Positioning Your Network for 4G/LTE with Fiber and...

T-301-I

Kevin Morgan

Positioning Your Network for 4G/LTE with Fiber and Wi-Fi

Offload

2012 FTTH Conference & Expo: The Future Is Now – Dallas, Texas

Positioning Your Network for 4G/LTE with Fiber and Wi-Fi Offload – Kevin Morgan, ADTRAN of 17

Positioning Your Network for 4G/LTE with Fiber and Wi-Fi Offload

Kevin Morgan, Director - Marketing ADTRAN

[email protected]

+1.256.963.6223 www.adtran.com/access

Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 3

Mobile Backhaul Reference Architecture ......................................................................... 6

4G Backhaul Requirements ............................................................................................. 7

Deliver a Reliable, Low Cost Connection ..................................................................... 7

Simplify Services Growth and Scale ............................................................................ 7

Support both legacy and next-generation service and synchronization delivery and transport ...................................................................................................................... 8

Provide performance monitoring Web portal ................................................................ 8

Reference Architecture Recommendations ..................................................................... 9

Limit Latency, Reduce Network Complexity ................................................................. 9

Implement Scalable Service Separation .................................................................... 11

Use OTN to Support SONET/SDH to Ethernet Migration ........................................... 12

Recommendations Overview ......................................................................................... 13

Sample Network Topology ............................................................................................ 14

List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................ 16

http://www.adtran.com/access



Abstract The following document provides a description of the mobile backhaul reference architecture. This mobile backhaul reference architecture uniquely provides network operators with a solution that offers next-generation Carrier Ethernet services and allows for the migration of incumbent SONET/SDH services and transport architectures. This paper will outline a service architecture that meets the stringent requirement of 4G Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). It should be noted that this is a versatile reference architecture providing the network operator with a highly scalable, agile, packet optical networking and Carrier Ethernet services solution to support both new and existing revenue streams whether from mobile, residential or business services. Market Background The relentless demand for premium video services is putting a tremendous strain on network access infrastructures as service providers look to support the resulting backhaul traffic. Mobile video traffic exceeded 50 percent of mobile traffic in 2011 and the average mobile connection speed will surpass 1 Mbps in 20141. The growing need to stay competitive in the costly mobile backhaul and residential broadband markets has service providers demanding a scalable solution that can successfully address both markets. In the past, operators constructed parallel backhaul networks to separate distinct service segments, thus ensuring they did not impact the quality of one another—a method that is not only expensive to build and manage, but limits scalability. The required architecture must be leveraged to eliminate the need for capital-intensive overlays to grow service providers overall addressable market opportunities in both mobile and residential backhaul applications through scalable service separation. This approach delivers scalable reliability by extending low-latency, MEF-certified, wavelength-separated Ethernet services to residential and business customers and cell sites over the same network infrastructure. This enables important service isolation for each individual mobile network operator that may share a single cell site or simultaneously offer residential broadband or business Ethernet with wholesale backhaul services. Solution Requirements A key benefit of using a mobile backhaul architecture that delivers scalable reliability with the use of right-sized packet optical l technologies is that the solution can uniquely meet requirements of both the Mobile Network Operator and the backhaul network operator. These benefits are outlined below.

Maintains a reliable, low-cost connection between 2G, 3G and 4G cell sites and the mobile exchange

Provides a scalable architecture supporting future growth in service bandwidth, site/customer count, and network size

Supports both legacy and next-generation service (including synchronization) delivery and transport

1 Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2011–2016



Assures compliance to Service Level Agreements (SLA) via the use of performance monitoring customer Web portal

Minimizes the operational costs associated with end–to-end service activation, assurance and diagnostics.

Architecture Recommendations We propose a solution architecture that directly addresses customer requirements by providing the following solution attributes:

Deterministic Quality of Service (QoS) through Layer 2 Connection Oriented Ethernet

Reduced latency by utilizing optical switching and limiting routing hops

Eliminated capacity bottlenecks within Layer 3 packet-processing devices

Greater scalability by dedicating separate wavelengths to each cell site and/or MNO

Supported migration from legacy TDM/PDH and SONET/SDH services to Ethernet and Optical Transport Network (OTN)

Simplified operational model focusing on Ethernet Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) standards

Increased service assurance scalability by performing Y.1731performance monitoring processing in hardware



Figure 1: Typical Mobile Network Architecture with Mobile Backhaul Network Highlighted



Mobile Backhaul Reference Architecture Mobile broadband demands an improved mobile backhaul architecture Today, the mobile phone is hardly a phone. It is a device as powerful and application rich as the computer laptops that sit on our kitchen tables. Subscribers to mobile services are rapidly expanding their typical application usage patterns from a small percentage of their daily voice calls made while out of the home or office to nearly all their daily calls. Have you ever found yourself at your desk talking on your mobile device while using your desk phone as only a clock? Data usage on mobile devices is also evolving. It was not that long ago that a person was using their mobile device to look up a few compressed Web pages, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)-based sports scores, weather forecasts or to play a rudimentary card or board games such as solitaire or checkers. Today, with advanced mobile appliances, we are now mobile gamers using our devices to enjoy latency sensitive multi-player games seen previously only on portable gaming consoles. Some of us send and receive hundreds of emails daily, while others view stream videos enjoying sports highlights or uploading content to video sharing Websites via their mobile device. To enable this advancement of next-generation mobile applications and deliver the full value of mobility, MNOs must migrate their networks to support highly efficient Radio Frequency (RF) standards. These 4G standards, such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), are being deployed as the next evolution beyond today’s 3G mobile technologies. These new 4G technologies will allow many times the current bandwidth to be supported; 100Mbps speeds will be supported per cell site per MNO. The existing circuit-based backhaul architectures that have served mobile backhaul networks well can no longer respond to the network and customer demands. Web-page downloads are slower than they were last year and video is jerky. The same advanced mobile applications that led to a growing subscriber base and increased revenue per user can not be allowed to become a source of subscriber dissatisfaction due to a network capacity bottleneck. Network bottleneck can cause expensive subscriber churn or slow the uptake of the next differentiated mobile service. For mobile carriers, the largest network expense is backhaul. Now, more than ever, operators are looking for ways to reduce transport costs in the backhaul network by more efficiently utilizing bandwidth and optimizing their network to support multiple technologies – such as circuit-based DS1/E1 and SONEST/SDH and next-generation, packet-based solutions like Ethernet and IP.

Mobile backhaul, a transition from circuit- to packet-based architectures As the cost of backhauling traffic continues to rise, the need to drive down costs continues to be the central focus of operators. The conversion to Ethernet-based IP-enabled packet network is inevitable due to the lower cost and higher scalability compared to legacy access solutions. In other words, this network conversion will occur (over time), not only to support the growth in new applications and mobile users, but to drive down the rapidly rising cost of backhaul.

What specifically do we mean by the term backhaul?

An example of the backhaul network is illustrated in Figure 1. Backhaul is defined as the

transport architecture used to access and aggregate traffic between cell sites and the

mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) or central office. The traffic can include data,

management, control, clock synchronization, OAM and voice. Mobile backhaul consists



of legacy SONET/SDH, TDM/PDH and next-generation Gigabit Ethernet services as 4G

infrastructure is deployed by MNOs.

4G Backhaul Requirements

Before we explore the attributes of a successful, robust mobile backhaul reference model we need to review the key overarching 4G Backhaul requirements expected by MNOs.

Deliver a Reliable, Low-Cost Connection

Simplify Services Growth and Scale

Support Both Legacy and Next-Generation Services as well as Synchronized Delivery and Transport

Provide Performance Monitoring Web Portal

Deliver a Reliable, Low Cost Connection The primary objective of the backhaul network is to provide a reliable connection from

the eNode B cell site equipment and the mobile core 3GPP equipment at the lowest

possible cost per bit delivered. A reliable connection has the ability to continuously

provide a high quality of experience (QoE) as needed to support ‘always-on’ premium

real-time services. To do this, the connection must prioritize the quality of service (QoS)

levels of premium services over other traffic and ensure the connection supports high

service availability and resiliency. A more detailed summary the required solution should

exhibit the following attributes:

Service Availability, Resiliency o Provide Full Redundancy for Facilities, Ports, and Power.

Support Dual Homing Via MPLS-TP and/or LACP Support for G.8032 Ethernet Ring Topologies Dual Power Feeds or Redundant Power Supplies Provide Lightning Protection/ Isolation for Ground Potential Rise

(GPR)

Quality of Service o Provide Support for Traffic Management;

H-QoS Mechanisms o Support Low Latency <5ms one-way, Limit Router Hops

Simplify Services Growth and Scale As it is difficult to forecast the demand for mobile applications, the ability to effectively expand to more sites, more services and more traffic is critical. Initial Mobile Network Operator (MNO) requirements ask for the delivery of 50 - 300Mbps of Ethernet services capacity to be delivered to each cell site. As multiple MNOs can share a single cell tower site, bandwidth demand per cell site could exceed 1Gbps. At the other end of the backhaul link, located at the mobile switching center (MSC) or mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), MNOs request either multiple 1Gbps or 10Gbps interface hand offs to aggregate multiple cell site connections. It must be understood that, unlike central office (CO) or MTSO building cell sites, intermediate hub or aggregation sites are often



not environmentally controlled, and therefore require telecom equipment to be temperature hardened to operate at -40ºC up to 65ºC. To simplify deployment for the backhaul operator and provide the highest level of customer service to MNO customers, the following requirement have been cited in many 4G mobile backhaul tenders.

Service Scalability o 300Mbps up to 1Gbps Per Site o Multiple MNO Customers Per Site o 10Gbps Interface to MTSO

Network Scalability/Flexibility o Temperature Hardening, Outside-Cabinet Ready o Optical and Copper GigE; 10GigE and 100BaseT Interfaces

Support both legacy and next-generation service and synchronization delivery and transport Since the deployment of Ethernet-enabled 4G/LTE eNodeB will take several years to complete. Legacy 2G and 3G base stations and their legacy access services will also need to be supported for many years to come. This means that next-generation access, aggregation and transport solutions must provide both legacy and next-generation service delivery and transport. The table below is a list of services and the associated access mediamost commonly used to carry that service:

Table 1: Legacy and 4G Access Requirements

Mobile Generation

Cell Site Service

Required

Common Access Used

2G TDM or PDH T1 or E1

3G UMTS ATM IMA E1/STM-1

3G CDMA ML-PPP T1/OC-3

4G Ethernet Fiber

Along with this access protocol requirement used to carry the voice, data and network signals from the cell site, the backhaul network must also distribute network timing to each cell site to ensure the entire network is properly synchronized. When using synchronous protocol like TDM/PDH and SONEST/SDH this requirement is easily met, but when asynchronous Ethernet access is used, alternate timing distribution methods are required. These mainly are:

Synchronous Ethernet based on ITU-T G.8261/8262 to support sub 50 ppb frequency synchronization accuracy

IEEE 1588-2008 (1588v2) readiness to support future phase and time of day synchronization accuracy to microsecond levels

Provide performance monitoring Web portal Packet networks by definition are shared networks that can be over provisioned or over booked. Their performance can vary dramatically depending how they are provisioned



and configured. Because of this reality, the MNO requires that mobile backhaul operators verify they are meeting the stringent SLA regarding Ethernet frame delay, frame delay variation and frame loss (Table 2). The MNO, as a service provider, requires this SLA assurance information be provided in near real time and therefore, requests the ability to view network performance monitoring data on demand. This, in turn, requires the mobile backhaul provider to not only measure and capture the performance monitoring metrics, but also make the data viewable in a presentable format on a secure customer Web portal.

Table 2: Typical SLA Requirements

SLA Attribute

SLA Requirement

Max 1-way frame delay < 5ms

Max frame delay variation

+/- 1ms

Bit Error Rate (BER) < 1E10-9

Frame Error Rate (FER) or Frame Loss Ratio (FLR)

< 1E10-6

When looking in Table 2 at the sub-microsecond SLA attributes, that need to be verified and reported to the customer, we must recognize that typical accuracy of software performance monitoring measurements found with Ethernet switches usually fall in the 10 ms to 100 ms range. This is too slow to accurately verify sub 5 ms ranges and therefore will not suffice in mobile backhaul applications. Microsecond (sub-millisecond) level measurement accuracy is required and this cannot be achieved in a Carrier Ethernet access gateway (EAG) without the use of hardware processors to eliminate the nondeterministic delay incurred by time stamps processed in software.

SLA Assurance o Standards-based Performance Monitoring Tool Set Supporting

ITU-T Y.1731, Y.1564 o Customer Viewable Performance Monitoring Dashboard/Web Portal

Sub 1ms Performance Monitoring Accuracy

Reference Architecture Recommendations

To address the requirements we have just outlined, consider the following architectural recommendations.

Limit Latency, Reduce Network Complexity

Implement Scalable Service Separation

Use OTN to Support SONET/SDH to Ethernet Migration

Limit Latency, Reduce Network Complexity As highlighted in the previous 4G Backhaul requirements section, the key focus of the mobile backhaul network should be to provide reliable Ethernet services to the cell site at the lowest cost per bit. To accomplish this goal and to address any open questions



related to traffic management functions and their integration into the MPLS core, packet optical networking and high-capacity Ethernet and optical switching should be used in the backhaul network whenever possible. The use of switching eliminates potential bottlenecks and complexities associated with advanced packet processing functions in the backhaul network. This reduces latency which directly goes to improving QoS. Also, non-blocking, multi-Gigabit access connectivity should be delivered to each cell site to limit re-architecting to keep up with the advancement in mobile access technologies. This simplified network approach using Ethernet reduces both the complexity and cost associated with alternate packet-based architectures. An example of a mobile backhaul network with dedicated fiber access technologies is provided in Figure 2. This backhaul link is single tiered: a direct connection without any intermediate aggregation point from the cell site to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). This simplified network approach using Ethernet reduces complexity, latency and the costs when compared to alternate packet-based connectivity from the cell site to the MSC. In this example, it is recommended that redundant GigE uplinks be deployed from each cell site back to the MSC site, with each 1GigE connection being terminated on a separate blade on the Ethernet aggregation device to ensure both link resiliency and hardware redundancy. Note that the use of CWDM or DWDM optics can be used in this model to provide fiber preservation in the mobile backhaul network. By delivering up to 2 GigE of bandwidth per cell site (Figure 2) ensures the mobile backhaul connection will not become a bottleneck for the radio access network for many years yet to come. This eliminates the need for complex traffic engineering schemes in the backhaul network given that there is no congestion in the backhaul network and the provider edge router has direct visibility to each cell site. In this model, the provider edge routers have non-blocking, resilient 10G connections into the Ethernet aggregation device and will map MPLS tunnels into 802.1q/q-in-q attachment circuits. Per-EVC shaping allows the provider edge router to have complete control over traffic management to each cell site.

Figure 2: Recommended Architecture for a Single-Tier

Mobile Backhaul Network



Implement Scalable Service Separation From previous sections it is understood that the backhaul network must be ready to support more sites, more services, and more traffic due to the often strong demand for new high- bandwidth services. For multi-tiered access networks with intermediate fiber hubs that are not co-located at the MSC, operators should make use of Ethernet switching combined with wavelength separation of services to maintain a logical single-tier network and it associated benefits. In Figure 3, each cell site has multi-homed connections back to the fiber hub site, just as in Figure 2 to improve reliability. However, rather than relying on intermediate Ethernet switching elements between the fiber hub site and the provider edge routers at the edge of the MPLS core, it is recommended that each redundant set of Ethernet switch fabric have a dedicated DWDM wavelength from the fiber hub site to the provider edge routers. By implementing this optical switching architecture, latency is reduced due to the reduction of Ethernet switching hops. Also, non-blocking connectivity is maintained between the PE routers and the cell sites, and the traffic management functions are consistent with that of the single-tier architecture.

The key benefits of this architecture are its simplicity and scalability which ensure that the connectivity between cell sites and the MPLS core do not become a network bottleneck. The architecture is also excellent for the centralization of traffic management functions at the provider edge routers. Performance assurance functions like connectivity fault management (CFM) and Link OAM functions are performed in the Ethernet Transport Optical Switching cards to provide segmented OAM visibility and hierarchical QoS. In many multi-tiered architectures, the intermediate access and aggregation tier follows a ring topology to improve resiliency. However, the additional aggregation nodes/fiber hub sites sitting on the ring may result in increased latency, negatively impacting the QoS of the other cell site traffic sharing the ring. This is why it is critical to eliminate router hops and Ethernet switching elements by using optical add drop multiplexing (OADM) to

Figure 3: Recommended Architecture for Multi-Tier Mobile Backhaul Network



Figure 4: Logically Each MNO or Each Service Segment Has Its Own Dedicated, Redundant Point-to-Point Fiber Subtended From Provider Edge

Router

optically switch multiple cell site backhaul paths around the ring (Figure 4). Often the distance between mobile backhaul intermediate hub sites sitting on the ring are too far apart from each other to support common 80km optics. It this case, low-latency, non-switching 10G optical transponder modules (TPR-10-4) insert forward error correction (FEC) and optical regeneration into the optical layer to increase the fiber reach. To further ensure the current and future high QoS levels that low latency architectures provide, the operator should eliminate the strain on traffic management mechanisms by provisioning separate physical paths for each MNO and/or service segment (cell site versus DSLAM backhaul). To facilitate this unique scalable separation of services, the aggregation device needs an integrated DWDM support through passive optics, fixed OADMs, or mini ROADMs with support for up to 88 wavelengths per hub site, and various other network topologies for maximum flexibility in allocating wavelengths to fiber hub sites.

Use OTN to Support SONET/SDH to Ethernet Migration OTN was developed as an evolution to SONET. It adds a simplified digital wrapper to the payload it transports, provides Forward Error Correction (FEC), and a management layer along with dedicated channels to guarantee throughput. Core and metro systems typically handle port rates ranging from 10 Gbps (OTU-2) to 112 Gbps (OTU-4). The switch fabrics that deal with these speeds need to handle a minimum of 40 Gbps and often substantially more. These systems have very high start-up costs, require their own Element Management System and additional training. Requirements for OTN at the edge are much different and in many cases simpler than the core. Multi-service aggregation has a range of low rate and mid speed client interfaces that are mapped over 10 Gbps (OTU-2) network connections. Ideally, the OTN functionality is integrated into an existing system through a simple card addition. The OTN Switchponder is a multi-service unit that integrates an OTN switch with a DWDM transponder on a single card. It provides remotely configurable any-service to any-port operation. It delivers OTN mapping, switching, aggregation and transport capabilities, allowing operators to



simultaneously transport SONET/SDH, Ethernet or other services such as fibre channel. Unlike other point to point muxponder solutions, the switchponder delivers ring and mesh networking with the ability to add and drop traffic at each location.

Recommendations Overview

The ideal mobile backhaul solution combines best-in-class Carrier Ethernet and edge-optimized, right-sized packet optical technologies that minimize service latency and support both legacy and the rapid growth of next-generation services. The solution provides the operator with a service management ecosystem from which an operator can not only manage its network, but manage its customers’ SLA expectations. Supports a Reliable, Low-Cost connection by limiting latency and reducing network complexity

Non-blocking, wavelength-separated multi-GE services to the cell site eliminate the need for complex traffic engineering in the backhaul network. Complex traffic engineering schemes and meshing architectures can be serviced for the MPLS core. The GE circuits can serve as attachment circuits to the MPLS network.

With the point-to-point architecture, there is no need for the added complexity of a dynamic control plane in the backhaul network. These circuits are best served to remain static mappings, while the dynamic control plane can be reserved for the MPLS core.

Integrated MPLS/MPLS-TP capabilities within the Ethernet switching (ETOS) architecture provide OAM and control plane integration into the existing MPLS core network

Supports service growth and expansion without risking service quality by using scalable wavelength separation of services.

Provides greater scalability by dedicating wavelengths to each cell site ensures that regardless of services demand access facilities and aggregation will remain unsaturated, allowing traffic management mechanism to protect end-user QoS.

Multi-GE connectivity to each cell site ensures the backhaul infrastructure is not a bottleneck for the radio access network

Maintains deterministic QoS through Layer 2 Connection-Oriented Ethernet

Maximizing the use of optical switching reduces latency and eliminates Layer 3 processing as a scaling limitation in the mobile backhaul network

Supports legacy and next-generation service, synchronization delivery and transport by using OTN to support SONET/SDH to Ethernet migration on a single fiber facility

Support for ITU-T G.709 OTN at the point of aggregation allows the transparent delivery and migration from SONET/SDH with use of the any-service, any-port OTN switchponder.

Support of multi-service Ethernet access gateways to allow delivery of both legacy TDM/PDH and 4- required Ethernet services to the cell site.

Support for Synchronous Ethernet based on ITU-T G.8262 and Timing over Packet via IEEE 1588-2008 will allow for the eventual retirement of traditional network clock distribution methods.



Sample Network Topology

In the U.S., as in other parts of the world, leading MNOs have been upgrading their infrastructure to support 4G LTE access and 3GPP core standards to support the growing demand for mobile broadband services. The Tier 1 U.S. MNOs have been sending out tenders to local exchange carriers, independent operating companies and alternative access vendors for several years in an effort to source next-generation Ethernet services to backhaul traffic from these newly upgraded cell sites. Many of these solicited companies were already supporting mobile backhaul for 2G/3G sites using SONET (up to DS-3 levels per site), but now are being requested to support Ethernet services up to 300Mbps per MNO per site. It is noted that three or four MNOs could share a cell-site tower pushing the bandwidth requirements to 1Gbps per tower site. Many mobile backhaul providers have existing SONET/SDH infrastructure that cannot evolve to support next-generation packet optical services or support the stringent performance monitoring requirements put forth by the MNOs. A sample mobile backhaul network topology supporting the backhaul of 30 4G LTE sites inclusive of legacy 2G/3G SONET traffic is shown in Figure 5. The architecture allows the network operator to support the existing SONET network as well as a scalable N x 10GigE aggregation ring on incumbent fiber facilities. In addition to supporting the required 300Mbps per cell site, the solution allows for the in-service expansion of each cell site to greater than 1 Gbps. It should be noted that this sample network employs fixed-optical add-drop multiplexing (OADM). This method is less capital intensive and is deemed functionally acceptable as cell site and MTSO locations rarely change location. For operators who wish to have a more agile network architecture, the solution should support Reconfigurable OADMs (ROADMs) that provide additional network flexibility and more rapid service delivery in the event service ingress and egress points need to be moved. The specific solution attributes and associated benefits of the type of mobile backhaul reference architecture that has been introduced in this paper has led to its strong consideration for multiple MNO mobile backhaul tender responses. A summary of those attributes and benefits are as follows:

Deployment of a single access and aggregation platform to support a multiple-site aggregation ring that can be resiliently attached to the MPLS core at two locations.

Subtended 1G Ethernet EAGs at each cell site with

end-to-end service-aware management that allows for the near-term support for 1GigE and the future expansion for up to 10GigE per site.

Carrier-class Ethernet solution based on redundant Ethernet Transport Optical Switching (ETOS) to aggregate cell site traffic at 1Gbps and 10Gbps increments.

Use of low-latency optical transponder (TPR-10-4) to allow for extended distances between nodes.

Carrier-class OTN solution based on OTN Transport Optical Switching (OTOS) to aggregate and eventually migrate legacy SONET/SDH services to Ethernet at 1.25Gbps increments.

Scalable to multiple 10G wavelengths using lower- cost, environmentally hardened, fixed OADMs (ROADM) is an option to improve optical network agility.

Support for existing legacy (SONET) traffic (transparently) with integrated OTN modules

Ability to extend to regional network and replace existing DWDM platform



This sample network topology provides the network operator a more efficient, more operationally simplified network model that meets the market requirements identified earlier in this paper.

Maintains a reliable, low cost connection between 2G, 3G and 4G cell sites and mobile exchange

Provides a scalable architecture supporting future growth in service bandwidth, site/customer count, and network size

Supports both legacy and next-generation service (including synchronization) delivery and transport

Assures compliance to SLAs via use of performance monitoring customer Web portal

Minimizes the operational costs associated with end-to-end service activation, assurance and diagnostics.

Figure 6: A Sample Network Architecture Using Packet Optical Technologies To

Deliver Both Service Scalability and Reliability For a 30 Cell-Site Network



List of Acronyms 2R3C 2 Rate 3 Color (Traffic Management) 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 4G 4th Generation Wireless Wide Area Networking AOE Advanced Operational Environment (Service Management) BSC Base Station Controllers BTS Base-Station Transceiver Sub-system CFM Connectivity Fault Management CO Central Office (Exchange) CSR Cell Site Router CWDM Course Wavelength Division Multiplexing DCS Digital Cross-connect System (Solution) DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing EAG Ethernet Access Gateway eNodeB Evolved Node B (4G BTS) ERPS Ethernet Ring Protection Switching (ITU-T G.8032) ETOS Ethernet Transport Optical Switch EVC Ethernet Virtual Circuit FEC Forward Error Correction Gbps Giga bit per second GigE Gigabit Ethernet H-QoS Hierarchical Quality of Service LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol LTE Long-Term Evolution (4G RAN) MMW Millimeter wave radio MNO Mobile Network Operator MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching MPLS-TP Multi Protocol Label Switching Transport Profile MSC Mobile Switching Center MSPP Multi-Service Provisioning Platform MTSO Mobile Telephone Switching Office NID Network Interface Device NTE Network Termination Element OAM Operations, Administration and Maintenance OC-3 Optical Carrier, level 3 (155.52 Mbps) ONE Optical Networking Edge OTN Optical Transport Network (ITU-T G.709) OTOS OTN Transport Optical Switch



OTU-2 Optical Transport Unit, level 2 (10Gbps) P2P Point to Point network PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PE Provider Edge PM Performance Monitoring QoE Quality of Experience QoS Quality of Service RAN Radio Access Network RNC Radio Network Controller SAToP Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SNCP Sub-Network Connection Protocol (OTN) SONET Synchronous Optical Networking STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module, level 1 STOS SONET/SDH Transport Optical Switch TDM Time Division Multiplexing TPR-10-4 4x10G Transponder UPSR Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (SONET/SDH) WAP Wireless Application Protocol WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

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