Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
-
Upload
transformeurope -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
1/28
P-A CSupport Instrument for Connuous Pressure?
E Gv
No. 18 | October 2010
Working Paper
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
2/28
2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe Th Tv Pw E
Th KFG W P S v m h h u f h Kolleg-Forschergruppe m hm
v u. I m h m xh w h x
h x u Eu h Eu U.
A KFG W P v h KFG w www.fmu.u v m
fm-u@fu-..
Ch f h u: E Gv
E u: Ju S, F Ahu C Buuh
Gv, E 2010: P-A C Su Ium f Cuu Pu?, KFG W P S-
, N. 18, O 2010, K-Fhu (KFG) Th Tfmv Pw f Eu, F Uv B.
ISSN 1868-6834 (P)
ISSN 1868-7601 (I)
Th u h fu h Gm Rh Fu (DFG)
F Uv B
K-Fhu
Th Tfmv Pw f Eu:
Th Eu U h Du f I
Ih. 26
14195 B
Gm
Ph: +49 (0)30- 838 57033
Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096
fm-u@fu-.
www.fmu.u
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
3/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 3
Post-Accession Conditionality
Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
E Gv
Ab
Th hm f C V Mhm f m Bu Rm
h f ju h u m h vu u
f EU , u u w fu, h f - . M h h
, h Bu Rm hv m h m u h
uuu m mhm m. Wh h m fu m f - ? Wh h v f EU ?
Th u u fmw f mv u f - -
. O h f -uu m, u h fm
f h m m f f u h h f
vm w m wh h x h f -m
u v w v v uu whh um h v f -
. Th u, whh w xv vw wh EU xm
f EU um, hhh h w f
u wh h fuu f h mhm m f h
m f h U wh u f h W B Tu.
Th Ahr
E Gv mm f h C f Cmv P (CCP) h Uv
f Mh. Sh u w h h whh xm h
vu f EU m . H m h v EU
Em , EU C, Euz , vm C Suh E Eu.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
4/28
4 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
Cnts
1. Iu 5
2. Rv EU C h Cx f P-AC 6
2.1 Stage-Structured Condionality Model for ComparaveExaminaon of EU Enlargement Condionality 7
3. Cmv Exm f P-A P-AC 12
3.1 Comparave Examinaon of Pre-Accession and Post-AccessionCondions 12
3.2 Comparave Examinaon of Pre-Accession and Post-AccessionMonitoring Instruments 14
3.3 Comparave Examinaon of Pre-Accession and Post-AccessionIncenve Structure 16
4. Cu: Lm f P-A C hFuu f EU Em C 21
Lu 23
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
5/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 5
1. I1
Th f Bu Rm h EU 1 Ju 2007 m h m f h h
m f h U wh u f C E Eu (CEEC), Cu M.
Ahuh Bu Rm w f h m uv v m
(Cu f h Eu U 2003) h w uj u fu
m. U w mm whh j h U 1 M 2004, Bu Rm
h u fu u whh w h EU h
. Ahuh h u w v, h Cmm u h fuh w
h f ju fm h h u u h C
V Mhm (CVM) m h h f
Bu Rm. Th w mu m h vu u f EU ,
u u w fu, h f - . M h h
h w f fu Bu h Bu Rm hv m h m u. Th Cmm h m z h w mm v h w
f h fm h f u.
Th 2008 P R m h h w m m h x
h h f v w u f m m (Eu Cmm 2008:
2, 2008: 2). Th Ju 2009 P R u h uu u f v
h h CVM w m u h fm hv (Eu Cmm 2009:8,
2009: 8f). Ahuh h fu u (whh mw h Cmm -m
f u ) x 1 Ju 2010, h Cmm mv
h f h mhm. Th , whh w uh 20 Ju 2010, hhh
m hm Rm hv u h CVM m h
m m ju Bu (Eu Cmm 2010:3, 2010: 2).
D h w f u EU , h CVM -
m uhz. Wh h m fu m f - ?
Wh h v f EU ? I h
qu, h h x u EU u u
fmw f mv u f - - . Th w
xv vw wh EU xm f EU um.
1 Th w f h K-Fhu (KFG) Cf Th Tfmv Pw f Eu,
11-12 Dm 2009. I wu h Uv A f Cm Eu Su f h
u u f m Bu. Bw M 2009 Auu 2009, I u m h 80
vw wh Mm H f h V B C, Vhu C, Rh C, Du D-
-G; D D, H f U Mm f h D G f Em;
D-G f Ju, Fm Su; D-G f Ex R G
S f h Eu Cmm; Mm f h Eu Pm Cmm F A
(AFET); Mm H f h G S f h Cu f h Eu U; N
fm h m f x mm m f u h EU.
M f h f hv h m h qu. Th vw -
m vu u h Bu Rm w m h C V Mhm (CVM) hm h w m u h x. Th u
qu fm h EU wh hv vv h f h h
u m f h CVM.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
6/28
6 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
Th uu h . Th hhh fu f EU
u h fmw f mv xm f - -
. O h f stage-structured condionality model, h u h
fm f h m m f f u h h
faccession advancement rewards m wh h explicit threats f -
m u v weak negave v uu whh um h v f -
. Th h hhh h w f
h fuu f h CVM m f h m f
h U wh u f h W B Tu.
2. Rvg EU C h Cx P-A C
Fw h m f h h m, h fu h u h u wmm m wh EU u. P- m h w
um f m u, whh v w f fm m (S
2008; Shwu . 2009) qu (Sm 2009) w m qu m
h w (F/T 2008) Eu-z (Jh 2008). Hwv, m f
h x u fu h h w mm whh h EU 2004 wh
v fw u Bu / Rm (Tu 2009; Lvz/P-Eh 2010; Phm 2007;
Pmv 2010). I Bu Rm h m um
(Pmu/Gv 2009) whh m h w mm f h U u
u. M m h hm f h CVM m w m h
f hm h u Bu Rm h w u uj uu
u h Cmm h h U. Fuhm, Bu Rm
mx f - m v uzz. O h, h EU
hw h Bu Rm hv v w wh h f EU
h Bu w u h mm hv f 0% 2008
(Tu 2009: 8). Th Su Thv mv h
27 mm whh m h w mm w h h
m x mm v m (2009: 952). O h h h,
h Bu Rm hv uu z h Cmm f f u
u h CVM hm.
I Bu Rm - m , m
uh m wh EU m f , mm fm f
EU w (general compliance) fm m wh h CVM hm ( CVM compliance). Ahuh
h f m (h v f h ju w v h
mm fm f EU w), general compliance CVM compliance wh
fmw. W u v m wh
f ; m . U h mm f EU
wh whh mm hv m, h CVM xuv f m Bu Rm. Fuhm, h CVM hm v u (h z
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
7/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 7
m u h f h ju m) whh EU u m
h f EU w whh qu h mm
f EU . Ah m h m f m m. I h
-m wh EU w (Bz 2006) h EU z m
mhm, whh hv v m (Sm 2008). Hwv, h
h wh h CVM, S Ojv Su Ju U f h Cmm S-
G f m Bu Rm w m
h CVM hm v x mh. L u , h EU . If mm
f m wh EU w, h Cmm fm u
h v mm uu A 258 (T f L) m f h Cu
f Ju f h Eu U. A h Cmm h h CVM h
Cmm m fu mu 37 38 f h A f A f Bu
/ Rm f h hm qu (Eu Cmm 2006: 3, 2006: 3).
O h f h mv , w h CVM vu f ,
whh Bu Rm mu m h h U, u
z fmw f u m. B h h CVM, h Cmm h
m h vu u f EU m , u x
u w vm - . A h m f h
h m fu, m v f - , m
h v f h CVM u h wh v f -
. Thf, h xm f - m h
h h fmw f h CVM. Th mu v m f h
f h Bu Rm vm w m h CVM hm f h
h f h f h mhm 2007-2009. Ahuh m h u h h
mhm v v h v f u v (Pmv 2010), h
vm, f whh h mhm w , hv m m h CVM
hm.
2.1 Stage-Structured Condionality Model for Comparave Examinaon of EU
Enlargement Condionality
I f h fu f - vu ( mv
v) h v, h fw uv h EU m .
Mmh (Smh 2003, 2004), (G 2002, 2006), m
(Huh . 2004), qu (G 2002; Shmmf/Sm
2004), m (Phm 2002; Shmmf . 2003; Shmmf/Sm
2004) (Smh 1998) m f h f h
h u Eu . Hwv, h u m uh w
f EU m h f h x f h . Th
stage-structured condionality model h fmw f mv xm f EU - - h xm f EU m
h f h .
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
8/28
8 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
Ahuh h Eu U h fm h h f h , m f h
hvm h w u . Th whh h
h fm m f h Eu Cu h mmh v f
h u. Th x m whh h w h EU
h mm h f h . Th u f h
h u , whh h m f h . F, h
f h w mm h EU m h m f h . O h f h
hvm, h h m u h fw fu f h :
P- ;
N ;
A ;
P- .
Th - wh h fm m f h Eu Cu h mmh
v f h u wh h f h .
Ahuh m fm f EU mmh h f h
, h EU x f h h h m h h w
h . Th w h U h CEEC w h W B u
v fmw f m h m f h mmh
v, whh w h fm .2 A h f h
m f h w h EU h u, h stage-structured condionality
model h h f h m wh h . Th
h u h h u f h mmh f h fm
f u h U. Th u h f h A T
hz huh xm f h wu--mm m
wh EU . Th fuh f h h f u h
EU. Hwv, h x mfm f h - u. Th fu u,
u h A f A f h u whh m mm 2004, h
v h - f h h fu mu m u h
f f u h (O Ju 2003). Ahuh h A f A
f Bu Rm u h m fu u (wh h x f h m
u), h hm f h CVM h u f h h h mhm
m u h fm hv (Eu Cmm 2009, 2009) x h
- h f h . Thf, h m h
h - wh f h EU wh h u f
- m mhm , h f - m mhm,
wh h x f h f h fu mu u h T f A.
2 Th EU m h mmh v f h u f C E Eu h
Ch Eu Cu Ju 1993. Hu um f mmh Mh 1994,
fw P A. Rm, Sv, Lv, E, Lhu Bu 1995. Th Czh
Ru Sv um h 1996. Th Eu Cu S M F Ju2000 h S A P (SAP) u w f EU mm-
h. C um Fu 2003, Fm Yuv Ru f M (FYROM)
Mh 2004.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
9/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 9
Bf w mv m - - , w u h
m f EU m . Th h u hhh h f
h w h EU w h u (w) whh h
v u f h m (Smh 1998; Shmmf/Sm 2004; Shmmf
. 2003; G 2006). Hwv, h m f h h u f m wh h uf C E Eu h v h h h m whh f h
f EU .
The stage-structured condionality model h EU m h h
m ( T 1). Th m u h u h EU wh whh h u
mmh m. Th Ch Eu Cu Ju 1993 w h
fmw f mmh whh mu f u j h U.
S h, h EU h h h u f u h
w fu h vm h . Du h
- h u mu f w f : condions for
applying for membership ( f ) condions for opening of accession negoaons.
A 49 f h T Eu U (TEU) u h f m h
Eu whh f , m, f hum h fum
fm h u f w m m mm f h U. Th H Eu Cu
Dm 1999 u h m wh h w h Ch
Eu Cu qu f h f (Cu f h Eu
U 1999). Hwv, h h EU u . I h
fum f h , h f wh Bu w h
h Bu uh h u f u 1-4 h Kzu Nu P m
fm , wh h f h wh Rm w uu fm
f h u mm f mu h m-m
u (Eu Cmm 1999). I m h , h
u fu h Ch .
Hwv, h v u f h h mmm h
m f wh h qu h mv . A,
h EU h f h, w hm. 3
Du h h EU u h u fu m h mmm qum fm h u m hhh
f u . Fuhm, h f h f Bu Rm w
h f f mm f h qu (O Ju 2005). Th
hm f CVM f h m h EU f whh
mu fu . Th Cmm h Bu mu x hm
Rm fu hm.
3 I h hm, h EU u h f hm ( - whh mu f h f h) m f h w u
m (wh h W B Tu).
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
10/28
10 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
Table 1: Stage-Structured (EU Enlargement) Condionality Model
Stages C Iv Monitoring
Rw Threats
P-g
- C f fmmh ( f
);
- C f
A N;
- A (u )
.
A vw:
- Pv mmh
v;
- S A Am;
- Imm A
Am;
- G C u
u;
- O A
N.
F w
Ex h:F
I h
( f h
vm w)
RuP
R
Ng - Ch ;
- O hm
( f
h);
- C hm
( f
h);
- 31/35 h;
- A f u
hhh h m
.
A v
w:
- O h;
- C h;
- C mmh
v;
- Cm f A
N;
- S A T.
F w
Ex h:
F
I h
( f h
vm w)
Ru
P
R
A - Ch ;
- A f u
hhh h m
.
A v
w:
- Accession
F w
Ex h:
Pvv
:
- I M Sfu
Cu;
- JHA Sfu Cu;
- Su Sfu Cu;
- A u().
P-
- Bhm vu
u .
F w Ex h:
Pvv
:
- Em Sfu Cu;
- I M Sfu
Cu;- JHA Sfu Cu.
P
R
Interim
R
Th EU h v w f v u m wh .
Ahuh h U h fv h u f , h h mhm f uh
-m u h h f . Th stage-structured
condionality model h h m f EU h v uu,
whh xm h reward-threat balance. Th m u w f w: accession
advancement rewards whh h f h u h nancial rewards ( ). Th m accession advancement rewards u:
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
11/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 11
mmh v; m; mm m;
u; ; h; v h;
mmh v; m ; ;
f h ; h Eu U. Th w f h
v h EU h u huh h - um:
PHARE, SAPARD ISPA m.4
The stage-structured condionality modelv h h w u: implicit explicit. Th
implicit threats -m h v f h accession advancementw.
Bu Rm fu u m h Ch h f h
.5 Suqu, h Cmm Bu Rm
w m h u mm h u f h
2002 (Eu Cmm 2002, 2002). U implicit threats, explicit threats u
z mu. Th w fexplicit threats h u f h mu whhh u. Th f nancial sancons whh z -m wh EU u
u whw fu. A A 4 f Cu Ru (EC) N 622/98 f 16
Mh 1998:
Where an element that is essenal for connuing to grant pre-accession assistance is lacking, in
parcular when the commitments contained in the Europe Agreement are not respected and/
or progress towards fulllment of the Copenhagen criteria is insucient, the Council, acng by a
qualied majority on a proposal from the Commission, may take appropriate steps with regard to
any pre-accession assistance granted to an applicant State.
Th A Ph w h EU h u, whh w h fu f
h h - , fuh h fu h
u h Cu h u f .6Th f
explicit threats refers toprevenve or remedial sancons whh u u mu
(fu mu). Th EU h v umu u mu fm m
m fu u mu h f f f f. Th
prevenve and remedial measures w u h f h .
4 P Hu: A f Ru h m (PHARE) w 1989
x fm P Hu v CEEC. S A Pmm f Auu Ru
Dvm (SAPARD) Ium f Suu P f P-A (ISPA) w h Ju
1999, wh h m f , h A Ph w h EU
h CEEC. S 2007, h EU u fmw f Ium f P--
A (IPA). Bu Rm (h wh Lv, Lhu Sv) f u
f h EU f . Th u w xu fm h u f
u whh h 1998.
5 Bu Rm (h wh Lv, Lhu Sv) f u f h EU
f . Th u w xu fm h u f u whh
h 1998.
6 Th u u h A Ph w h EU h wv u f
h h m.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
12/28
12 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
A h f m m wh EU h u
h u f h Ru R 1998, h stage-structured condionality mode
h m h h m f EU m . Th u h f h
Cmm h m w h f h u
(whh w f h h u f m) w u ( 2005)
h fm h u f h Ru R fm f m
vu . M m, h h h Cmm h uqu x
v jv mhv m f h EU hfu m wh EU hu
mz h m f h Cmm mm. Th Cmm
h v f m u hm f mm
(whh w m ), u um f z
w um f h w u w h. O h f
h fu whh h m fu, h stage-structured condionality modeluh
w w u f : evaluaon reports advanced reports. Th evaluaon reports uh m whh / z . Th advanced reports refer to
h whh vu , h w / h.
Th x f h z h fm f h m f EU f
. Th xm h vu f EU , h
h vm f m um, h h fm f h
v uu. Th - u h fu f h
h v f h CVM f Bu Rm.
3. Cv Ex P-A P-A C
3.1 Comparave Examinaon of Pre-Accession and Post-Accession Condions
Th Cmm h h Mhm f C V f
h f ju fm h h u z m7 Bu
Rm f h U. F h v m h EU u mhm
f m w mm m wh . Th Cmm h Bu
h fw x hm:
(1) Adopt constuonal amendments removing any ambiguity regarding the independence and
accountability of the judicial system.
(2) Ensure a more transparent and ecient judicial process by adopng and implemenng a new
judicial system act and the new civil procedure code. Report on the impact of these new laws and of
the penal and administrave procedure codes, notably on the pre-trial phase.
7 Fh z m w h f Bu.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
13/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 13
(3) Connue the reform of the judiciary in order to enhance professionalism, accountability and
eciency. Evaluate the impact of this reform and publish the results annually.
(4) Conduct and report on professional, non-parsan invesgaons into allegaons of high-level
corrupon. Report on internal inspecons of public instuons and on the publicaon of assets of
high-level ocials.
(5) Take further measures to prevent and ght corrupon, in parcular at the borders and within
local government.
(6) Implement a strategy to ght organized crime, focusing on serious crime, money laundering as
well as on the systemac conscaon of assets of criminals. Report on new and ongoing invesgaons,
indictments and convicons in these areas.(Eu Cmm 2006)
Th Cmm h h fw fu hm f Rm:
(1) Ensure a more transparent and ecient judicial process notably by enhancing the capacity and
accountability of the Superior Council of Magistracy. Report and monitor the impact of the new civil
and penal procedures codes.
(2) Establish, as foreseen, an integrity agency with responsibilies for verifying assets, incompabilies
and potenal conicts of interest, and for issuing mandatory decisions on the basis of which dissuasive
sancons can be taken.
(3) Building on progress already made, connue to conduct professional, non-parsan invesgaons
into allegaons of high- level corrupon.
(4) Take further measures to prevent and ght against corrupon, in parcular within the local
government.(Eu Cmm 2006)
Th hm u w m fu f - . F, m h
ufm f f mmh h Ch , -
hh h EU u vu u f Bu
Rm. S, h uh h f h Cmm m u, u
h hm f hm m m hm h f
h ju , hhh h f . Th Ju 2009 P
R, whh u w f 8 f h w mm, v fuh v f h w
f . I Ju 2010 h Cmm wh
h u mm v Bu Rm w mm
(Eu Cmm 2010, 2010).
Th f hhh h vu u
f EU m . Fuhm, h Cmm w x h
u w mm . M m, h vu u
8 S Eu Cmm 2009, 2009.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
14/28
14 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
hm, h Cmm h m umz w. Bhm
h h Cmm f m u v u hw h
m hu . Th f f
h m u wh h u f h W B Tu m h h
fu f EU mvm EU m , hf, h
x h m v f - .
3.2 Comparave Examinaon of Pre-Accession and Post-Accession Monitoring
Instruments
A T 2 u, u h - h h Cmm
uh v u Ru R h f Bu Rm w mmh.
Th h. Ahuh h 2004 Em S Pv h h Cmm w u mhv m , h M 2006 R
m mm h m h h Cmm wu
h (Eu Cmm 2004, 2006).
I h , h Cmm u h m h f f EU mmh
f Bu Rm f w () m h v. A EU
[w] w h h v f muh
w f u uum f 2006 (Ivw 1 2009). Th h [] w wu
hv uh h uv u, f u wu , u Dm 2006 u
u h (Ivw 1 2009). Th u f h CVM w h EU u
u u h w u u fuh h m . A
A 1 f h h h mhm, h Cmm wu wh qu
v x mh (Eu Cmm 2006, 2006). Th Cmm h uh x
f P R u h C V Mhm. U h P R,
h Im R fu u f whu v m f
u hv u h f h hm. Fuhm, h Cmm h u
u um uh h u fu mm .
Ah vm h EU h w m h w u f m um f u w h. O h f h stage-structured
condionality model, w f h w u f advanced reports. T 2 u
h u h - h h Cmm u advanced
reports. Th h f w h M 2006 M R. Th
Cmm u h Bu u 16 f u , wh
Rm 14 f u . Th Sm 2006 M R
hhh x f Bu fu f Rm v h f h hm
f h CVM hm. Th Ju 2009 P R Ju 2010 P R, whh u
f mm f h w mm, v fuh v f h w u
ofadvanced reports.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
15/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 15
Table 2: Comparave Examinaon of Monitoring Instruments
Stages Reports Bg Rm
Ev
Reports
Av
Reports
Ev
Reports
Av
Reports
P-
g
1998 Ru R
1999 Ru R
Ng 2000 Ru R
2001 Ru R
2002 Ru R
2003 Ru R
2004 Ru R
A 2005 Cmhv M R
M 20006 M R
Sm 2006 M R
P- Ju 2007 P R
Fu 2008 Im R
Ju 2008 P R
Ju 2008 Th U
Ju 2008 Fu Mm R
Fu 2009 Im R
Ju 2009 P R
Ju 2009 Th U
Mh 2010 Im R
Ju 2010 P R
Ju 2010 Th U
Th mv f - - m um u h
v f m hhh h vu u f EU m
. Th CVM h m h mhv
fmw f u - m. Fuhm, h m
m h fqu f h , h Cmm v um f uu
u. A fm h Pm R f h mm h EU
u, v x mh, h u f h P Im R f m
Bu Rm u mm h Nh Gm.
CVM xm h mx vu u f h m . I fu h
fu f m , h m v h f fuh mm;
h w u w h; m f mmu w h EU
u ( w mm ); u v um f uu
u. Th xm f m u h v f h huh -
m, hu m h m u f h m v f -
. Th x h fm f h v uu.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
16/28
16 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
3.3 Comparave Examinaon of Pre-Accession and Post-Accession Incenve
Structure
T 3 v umm f h v uu f Bu Rm. Wh w m h
- h - , h v m . F, h f h w mm , h w v h U f m wh
m nancial rewards. I m h m f h -
f h vu u h fmw f h -
m (PHARE, ISPA SAPARD). Du h - , h EU f
v f u m h mmh v. Fuhm, h accession
advancement rewards v u f h f h w mm h
U. I wh h - , h EU v fw w f Bu Rm
m wh h hm h CVM.
Th mv xm h u h f h hhh h
. A , h EU h u fimplicit threats u m wh
. Hwv, h fimplicit threats m h hm f w f
explicit threats. Bf w xm h f h x h h h CVM,
h w uh w h revenve and remedial sancons h h fmw f -
h whh mm (.. fm
u).
Th m u whh h EU mm h v f A 7 f
h TEU. A h v f h h v f h f u h f hfu f h U:
the Council, acng by a qualied majority, may decide to suspend certain of the rights deriving from
the applicaon of this Treaty to the Member State in queson, including the vong rights of the
representave of the government of that Member State in the Council.
Oh mu mm u f EU fu fm
u (Eu Cmm 2006: 7). I h mu fm h nancial
sancons v h fmw f EU m , w f hm general
nancial sancons. Bf w z h m f h general nancial sancons m Bu
Rm, w w xm h f h -prevenve remedial sancons.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
17/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 17
Table 3: Comparave Examinaon of Incenve structure for Bulgaria and Romania
Stages Bg Romania
Rw Threats Rw Threats
P-g
A vw:
- Pv mmh
v;
- S A
Am;
- Imm
A Am;
- G C
u u;
- O A
N.
F w
Ex h:F
I h
( f h
vm w)
A vw:
- Pv mmh
v;
- S A
Am;
- Imm
A Am;
- G C
u u;
- O A
N.
F w
Ex h:F
I h
( f
h
vm
w)
Ng A v
w:
- O h;
- C h;
- C mmh
v;
- Cm f
A N;
- S A
T.
F
Ex h:
F
I h
( f h
vm w)
A v
w:
- O h;
- C h;
- C mmh
v;
- Cm f A
N;
- S A T.
F w
Ex h:
F
I h
( f
h
vm
w)
A A v
w:
- Accession
F w
Ex h:
Pvv
:
- I M
Sfu Cu;
- JHA Sfu Cu;
- Su Sfu Cu.
A v
w:
- Accession
F w
Ex h:
Pvv
:
- I M
Sfu Cu;
- JHA Sfu
Cu;
- Su Sfu
Cu;
- A
postponement
u.
P-
F w Ex h:
Pvv
:
- Em Sfu
Cu;
- I M
Sfu Cu;
- JHA Sfu Cu.
F w Ex h:
Pvv
:
- Em Sfu
Cu;
- I M
Sfu Cu;
- JHA Sfu
Cu.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
18/28
18 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
Th T f A u h fu u: m fu u
w fu u: m ju hm (JHA) fu u. Th
m fu u9 w mm f uhz v mu
wh Bu Rm h v f u m u.10 A 37 f h A f
A h h Cmm m h mu f Bu / Rm
u, u, u h f h fu f h m. Th fu u
f h m u whh m v wh
- (.. m, uu, , mmu, , vm
.). A A 38 f h A f A, h Cmm m h mu
f h u hm mm f uh hm h
mm f h qu h f ju hm . Th fu u
v u h f f u h (O Ju 2005). Hwv,
h m h JHA fu u m v v f (O Ju
2005). Th hm f h CVM fuh h f Bu / Rm
fail to address the benchmarks adequately, the Commission may apply safeguard measures based on
arcles 37 and 38 of the Act of Accession, including the suspension of Member States obligaon to
recognise and execute, under the condions laid down in Community law, Bulgarian judgments and
judicial decisions, such as European arrest warrants(Eu Cmm 2006: 3, 2006: 3).
A h hm u f Bu Rm f hm h f ju
fm h h u, fu u h u wu hv u
h v f h JHA fu u. Hwv, v wh h m m h []
h m h u u whh h Bu uh f m
hw ju fm h h u z m h h fw
u m h h m u fu , h Cmm u h
u m v h w v h fu v
u h A T (Eu Cmm 2008: 6). Th Cmm v
f h fu mu h f h x h m
h z w f h remedial and prevenve sancons h h fu u.
Th w m um h m f h fu u. Th f h
m h qu f h u h fu. A EU
w v u v v h fu u u h u fm h v
w v uv (Ivw 2 2009). Th v f h ju hm
fu u wu hv u h u h
f h Eu A W. Ah EU h h u f h
ju wu hv u h hv h um m u h h JHA
fu u h h m f vm u
9 A 36 (S O Ju 2005).
10 Bu Rm m f h uhz v mu wh h
mm .
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
19/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 19
hfu f u fm f , h m
(Ivw 1 2009). Ah EU m h, m h xu, h
[JHA fu] M Mu u (Ivw 3 2009).
Th um h u v h fu h m f hv. I wh h - wh h Cu umu whh
w / m , , h Cmm h m f
h fu u. A u h v f h fu u u h JHA
fu u z h wh h , hu m v u h
. Th m f f h fu v wu hv m v h
u f Bu / Rm u h u f h Cmm. Fuhm, wu
hv h EU Bu Rm m mm 2007 wu hv
w h hw u f h m wh Tu h W
B u, whh f m m h f h f ju h h
u. A EU []h mhm hu u f h U
u h h v f v [h JHA fu u] uwh h v
(Ivw 2 2009).
Ahuh h remedial and prevenve sancon u h JHA fu u
m qu, m mm hv uh f v. N h Cmm
u h mm hv u h CVM u u Bu Rm. Th
Duh M f EU F Tmmm, u mv, 11 h Ju
Cmm Jqu B, h Cmm v h JHA fu u
hu h f u (Euv 2009). I h Tmmm
w h h m m h fu u, h f h
x h f 2009 (h ). Th Ju 2009 P R
u h h f v h fu u fu m h
h mhm m u h fm hv (Eu Cmm 2009:
6-8, 2009: 6-9). I wh m h h u f h h EU
h h z w f h CVM u w explicit threats. Th w u
h Cmm f h mv f h CVM wh Bu Rm h
Sh A. Th wh h v h w (Euv 2009).
Hwv, h hhh h Cmm f w mm h . A EU []f h mhm u u wh v
m, w xm u hv u h Cu f Bu Rm
Sh (Ivw 2 2009).
Th Cmm h v f h m vv u h fu
v h w h fmw f h CVM. Hwv, general nancial
sancons, u, hv m h Bu Rm.
Th u f h Cmm m P R Bu ( Ju 2008) w
11 Th w 30 M 2009, h u f h Ju 2009 P R.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
20/28
20 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
m Bu fu mm whh u h [m]
u hw u w h mm m um f
u, u fu f w h mm m
(Eu Cmm 2008: 3). A u, h Cmm whw h f
h w mm Bu h C F C U (CFCU) h
Imm A h M f R Dvm Pu W (MRDPW) u
EU fu wh v 500 m (Eu Cmm 2008). Th Cmm v
Bu v 220 m f - EU fu Nvm 2008, whh
w h f h f PHARE fu (Euv 2008). Ahuh h Cmm
uh Rm, u uu m wh 142 m
Ju 2008 (Euv 2009). Th u f h EU fu ( h u) w
w mv ju w hh v u.
Hwv, h EU v f h fu u u u
hhh h m f h remedial and prevenve sancons, h h fmw f
- . Ahuh m mm f w fu
qu h hm h u f EU fu, h Cmm f fm
h w h w. A EU mm [w] uh
Bu Rm whw fu (Ivw 2 2009). Th vm Bu
Rm ( h u f h EU fu) u h general nancial sancons hv v
m. O EU h []h u fu h v mv f h
Bu vm mm h [] u uhm h w,
f u h m w, h f h h (Ivw 2 2009). Th fuh v h u
- h remedial and prevenve sancons h h CVM v
v f m wh EU .
Th mv xm f - - reward-threat balance hhh
h fm f h v uu. I wh h -
h , wh h reward-threat balance m w f accession
advancement and nancial rewards explicit threats u remedial and
prevenve sancons v h w-h . Th h w w
h u h fm fmposive v uu negave v uu.
Fuhm, h f h fu u hhh h m z w f h m vv whh h u. O h f h m h qu f
h , w u h h - negave v uu v weak. Th
u fm f h v uu fm strong posive v uu v
weak negave v uu hhh h w f - , whh
m v.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
21/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 21
4. C: L P-A C h F EU
Eg C
Th h EU h EU, Bu Rm uj u -
m. Ahuh m hv , h f fm h f ju
h u w. Th hhh m hm Rm
hv u h CVM z h u f h f w w h
N I A (ANI) whh h h u
h mmm Rm h u (Eu Cmm 2010: 5). Ahuh
h Cmm Bu f fm mmum whh h h Ju
2009, h P R u hm h v f u
f , u h m m ju
h h v f h u h v f h u (Eu Cmm 2010: 3).
Th mv xm f - - h f h stage-
structured condionality modelhhh v m vm. Tw f h m f EU
m m hv vv . Th u f
- hm h f m h h
vu f EU m h fm h vu x. Th w
f advanced monitoring reports m h
ufu f h EU mv h w h m m.
Th xm f h h m f EU m h v uu v
h w f - . A , h EU f v
accession advancement rewards explicit threats u m. Hwv,
h m z w f h remedial and prevenve sancons h h fmw f
h CVM u v weak negave v uu whh mh h v f -
.
Th Ju 2009 P R m h h Cmm h hm
h [] v mv h hm u h w
wh Bu [ Rm] h wh h CVM (Eu Cmm
2009: 2, 2009: 2). Ahuh h Bu Rm hv fu h CVM hm, h
Cmm m mm hv ufu u h CVM um f uu u. A EU whu h mhm h u wu muh w
(Ivw 2 2009). Th qu u h fuu f h CVM m Bu
Rm, u v mm f h U. Th mhm h m
u f S Buh h Cmm, u um fuh m.
Th f h fu u x 1 Ju 2010 h Cmm u
w u h CVM w v, fm h f x .
Whh h EU u f h ju fm h h h u h
faccession advancement rewards remedial and prevenve sancons m .
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
22/28
22 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
Th v f h CVM h m f h m f h EU u f h
vm f Ju Hm A. Th hv f h u
f m m mhm f mm u ju u
hh f qu f ju m. Hwv, h x f h - m
mhm h x u j h EU C v. Th w Em
Nhuh P Cmm, f F, m h []u u vu
m mhm [f C] hv (Euv 2010). A h u f h
m f h U wh Tu W B u h , v
h EU w vv fuh h m m , u explicit
threats u remedial and prevenve sancons f h f w mm. Th
u fmw, h h stage-structured condionality model, w u
m - - u h u vm
EU m . Th m w x, xm mv
u f EU m mm h h f mz Euz u.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
23/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 23
L
Brzel, Tanja A. 2006: P huh Lw Efm: Th C f h Eu U, :Cmv P Su 39, 128-152.
Council of the European Union 1993: P Cu Ch Eu Cu: 21 22Ju, Bu, Cu f h Eu U.
Council of the European Union 1997: P Cu Luxmu Eu Cu: 12 13Dm, Bu: Cu f h Eu U.
Council of the European Union 1999: P Cu H Eu Cu: 10 11 Dm,Bu: Cu f h Eu U.
Council of the European Union 2003: P Cu Th Eu Cu: 19 20Ju, Bu: Cu f h Eu U.
Dimitrova, Antoaneta/Toshkov, Dimiter 2009: P- Cm w Amv C- P B, : Shmmf, F/Tu, F (): P- Cm h EU Nw Mm S, Eu I P (EIP),
S Iu 2, 13/23, A. 19, : h://..//x/2009-019.hm, : 20Ju 2010.
Euobserver2008: Bu 220 m EU m, 25 Nvm, : www.uv.m, : 30 Mh 2010.
Euobserver2009: Rm, Bu m EU A u, 12 Fu, : www.uv.m, : 30 Mh 2010.
Euracv 2009: Nh uh Bu, Rm, 18 Ju, : www.uv.m, : 30 Mh 2010.
Euracv2009: Bu, Rm m u Cmm u, 23 Ju, : www.uv.m, : 30 Mh 2010.
Euracv2010: F: Im j v mu f m w Cmm, 30 Mh, : www.uv.m, : 30 Mh 2010.
European Commission 1998: Ru R fm h Cmm Bu P wA, Bu: Eu Cmm.
European Commission 1998: Ru R fm h Cmm Rm P wA, COM (2001) 1753 , Bu: Eu Cmm.
European Commission 1999: Cm P R P w A Eh f hC Cu, COM (2004) 657 , Bu: Eu Cmm.
European Commission 1999: Ru R fm h Cmm Bu P wA, Bu.
European Commission 1999: Ru R fm h Cmm Rm P wA, Bu.
European Commission 2000: 2000 Ru R fm h Cmm Bu P wA, Bu: Eu Cmm.
European Commission 2000: 2000 Ru R fm h Cmm Rm P wA, Bu.
European Commission 2001: 2001 Ru R Bu P w A, SEC (2001)1744 , Bu.
European Commission 2001: 2001 Ru R Rm P w A, COM (2001)1753 , Bu.
European Commission 2002: 2002 Ru R Bu P w A, COM (2002)700 , Bu.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
24/28
24 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
European Commission 2002: 2002 Ru R Rm P w A, SEC (2002)700 , Bu.
European Commission 2003: 2003 Ru R Bu P w A, SEC (2003)1744 , Bu.
European Commission 2003: 2003 Ru R Rm P w A, SEC (2003)1744 , Bu.
European Commission 2004: 2004 Ru R Bu P w A, COM (2004)657 , Bu.
European Commission 2004: 2004 Ru R Rm P w A, COM (2004)657 , Bu.
European Commission 2004: Cmmu fm h Cmm h Cu h EuPm S P f h Eu Cmm P h Em P,COM (2004) 657 , Bu.
European Commission 2005: Bu - 2005 Cmhv M R, COM (2005) 534 ,
Bu.European Commission 2005: Rm - 2005 Cmhv M R, COM (2005) 534 ,
Bu.
European Commission 2006: Bu M 2006 M R, COM (2006) 214 , Bu.
European Commission 2006: Rm M 2006 M R, COM (2006) 214 , Bu.
European Commission 2006: M h f f EU mmh fBu Rm, COM (2006) 549 , Bu.
European Commission 2006: Cmm D f 13 Dm 2006 h mhm f v f Bu hm h f ju fm h h u m, C(2006) 6570, Bu:
Eu Cmm.European Commission 2006: Cmm D f 13 Dm 2006 h mhm f
v f Rm hm h f ju fm h h u, C(2006) 6569, Bu.
European Commission 2007: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu Bu m mu fw A, COM (2007) 377 ,Bu.
European Commission 2007: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu Rm m mu fw A, COM (2007) 378 ,Bu.
European Commission 2008: Im R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm hCu P Bu u h - v mhm, COM (2008)63 , Bu.
European Commission 2008: Im R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm hCu P Rm u h - v mhm, COM (2008)62 , Bu.
European Commission 2008: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Rm u h C- V Mhm, COM (2008) 494, Bu.
European Commission 2008: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Bu u h C- V Mhm, COM (2008) 495, Bu.
European Commission 2008: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu h Mm f EU-fu Bu, COM (2008) 496 , Bu.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
25/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 25
European Commission 2008f: Su um m h fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Bu u h C- V Mhm - Bu: Th U, SEC (2008) 2350 , Bu.
European Commission 2008: Su um m h fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Rm u h C- V Mhm - Bu: Th U, SEC (2008) 2349 , Bu.
European Commission 2009: Im R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm hCu P Bu u h - v mhm, COM (2009)69 , Bu.
European Commission 2009: Im R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm hCu P Rm u h - v mhm, COM (2009)70 , Bu.
European Commission 2009: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Bu u h C- V Mhm, COM (2009) 402, Bu.
European Commission 2009: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Rm u h C- V Mhm, COM (2009) 401, Bu.
European Commission 2009: Su um m h fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Bu u h C- V Mhm - Bu: Th U, SEC (2009) 1074 , Bu.
European Commission 2009f: Su um m h fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Rm u h C- V Mhm - Rm: Th U, SEC (2009) 1073 , Bu.
European Commission 2010: Im R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm hCu P Bu u h - v mhm, COM (2010)
112 , Bu.
European Commission 2010: Im R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm hCu P Rm u h - v mhm, COM (2010)113 , Bu.
European Commission 2010: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Bu u h C- V Mhm, COM (2010) 400, Bu.
European Commission 2010: R fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Rm u h C- V Mhm, COM (2010) 401, Bu.
European Commission 2010: Su um m h fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Bu u h C- V Mhm - Bu: Th U, SEC (2010) 948 , Bu.
European Commission 2010f: Su um m h fm h Cmm h Eu Pm h Cu P Rm u h C- V Mhm - Rm: Th U, SEC (2010) 949 , Bu.
Falkner, Gerda/Trieb, Oliver 2008: Th W f Cm Fu? Th EU-15 Cm NwMm S, : Ju f Cmm M Su 46/2, 293-313.
Grabbe, Heather2001: Hw D Eu A CEE Gv? C, Du Dv, : Ju f Eu Pu P 8/6, 1013-1031.
Grabbe, Heather2003: Euz G E: Pw U h EU A P, :Fh, Kv/R, Cu (.): Th P f Euz, Oxf, 303- 327.
Grabbe, Heather2006: Th EU Tfmv Pw: Euz huh C C E Eu, L.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
26/28
26 | KFGWorking Paper No. 18 | October 2010
Hughes, James/Sasse, Gwendolyn/Gordon, Claire 2004: C Cm h EU EwEm: R h fm f u- vm, : Ju f CmmM Su 42/3, 523-551.
Interview 1, Ju 2009, O, Eu Cmm, DG I.
Interview 2, Ju 2009, O, Eu Cmm, DG II.
Interview 3, Ju 2009, O, Eu Cmm, DG III.
Johnson, Juliet 2008: Th Rm f C : h F Em f h Eu Z, :Ju f Eu Pu P 15/6, 826-841.
Levitz, Philip/Pop-Eleches, Grigore 2010: M, M M: Cu P-AB Bu Rm, : Eu- A Su 62/3, 461-479.
Ocial Journal of the European Communies 1999: Cu Ru (EC)N 1266/ 1999 f 21 Ju 1999 C A h A Cu h Fmw f h P- S Am Ru(ECC) N 3906/89, L 161/68, 26 Ju.
Ocial Journal of the European Communies 2003: A h f f h
Czh Ru, h Ru f E, h Ru f Cu, h Ru f Lv, hRu f Lhu, h Ru f Hu, h Ru f M, h Ru f P, hRu f Sv h Sv Ru h jum h T whh hEu U fu, L 236, 23 Sm.
Ocial Journal of the European Communies 2003: T h A f h Czh Ru,E, Cu, Lv, Lhu, Hu, M, P, Sv Sv h EuU, L 236, 23 Sm.
Ocial Journal of the European Communies 2005: A h f f hRu f Bu Rm h jum h T whh h EuU fu, L157, 21 Ju.
Ocial Journal 2005: T w h Km f Bum, h Czh Ru, h Km f
Dm, h F Ru f Gm, h Ru f E, h H Ru, hKm f S, h Fh Ru, I, h I Ru, h Ru f Cu, hRu f Lv, h Ru f Lhu, h G Duh f Luxmu, h Ru fHu, h Ru f M, h Km f h Nh, h Ru f Au, hRu f P, h Puu Ru, h Ru f Sv, h Sv Ru, hRu f F, h Km f Sw, h U Km f G B NhI (Mm S f h Eu U) h Ru f Bu Rm, h f h Ru f Bu Rm h Eu, L157, 21Ju.
Ocial Journal of the European Communies 2009: T f L m h T EuU h T h h Eu Cmmu, L, 13 Dm 2007,C306, 17 Dm.
Papadimitriou, Dimitris/Gateva, Eli 2009: Bw Em- Eu BExm: f Bu Rm h Eu U, :Pv Eu P S 10/2, 152-166.
Pridham, Georey 2002: EU Em C Dm P-Cmmu S:Fm R, : Ju f Cmm M Su 40/5, 953-973.
Pridham, Georey 2007: Rm EU Mmh Cmv Pv: A P-ACm Pm? - Th C f P C, : Pv Eu P S, 8/2, 168-188.
Primatarova, Antoinee 2010: O Hh S, Sh Bu EU Mmh, : EuP Iu Nw (EPIN) W P 27, : h://www..u//hh--
h--u%E2%80%99-u-mmh, : 20 Ju 2010.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
27/28
Post-Accession Conditionality | 27
Sasse, Gwendolyn 2008: Th P f EU C: h Nm f M P u EU A, : Ju f Eu Pu P 15/6, 842-860.
Schimmelfennig, Frank 2001: Th Cmmu T: L Nm, Rh A, h EEm f h Eu U, : I Oz 55/1, 47-80.
Schimmelfennig, Frank/Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2004: Gv C: EU Ru Tf hC Cu f C E Eu, : Ju f Eu Pu P 11/4,661-79.
Schwellnus, Guido/ Balazc, Lilla/Mikalayeva, Liudmila 2009: I A v Wh I v: h A Su f M Rh P Ru Nw EU Mm S, : Shmmf,F/Tu, F (.): P- Cm h EU Nw Mm S, :Eu I P (EIP), S Iu 2, 13/23, : h://..//x.h///vw/2009_024/hm, 20 Ju 2010.
Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2005: Cu h Ph E Em: Th Uv P Im f EUI, Mh: Mh Uv P.
Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2008: A C: P- m wh EU w E C
Eu, Ju f Eu Pu P 15/6, 806-825.
Sedelmeier, Ulrich 2009: P m wh EU G Equ L P-mmu Nw Mm S, : Shmmf, F/Tu, F (.): P- Cm h EU Nw Mm S, : Eu I P(EIP), S Iu 2, 13/23, : h://..//x.h///vw/2009_023/hm, 20 Ju 2010.
Smith, Karen E. 1998: Th U f P C h EU R wh Th Cu: HwEv?, : Eu F A Rvw 3/2, 253-274.
Smith, Karen E. 2005: Em h Eu O, : H, Chh/Smh, Mh (.):I R h Eu U, Oxf: Oxf Uv P 270-291.
Steunenberg, Bernard/Toshkov, Dimiter2009: Cm T h 27 Mm S f hEU: h Im f D L F, : Ju f Eu Pu P 16/7, 951-970.
Trauner, Florian 2009: P- Cm wh EU w Bu Rm: A CmvPv, : Shmmf,F/Tu, F (.): P- Cm hEU Nw Mm S, : Eu I P (EIP), S Iu 2, 13/23, :h://..//x.h///vw/2009_021/hm, 20 Ju 2010.
-
8/22/2019 Post-Accession Conditionality. Support Instrument for Continuous Pressure?
28/28
Th Kg-Fhg - Egg A Exhg
Iv Rh
Th K-Fhu (KFG) w fu mm u-h h Gm Rh Fu 2008. I -
f h KFG v mu vm whh vv h wh u wh m u f ju h.
Th K-Fhu Th Tfmv Pw f Eu h h Eu h B-B-u uz h wh h uv- h u. I xm h f h EU -m f , z h mhm f x u h h :
I h Pu Sh
Cm, C B
Cmv Rm Eu Ex R