10 38.00

PIRAZOLE cap Omeprazole 20mg NICHOLAS 10 N.A.

PROMISEC cap Omeprazole 20mg ARISTO 10 27.26

PROTOLOC cap Omeprazole 20mg USV 10 39.00

PROTOLOC cap Omeprazole 40mg USV 10 73.00

PROZEX-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg SYNOKEM 10 36.95

RELOC-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg RHYDBURG 10 30.00

SANPOL-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg SHILAR PHARMA 10 19.50

SIOZOLE cap Omeprazole 20mg ALBERT DAVID 10 41.89

TACKO-M tab Omeprazole magnesium in

betacyclodextrin 20mg SYSTOPIC 10 24.50

TRAZ-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg EAST AFRICAN (R) 10 37.50

ZECID cap Omeprazole 20mg ZEE LAB 10x30 1200.00

ZOLCER cap Omeprazole 20mg AUROBINDO PHARMA 10 31.89

ZOMEP-20 cap Omeprazole 20mg ZOTA PHARMA 10 19.90

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BRAND SELECTION

Basis of Selction Of Brands

This study was taken up as the customer centric

approaches and it was kept in mind as to what

parameters do customer question while selection of a

brand and thus, ultimately result as a major factor

affecting the customer over all evaluation process.

The company’s interpretation is what is explained in

the following text –

1. Brand rejection.

If someone associates a brand with

something negative, they will purposely

avoid the product. Have you ever

experienced bad service somewhere and

swore you'd never return to that chain? Have

any of your customers said that about your

business? Create a logo and slogan that is

filled with great benefits to your customer

and put that on everything. If public opinion

is turning against you or your product,

launch a campaign to alter it.

2. Brand non-recognition.

This is where your customers simply

don't recognize your brand, probably

because it is not clearly differentiated from

competitors. Boldly state your product or

service's benefits. Always include the full

trademark name whenever you refer to your

product. Be willing to create brand names

for your products or services, just like you've

done for your own business. Find the

differences in value between your product

and your competitors and highlight that

difference mercilessly.

3. Brand recognition.

This is a good stage to aim for if you

don't have any recognition at all. Brand

recognition will help people lean toward

your product when given the choice between

your product and one they have never heard

of. At the same time, though remember that

your competitors are also working on brand

recognition, which means their brand could

be more recognizable. Continue to

differentiate yourself and be sure to add

value to your product in order to get to the

next stage.

4. Brand preference.

This is where customers - given a

choice between two brands - will choose

yours over someone else's. It often is the

result of a sense of differentiation and that

your product or service uniquely serves their

needs. As well, you can be sure that any

value-added products or services you include

help them to choose yours over your

competitors. Even though this is a great stage

to be in, it's not the final stage. The stage you

absolutely want to be in with your brand is!

5. Brand loyalty.

This is where customers will choose

your brand time and time again, even if they

experience the occasional poor service or if

another product comes along that seems to

be better suited to their needs. To achieve

brand loyalty, you need to provide a product

that is highly differentiated, with plenty of

value added, but also you need to offer them

remarkable service at a level they will not get

anywhere else. Providing this level of service

will ensure that they will never switch.

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BRANDS SHORTLISTED

BRAND NAME COMPANY COMPOSITION PACKING /

PRESENTATION

Ocid – 10 Zydus cadila Omeprazole -10 mg 10 x 6×10

Omez– 20 Dr. Reddy’s Omeprazole– 20 mg 5×5×20

OVERVIEW OF COMPANY SELECTION:

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd.

Founded: 1984

Headquarters Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh,India

Website: www.drreddys.com

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. trading as Dr.

Reddy's, founded in 1984 by Dr. K. Anji Reddy, has

become India’s second biggestpharmaceutical

company. Dr. Anji Reddy had worked in the publicly-

owned Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Reddy's manufactures and markets a wide range of

pharmaceuticals in India and overseas. The company

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has more than 190 medications ready for patients to

take, 60active pharmaceutical ingredients for drug

manufacture, diagnostic kits, critical care and

biotechnology products.

Dr. Reddy’s began as a supplier to Indian

drug manufacturers, but it soon started exporting to

other less-regulated markets that had the advantage

of not having to spend time and money on

a manufacturing plant that that would gain approval

from a drug licensing body such as theU.S. Food and

Drug Administration (FDA). . By the early 1990s, the

expanded scale and profitability from these

unregulated markets enabled the company to begin

focusing on getting approval from drug regulators for

their formulations and bulk drug manufacturing

plants in more-developed economies. This allowed

their movement into regulated markets such as

the US and Europe.

By 2007, Dr. Reddy’s had six FDA-plants

producing active pharmaceutical ingredients in India

and seven FDA-inspected and ISO 9001 (quality)

and ISO 14001 (environmental management)

certified plants making patient-ready medications –

five of them in India and two in the UK.

Cadila Healthcare Limited

Founded: 1954

Headquarters: Ahmedabad, India

Website: http://www.zyduscadila.com/

'Cadila Healthcare' is an Indian

pharmaceutical company head quartered

at Ahmedabad in Gujarat state of western India. The

company is the fifth largest pharmaceutical company

in India,[1] with US$290m in turnover in 2004. It is a

significant manufacturer of generic drugs.

Cadila Laboratories was founded in 1952 by

Shri Ramanbhai Patel (1925-2001), formerly a

lecturer in the L.M. College of Pharmacy, and his

business partner Shri Indravadan Modi. The company

evolved over the next four decades into one of India's

established pharmaceutical companies.

In 1995 the Patel and Modi families split,

with the Modi family's share being moved into a new

company called Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and

Cadila Healthcare became the Patel family's holding

company. Cadila Healthcare did its IPO on

the Bombay Stock Exchange in 2000. Its stock code

on the Bombay exchange is 532321.

In 2001 the company acquired another

Indian pharmaceutical company called German

Remedies. On June 25, 2007, the company signed an

agreement to acquire 100 per cent stake in Brazils

Quimica e Farmaceutica Nikkho do Brasil Ltda

(Nikkho) for around 26 million dollars.

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LOCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF DATA OF SELECTED BRAND NAMES

1. DEHRADUN

2. 2.RISHIKESH

1. SELECTION OF LOCATION - DEHRADUN

a. Dharampur

Name of the shop Address

Number of Capsules sold per week for the Brands

Under Investigation

OCID OMEZ

Aggarwal Medical Store Dharampur chowk ,

Deharadun 20 30

Gulati Medical Store Dharampur chowk 60 50

Brij Pharma sales Aragarh chowk,dehradun 40 30

Doon medical store Opposite CMI 10 20

Table 1(Dr. S.N. Uniyal , Dr. Bisht , Dr. S.C. Singhal , Dr. K.S. Sabharwal , Dr. Rastogi)

b. Near Doon Hospital

Name of the Chemist shop Address

Number of Capsules sold per week for the Brands

Under Investigation

OCID OMEZ

Jain medical hall New road dehradun 10 50

Surbhi medical store New road dehradun 50 40

Sukhmani medical store Court road

25 35

Fairdeal medical store New road dehradun 5 10

Table 2(Dr. Ajay Sharma , Dr. K.P. Joshi , Dr. K.C. Pant , dr. N.S. Bisht )

c. Rajpur Road

Name of the Chemist shop Address

Number of Capsules sold per week for the Brands

Under Investigation

OCID OMEZ

Shiva medical store Dilaram bazaar, dehradun 15 30

Kishanlal and sons Clock tower , dehradun 10 20

Lakshmi medical store Hathi Barkla , dehradun 1 10

Mayor medical store Hathi Barkla , dehradun 10 50

Table 3(Dr. Bhushan Kumar, Dr. J.N. Kalan , Dr. C.P. Singh , Dr. B.S.Pandhi)

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d. Chakrata Road

Name of the Chemist shop Address

Number of Capsules sold per week for the Brands

Under Investigation

OCID OMEZ

Singh brother Medical

Store

Near kumar sweet shop

,chakrata road 20 30

Prem medical store Cannaught place ,opposite

natraj cinema 10 50

Data ram and sons Tagore villa , dehradun 1 3

Sunny medical store Kishan nagar chowk,

dehradun 30 90

Table 4(Dr. S.K. Gupta, Dr. Rakesh Mittal , Dr. K.J. Sabharwal , Dr. P.K. Gupta)

2. SELECTION OF LOCATION - RISHIKESH

A.Dehradun Road

Name of the Chemist shop Address

Number of Capsules sold per week for the Brands

Under Investigation

OCID OMEZ

Pushkar medical store Dehradun road , rishikesh 30 40

Kailash medical store Dehradun road 50 60

Vikas medical store Dehradun road 15 20

Arora medical store Dehradun road 50 70

Table5

B.Railway Road

Name of the Chemist shop Address

Number of Capsules sold per week for the Brands

Under Investigation

OCID OMEZ

Nautiyal medical store Railway road 20 30

Kothari medical store Railway road 10 50

Indian medical store Railway road 1 3

Batra medical store Railway road 30 90

Table6

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C.Lakshman Jhula Road

Name of the Chemist shop Address

Number of Capsules sold per week for the Brands

Under Investigation

OCID OMEZ

Doon medical store Lakshman jhula road 20 30

Dabur house Lakshman jhula road 10 50

Shribalaji medical store Lakshman jhula road 1 3

Hitkari medical store Lakshman jhula road 30 90

Table7 (Dr.Manoj Bhaukhandi , Dr. Vijay Joshi , Dr. R.S. Rana , Dr. Rakesh Mohan , Dr. Vijay Puri )

SALES ANALYSIS OF DATA

NOTE – For all Graphs X- axis represents the Name of the chemist and Y-axis represents that Number of Strips sold

per week…. Series 1 represents Ocid, Series 2 represents omez

Figure 1

Figure 2

20

60

40

10

30

50

3020

0

20

40

60

80

aggarwal gulati brij doon

sale

s

chemist shop

Series1

Series2

10

50

25

5

50

4035

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

jain surbhi sukhmani fairdeal

sale

s

chemist shop

Series1

Series2

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Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

1510

1

10

30

20

10

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

shiva kishanlal lakshmi mayur

sale

s

chemist shop

Series1

Series2

2010

1

3030

50

3

90

0

20

40

60

80

100

singh prem dataram sunny

sale

s

chemist shop

Series1

Series2

30

50

15

50

40

60

20

70

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

pushkar kailash vikas arora

sale

s

chemist shop

Series1

Series2

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Figure 6

Figure 7

The above figure shows the comparison of selected brands in two cities

2010

1

3030

50

3

90

0

20

40

60

80

100

nautiyal kothari indian batra

sale

s

chemist shop

Series1

Series2

2010

1

3030

50

3

90

0

20

40

60

80

100

doon dabur shribalaji hitkari

sale

s

chemist shop

Series1

Series2

317267

548 536

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Dehradun Rishikesh

tota

l sa

le

cities

Ocid

Omez

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CONCLUSION

The market survey helped to make a

comparison among the sales of different brands of

Omeprazole at different locations in two cities that is

Dehradun and Rishikesh respectively.

Through the survey it can be concluded that

the sales of Omez was higher than that of Ocid.

Where the sale of the city Dehradun was

found to be much more than the other city because

basically rishikesh is a small town with average

population and Dehradun being the capital of

Uttarakhand has higher population.

Due to higher employment rate in the city,

people are busier and least interested in their dietary

habits and thus are more prone to ulcerative diseases

and gastric problems. Hence the consumption rates of

Omeprazole in the city are more than Rishikesh being

less populated.

REFERENCE

1. http://www.medlineindia.com/

2. Dr Reddy’s Laboratories 2007-2012 –

MarketReports.com 2007 life sciences research

report, Technology Networks, Sudbury, Essex,

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