POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND GOAL-ACHIEVING PSYCHOTHERAPY (GAP)

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND GOAL-ACHIEVING PSYCHOTHERAPY (GAP) Ronald S. Kaiser, Ph.D., ABPP Licensed Psychologist Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Headache Center

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND GOAL-ACHIEVING PSYCHOTHERAPY (GAP). Ronald S. Kaiser, Ph.D., ABPP Licensed Psychologist Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Headache Center. POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND GOAL-ACHIEVING PSYCHOTHERAPY (GAP)

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND GOAL-ACHIEVING

PSYCHOTHERAPY (GAP)Ronald S. Kaiser, Ph.D., ABPPLicensed Psychologist

Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Neurology,Thomas Jefferson University

Jefferson Headache Center

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED

• Positive psychology is that branch of psychology that involves the study and promotion of well-being.

• The gold standard for measuring well-being is flourishing.

• The goal of positive psychology is the increase of flourishing.

Seligman, 2011

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED (2)

• Psychology is not just the study of pathology, weakness, and damage. It is also the study of strength and virtue.

• Treatment is not just fixing what is broken. It is nurturing what is best.

Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi (2000)

Positive Psychology can be incorporated into other approaches to treatment.

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WHAT DETERMINES HAPPINESS?

Lyubomirsky, 2007

• •

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PSYCHOTHERAPY COMES FROM A DISEASE REDUCTION MODEL

• Historical definition of health = Absence of disease.• Psychoanalytic goal of tension-reduction.• CBT focuses on irrational beliefs, automatic negative

thoughts, etc.• DSM gold standard is “No Diagnosis”.• Reportable scales on the MMPI are the elevated ones.• NIMH funding is granted for disease research.

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WHO DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH HAVE CHANGED

• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

• Mental Health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.

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PSYCHOLGY’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO LEARNING HAVE IMPACTED ON

•Schools

•Parenting

•Sports

•Industry

But not necessarily on the conduct of psychotherapy

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PSYCHOLOGY AND INDUSTRY• Often co-opted by other disciplines• Effectiveness trumps credentials• Laid the groundwork for the coaching profession• Are you familiar with? • Seth Godin• Brian Tracey• Jim Rohm• Stephen Hovey• Napoleon Hill• Tony Robbins

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MORE MOTIVATING THAN MONEY(AFTER A CERTAIN POINT)

• Autonomy

• Mastery

• Purpose

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LET’S START WITH A BIT OF SELF-DISCLOSURE

• The influence of Jim Murray

• The influence of Don Meredith

• The influence of Dr. Benjamin Shimberg

• The influence of the gym

• The role of context

• The arrival of positive psychology

• The internet

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SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS THAT AFFECT THEORY BUILDING

•Brain Plasticity•Mindfulness•The role of physical exercise•The role of mental exercise•Health Psychology•Biofeedback/Neurofeedback•The early work in positive psychology•The internet

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THE SPECIAL ROLE OF BRAIN PLASTICITY

• The historical belief was that after childhood the brain could only change in one direction – Decline.

• Hardwiring: the concept that the brain was more like a computer than a muscle.

• Research has dramatically changed this thinking

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• Taub’s Constraint Induced (CI) Movement Therapy.

• Competitive plasticity and Merzenich’s brain mapping.

• The role of mental rehearsal (Pascal-Leone’s piano students; Sharansky’s imprisonment).

• Maguire’s research on the posterior hippocampuses of London taxi drivers (Maguire, Current Biology, 2011).

• Mirror neurons (Iacoboni, 2009)

RESEARCH ON THE CHANGING BRAIN

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THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE

• What did Freud, Rogers, Skinner, Ellis, etc. have to say about exercise?

• What have Seligman, Achor, and other positive psychologists said about exercise?

• MacArthur Foundation studies demonstrate 3 ways of reducing cognitive decline (normal weight, lifelong learning, exercise)

• Studies demonstrate that if you are middle-age and sedentary and you start a regular exercise program, you can delay the onset of cognitive decline by 10-15 years (Ratey; Kramer).

• Naperville, IL, 8th graders finished #1 in the world in science & 6th in math after being involved in a comprehensive daily PE program.

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THE BRAIN AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY EMERGES IN AN AGE OF SCIENCE

• Commitment to research

• Criticisms of humanistic psychology for insufficient research base.

• Unlike Freud, Rogers, Ellis, Positive Psychology was largely developed by academics rather than clinicians

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THE SEMINAL ARTICLE

• Seligman, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 5-14.

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PIONEERS OF THE POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MOVEMENT

• Ed Diener (“Dr Happiness; Subjective well-being)• George Vaillant (longitudinal study of successful aging)

• MIHALYI CSIKSZENTMIHALYI

• MARTIN SELIGMAN

• Barbara Fredrickson (Broaden and Build; Positivity Ratio)• Christopher Peterson* (Values in Action project)

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THE NEXT GENERATION OF LEADERS IN POSITIVE

PSYCHOLOGY• Sonja Lyubomirsky (Happiness)• Todd Kashian (Curiosity)• Karen Reivich (Resilience)• Angela Duckworth (Grit)• Robert Vallarand (Passion)• Tal Ben-Shahar (General student body teaching)• Shawn Achor (Consulting)

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CAROL DWECK

• Mindset: The view that you adopt for yourself.

• Fixed Mindset: The belief that your qualities are unchangeable – and you have to keep proving yourself over and over.

Related to being praised for your attributes.

• Growth Mindset: The belief that your basic qualities can be changed by your efforts.

Related to being praised for your efforts.

• Substantial research supports the benefits of the growth mindset.

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CSIKSZENTMIHALY

• As World War II approached in Europe, he observed how some adults became helpless as social supports decayed while others maintained their integrity.

• His work in the U.S. led to his development of the concept of Flow and its role in the development of Positive Psychology.

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FLOW• The optimal experience.

• It does not “just happen” passively, but you can’t force yourself into flow.

• It involves being fully focused, motivated, energized, and involved in an activity.

• You can’t be depressed or anxious and able to be in a state of flow.

• Contrary to popular belief, life’s best moments are when we are stretched to physical and/or mental limits rather than relaxed.

• Our best moments may not necessarily be pleasant at the time.

• Experiences that result in flow for us are not universal.

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THE CONDITIONS OF FLOW• Goals are clear

• Feedback is immediate

• There is a balance between opportunity and capacity

• Concentration is deep

• The sense of time is altered

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TRAITS OF THE AUTOTELIC PERSONALITY

• Curiosity

• Persistence

• Low self-centeredness

• Oriented toward performing activities for intrinsic reasons only.

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SELIGMAN• His journey went from Learned Helplessness to Learned

Optimism to Authentic Happiness to Flourish - and the psychology of well-being.

• Developed the MAPP program at Penn.

• Instrumental in developing major positive psychology concepts – including Signature Strengths and PERMA.

• Collaborated with Chris Peterson in researching and writing Character Strengths and Virtues.

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PERMA

• Positive Emotion

• Engagement

• Relationships

• Meaning

• Accomplishment

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CHARACTER STRENGTHS AND VIRTUES

• Positive Psychology’s answer to the DSM and ICD – “A Manual for the Sanities”.

• The focus is on what is right about people rather than what is wrong.

• Based on substantial research across cultures.

• 6 Virtues encompass 24 Character Strengths.

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STRENGTHS OF WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE

• Creativity (Originality, Ingenuity)

• Curiosity (Interest, Novelty-seeking, Openness to Experience)

• Open-mindedness (Judgment, Critical Thinking)

• Love of Learning

• Perspective (Wisdom)

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STRENGTHS OF HUMANITY

• Love

• Kindness (Generosity, Nurturance, Care Compassion, Altruistic Love, “Niceness)

• Social Intelligence (Emotional Intelligence, Personal Intelligence)

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STRENGTHS OF JUSTICE

• Citizenship (Social Responsibility, Loyalty, Teamwork)

• Fairness

• Leadership

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STRENGTHS OF TEMPERANCE

• Forgiveness and Mercy

• Humility and Modesty

• Prudence

• Self-Regulation (Self-Control)

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STRENGTHS OF TRANSCENDENCE

• Appreciation of Beauty and Excellence (Awe, Wonder, Elevation)

• Gratitude

• Hope (Optimism, Future-Mindedness, Future Orientation)

• Humor (Playfulness)

• Spirituality (Religiousness, Faith, Purpose)

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STRENGTHS OF COURAGE

• Bravery

• Persistence (Perseverance, Industriousness)

• Integrity (Authenticity, Honesty)

• Vitality (Zest, Enthusiasm, Vigor, Energy)

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ASSESSING SIGNATURE STRENGTHS• Go to www.authentichappiness.org

• VIA Survey of Character strengths (240 items)

• Brief Strengths Test (24 items)

• Several other tests

• Test results are used for research as well as your own benefit/

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OTHER INDICATORS OF STRENGTHS

• Resilience

• Savoring

• Grit

• Posttraumatic Growth

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FREDRICKSON’S 10 TOP POSITIVE EMOTIONS

• Joy

• Gratitude

• Serenity

• Interest

• Hope

• Pride

• Amusement

• Inspiration

• Awe

• Love

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MEASURES OF POSITIVE INTERACTIONS

• The Losada Line and Ratio

• The Fredrickson Positivity Ratio

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RESEARCH SUPPORTIVE OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

CONCEPTS•Education

•Health

•Aging

•Work-related

•The Military

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND HEALTH

• Positive psychological well-being is associated with:

Fewer colds

Reduced mortality in both healthy & ill populations

Reduced cardio-vascular disease

Reduced mortality from CVD , renal failure, & HIV

• Findings with respect to cancer are more equivocal

• No study has demonstrated a relationship between pessimism and better health or reduced mortality.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL NETWORK

• Strength of social relationships is the major distinguishing characteristic of the happiest 10 % of the population.

(Diener & Seligman, 2002)

• There are “70 years of evidence that our relationships with others matter, and matter more than anything else in the world. (Vaillant, 2009)

• The concepts of social capital and reciprocity

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THE IMPORTANCE OF A SOCIAL NETWORK

You should always go to other people’s funerals; otherwise they won’t come to yours.

Yogi Berra

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY EXERCISES

• The What-Went-Well (or 3 Good Things or 3 Blessings) Exercise

• The Gratitude Visit

• The 21 day rule for positive behavior change

• The 20 second rule

• The Reverse 20 second rule

• The Modified Presidential Campaign Assessment

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SELIGMAN’S ABCD EXERCISE

• Adversity

• Belief

• Consequences

• Disputation

• Energization

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CRITICISMS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

• The scientists and philosophers

• The generalizers and over-simplifiers

• The anti-military

• Barbara Ehrenreich

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INTERNATIONAL POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY ASSOCIATION

For information or to join

www.ippanetwork.org

3rd Annual World Congress was held in Los Angeles on June 23-27, 2013

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GOAL-ACHIEVING PSYCHOTHERAPY: A MODEL FOR

POSITIVE PRACTICE• GAP builds upon the research orientation and philosophy

of positive psychology.

• GAP builds upon effective techniques of practice from several approaches, primarily CBT.

• GAP introduces unique concepts involving the role of the therapist, the purpose of psychotherapy, history, the goals of treatment, and the process.

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GOAL-ACHIEVING PSYCHOTHERAPY (GAP)

•Bridges the GAPs between:

Thinking and doing

Gaining and maintaining

The past and the future

Science and practice

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF GAP (1)

• The approach is forward looking and positive.

• The approach is geared toward building personal strengths to manage change and growth.

• The focus is primarily on the solution, not the problem.

• The past is meaningful – especially as it relates to character strengths and achievements.

• The therapist is active, directive, supportive and a cheerleader for growth and change.

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF GAP (2)

• The patient/client is active in preparing a Mission Statement and setting an achieving goals.

• Goal setting is designed to ensure maximum success by utilizing small and measureable forward steps.

• Wallowing is avoided.

• Activity is the default.

• Once positive commitment and direction is implemented, other forms of therapy can be incorporated.

• Positive personality change can take place throughout the life span.

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF GAP (3)

• The Type P Personality is the model of the healthy personality.

• Emotional health is always a work in progress.

• GAP principles can be pursued on a do-it-yourself basis, in therapy, or through coaching – depending upon your needs at any specific time.

• GAP-specific materials are available to aid in the implementation and maintenance of progress.

• www.thementalhealthgym.com is the ongoing source of GAP resources and information.

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THE GYM AS A MODEL

• Wellness is a central concept

• Open to all shapes and sizes

• Individual measureable goals

• Diagnosis is descriptive, not prescriptive.

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GAP ASSESSMENT ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL DIAGNOSIS

• Competent Person’s Disease – “the addiction to 2nd place”

• The “Too Excuse”

• Over-thinking

• Under-rating (A/Fail thinking: Ascribing unimportance to achievements; Luck)

• Waiting for an A

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THE TYPE P PERSONALITY

• The ultimate goal

• Assessment is done throughout the process

• Roughly comparable to PERMA

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TYPE P PERSONALITY

• Personal goal-directed

• Proactive

• Positive

• Persistent

• Playful

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THE INTRODUCTORY SESSION

• Understanding the reason for treatment

• Expression of therapist gratitude as part of informed consent

• Explanation of process and philosophy

• History-taking within the context of strength-building

• Introduction to the role of activity level and homework

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THE ROLE OF HISTORY

• Establish early the importance of moving forward to develop strengths.

• Identify unhappy aspects of history – to primarily use in the future.

• Identify positive aspects of history.

“When was the best time in your life?”

“What things do you like most about yourself?”

“What makes you so resilient?”

Be prepared to revisit history from a position of strength.

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GETTING UNSTUCK: THE CRITICAL QUESTIONS

1.Are you a fortune teller?

2.What can go right?

3.What does this have to do with you?

4.How is this getting you where you want to go?

5.What will you do now to maintain your success?

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THE TECHNIQUES OF GAP (1)

Vision without execution is hallucination.

Thomas Edison

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THE TECHNIQUES OF GAP (2)• The Mission Statement

• The current goals

Benefits

Impediments

Strengths to overcome impediments

• Areas for change and growth

Health and fitness

Cognitive functioning

Social

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THE TECHNIQUES OF GAP (3)

• Exercise Cards

• Create Your Proactive Positive Explosion Form

• Type P Personality Development Form

• DEFAULTS ARE ACTIVE

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THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS

• The therapist as a role model

• Phone calls

• No shows

• Suicidal ideation or threats

• Patient sabotage

• Session intensity

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HOW DO YOU KNOW WHEN YOU ARE DONE?

• Does the person conform to the mission statement?

• How well does s/he meet the criteria for Type P Personality?

• Has the personal tipping point (Proactive Positive Explosion) been achieved?

• Has a maintenance program been put in place?

• Are conditions right for continued flourishing?

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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF GAP

TO SPECIAL POPULATIONS• Some Axis II populations

• Habit control

• Depression

• PTSD

• Headache patients

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WHY DOESN’T IT WORK FOR EVERYONE?

• Nothing does.

• Expectancy of therapy as a place to wallow may not be met.

• Using the gym as a model, it is notable that people who drop out may successfully return in the future.

• Intensity and/or homework turn some people off.

• It’s still a work in progress without a lot of external input.

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THE CHALLENGE

• The incidence of depression has risen every year since the early 20th century.

• Depression is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for individuals between the ages of 15-44.

• The average age of initial diagnosis is getting younger.• Depression is the most costly disease in he world

although up to half of the cases that meet the criteria for depression at any one time go untreated.

IT IS HARD TO BE POSITIVE AND DEPRESSED AT THE SAME TIME.

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THANK YOU!•

• Your comments are important to me.

Please feel free to contact me at

[email protected]

215-955-2743

Or

[email protected]

215-704-0983