Positive Emotions Chapter 9 and 10. History of positive emotion research Emphasis has been on...
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Transcript of Positive Emotions Chapter 9 and 10. History of positive emotion research Emphasis has been on...
Positive EmotionsChapter 9 and 10
History of positive emotion research
Emphasis has been on negative emotions
Recall: Negative emotions are easier to understand Easier to differentiate negative
emotions Easier to identify facial expression,
physiology, etc. Positive emotions often co-occur
How many positive emotions? Barbara Fredrickson says 10!
Joy, interest, contentment, gratitude, awe, amusement, inspiration, pride, hope, love
Tong says 13!
Joy, interest, contentment, gratitude, awe, amusement, pride, hope, love, challenge, compassion, interest, relief, serenity
Not inspiration
Ekman says 7!
Happiness, amusement, excitement, wonder, ecstasy, Naches (Yiddsh – vicarious pride), Fiero (Italian – achieving difficult challenge)
[Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. EmotionReview, 3, 364-370. doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740][Tong, E.M.W. (2014). Differentiation of 13 positive emotions by appraisals. Cognitionand Emotion, 29, 484-503. doi: 10.1080.02699931.2014.922056]
Distinct Positive Emotion
Definition
Joy Good, unexpected fortune that occurs in safe and familiar environments.
InterestA feeling of wanting to investigate, become involved, or
extend and expand the self by incorporating new information and new experiences
Contentment Feeling of satisfaction or completion; savoring current life circumstances
Gratitude Positive feelings in response to a desired outcome caused by someone else.
Awe Feeling that something is greater or bigger than the self
Amusement Benign events that violate expectations and cause humor.
Inspiration Witnessing human excellence or a good deed.
Pride Taking credit for a positive outcome that supports favorable sense of self
Hope Anticipation that a positive outcome will result.
LoveExploring and savoring experiences with other people;
any positive emotion felt during an interpersonal connection.
Positive Emotions: 5 Components
External Stimulus : physical stimulus not required
Subjective feelings
Pleasant Valence; High or Low Arousal
Physiological changes
SNS Activation, PNS Activation
Behavior changes
Facial expressions, approach/avoidance
Cognitive appraisals
Pleasantness, Novelty, Uncertainty, Personal Relevance, External or Internal Causation, High or Low Perceptions of Control, Goal Conduciveness (consistent with one’s goals)
Cognitive Appraisals and Positive Emotions
Singaporean and American undergraduates
Recalled and described a personal experience of 1 randomly selected emotion
Then, rated each emotion along 13 cog app of event causing the emotion
Pleasantness, relevance, problems, goal attainment, agency-self, agency-others, agency-circumstances, control-self, control-others, control-circumstances, certainty, predictability, effort
Located on last page of article[Tong, E.M.W. (2014). Differentiation of 13 positive emotions by appraisals. Cognitionand Emotion, 29, 484-503. doi: 10.1080.02699931.2014.922056]
4 Broad Factors of Appraisals for Positive Emotions
Achievement Appraisal
Important goal was achieved by the self
High = Pride, Challenge, Contentment, Joy
Low = Compassion, awe, amusement
External Influence
Perception that events are caused by external forces
High = Compassion, hope, gratitude; Low = Pride
Difficulty
Less pleasant, high effort, problematic experiences
High = Challenge, compassion, hope, relief
Low = Amusement, serenity, awe, contentment
Clarity
Sense of clarity or sureness about current and future circumstances
High = contentment, pride, amusement, joy, serenity; Low = Hope
[Tong, E.M.W. (2014). Differentiation of 13 positive emotions by appraisals. Cognitionand Emotion, 29, 484-503. doi: 10.1080.02699931.2014.922056]
Awe and Two Cognitive Appraisals Awe – positive and negative emotions
Fear, surprise, interest, inspiration
Vastness Anything perceived as larger than the self
Physical size or social size (e.g., fame, prestige, authority)
Need for Accommodation Process of adjusting mental structures to
allow assimilation of awe-inspiring experience
[Shiota, M.N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 944-963 doi: 10.1080/02699930600923668]
Happiness: A positive emotion? In Ekman’s primary emotions, happiness is one of
the universal, basic emotions
Happiness researchers (e.g., Fredrickson) claim that happiness is not a basic emotion, but a personality trait We will discuss happiness articles in the personality
section
Experiencing 10 positive basic emotions on frequent, daily basis is associated with happiness
Joy, interest, contentment, gratitude, awe, amusement, inspiration, pride, hope, love
Influence and Outcomes of Positive Emotions
Broaden and Build Theory
Undoing Effect of Emotions
Positive Emotion Interventions
Broaden Hypothesis: Change in behaviors,
attention, and thinking due to positive emotions
Build Hypothesis:lasting changes in personal
resources that follow repeated positive emotional experiences
over time.
Temporary and transient experiences of positive
emotions
Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build Theory
Positive Emotions
Enhanced health, survival,
fulfillment
Building enduring personal
resources (e.g., social support,
resilience, skills, and knowledge)
Novel thoughts, activities,
relationships
Produces more experiences of positive emotions, creating an
upward spiral.
Broadening
Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build Theory
Joy
Enhanced health, survival,
fulfillment
Builds long-lasting social
bonds and attachments
Laughter signals
openness to new, friendly interactions (broadening)
Produces more experiences of positive emotions, creating an
upward spiral.
Broadening
Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build Theory
Broaden Examples
Attending to object
Seeking information
Reflecting on situation
Integrating new information
Savoring current circumstance
Exploration
Thanking someone
Acting in prosocial ways
Play
Creativity
Attachment and bonding
Laughing
Urge to reach personal best
Perseverance
Building Examples
Build and develop social bonds
Motivation for personal growth
Optimism and resilience to adversity
Achievement motivation
Motor skill acquisition
Reciprocity, altruism
Encoding rewarding experiences
Add new world views to self concept
Knowledge Acquisition
Positive Emotions
More self-other overlap with best friend
More imaginative and attentive about things to
do for friends
Increased trust and social bonds
Eliminate “us vs. them” mindset
Improved memory for individuals from other
races
Less effective at perceiving physical
differences between races
Positive Emotions Broaden “Social”
Thoughts
Inducing Positive Emotions and Building…
Builds intellectual resources - learning
Builds reasoning skills — Doctors and Diagnoses
Increases altruism — Participants who found coins (vs. not)
When threat that caused
negative emotion is no longer present
Negative emotion may
still linger
Positive emotions may neutralize this
lingering negative emotion
Undoing Effect of Negative Emotions
Undoing Effect of Negative Emotions
Baseline Measures Induction: high-arousal, negative emotions in all
Ps
Film manipulation: Amusement: puppy playing with flower Contentment: waves breaking on the beach Neutrality: abstract movies of sticks piling up Sadness: a young boy crying
DV: Cardiovascular Recovery
Cardiovascular Recovery Time =Start of Clip to Baseline Average
Amusement
Content
Neutrality
Sadness
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (in seconds)
Clinical Applications Considering the undoing effect
of positive emotions, how could you use any of the positive emotions as an intervention for depression?
JoyInterest
ContentmentGratitude
Awe
AmusementInspiration
PrideHopeLove
Positive Emotions Interventions Gratitude Journals
Meditation
Counting your blessings
Helping another person
Music
Writing
Broaden-and-build Theory: Meditation Loving-Kindness Meditation
Manipulation #1 Experimental Group trained in meditation Control: wait-listed for meditation
workshop
DV: daily number of discrete positive and negative
emotions
Personal resources (cognitive, psychological, social, physical)
Baseline; 9-week study[Fredrickson, B.L., Cohn, M.A., Coffey, K.A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S.M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045-1062. doi: 10.1037/a0013262]
Loving- Kindness
Meditation
• Broadens feelings of warmth and caring toward self and others
Positive Emotions
• Love, joy, gratitude, contentment, hope pride, interest, amusement, awe
Builds personal resources
↑Life Satisfaction
, ↓Depressio
n
Broaden-and-build Theory: Meditation – Building Personal Resources
Cognitive Mindfulness, agency and pathways
thinking Agency: able to achieve goals
Pathways: multiple ways to complete goals
Psychological optimism, life purpose, self-acceptance
Social social support given/received, greater
relationship quality Physical
reduced illness, increased sleep
Writing: Typical Procedures
All participants write about assigned topics for 3-5 days, 15-30 min each day
Experimental Group: write about an important emotional issues that has affected their life
Control Group: write about superficial topics (use of time)
DV = variety of measures
Physical health
Mental health
[Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x]
Writing: Typical Procedures Writing group (vs. control group):
Better physical health – fewer doctors’ visits, better immune system functioning
Better psychological health – better memory, more positive mood, higher well-being/happiness
Strongest predictors of physical health
Positive emotions words positively correlated with physical health
Curvilinear relationship between negative emotion words and physical health
[Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x]
Summary: Positive Emotions
The broaden- and build theory suggests positive emotions produce health and well-being.
How much positivity is needed to flourish? Fredrickson and Losada say 3:1 But…..
The broaden-and-build theory conveys how positive emotions move people forward and lift them to the higher ground of optimal well-being.