Portugal and Spain. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492.
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Transcript of Portugal and Spain. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492.
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Portugal and SpainPortugal and SpainPortugal and SpainPortugal and Spain
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A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
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Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
1. Crusades more direct route to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
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New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
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New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
Could sail in shallow water and up stream – quick and could go long distances
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Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
PortuguesePortuguese
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
PortuguesePortuguese
School for Navigation, 1419
Brother of king of Portugal
I Like to sail boats!
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Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
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Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire1. Exploring the west coast of Africa
– save Muslim souls and search for gold.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 – rounded Cape of Good Hope (Africa) – allows safe passage to India
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498 (India)
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (India: Goa, 1510; Calcutta, 1511).
5. Now challenged Venetians and Arabs for control of Spice Trade
Why spices so important? Preservation and adding flavor to bland European diet!
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Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]
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Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
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Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c
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Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”- land Looking for “El Dorado”- land of gold and treasureof gold and treasure
Looking for “El Dorado”- land Looking for “El Dorado”- land of gold and treasureof gold and treasure
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Fernando CortésFernando CortésFernando CortésFernando Cortés
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The Aztecs (Mexico)The Aztecs (Mexico)
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The Aztecs (Mexico)The Aztecs (Mexico)
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
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Aztecs• Capital at Tenochtitlán (modern day
Mexico City)• Demanded large tribute from their
people• Polytheistic – believed gods needed
human sacrifices• People were resentful• Why many people welcomed the
Spanish – made it easier to conquer
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Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to Cortés 1521Cortés 1521
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to Cortés 1521Cortés 1521
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Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests Peru:Conquests Peru:
The The IncasIncas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests Peru:Conquests Peru:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
vsvs..
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Conquests made Easy? Mexico and Peru
• Although natives provided some resistance, conquest not too difficult
• Aided by diseases, modern weaponry and horses
• Clear what culture had the upper-hand
• Begins the transformation of South America into Latin America
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Treatment of New World
Inhabitants• Savage (no culture)• Heathen (no religion)• Conquers accepted superiority
of all European values, beliefs, etc.
• People to exploit• Brutal and violent to
inhabitants- some provoked, most not
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Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
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The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
New World to Old World
Old Word to New World
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Columbian Exchange, cont• Voyages of discovery created Europe’s
largest and longest trading exchange as well as spur other Europeans to get involved
• Great wealth returned to Europe fueling a Europe-wide economic expansion
• Europeans introduced numerous diseases and they brought back a virulent form of syphilis
• Expansion of diet for both sides• For natives, this began a long history of
conquest, disease and slave labor• Europeans impressed Catholicism, created
economic dependence and established a hierarchal social structure
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Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
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TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
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The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the coming of
the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
Other European nations get involved, esp. the Dutch
African tribal chiefs swapped captives for horses, grain and finished goods, like cloth
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
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Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
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““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
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African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
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European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
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The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves
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Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
Used in both New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement- Treaty of Tordesillas.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
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The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission Spanish Spanish MissionMission
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Tension between Religious and Conquerors• Although conquest necessary
to help in conversion to Catholicism, religious often hated harsh treatment of natives
• Bartolomé de Las Casas- Dominican friar-conquest not necessary for conversion – got new royal regulations to protect Indians
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Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas
Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas
New Laws --> 1550- New Laws --> 1550- protect the Indiansprotect the Indians
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New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595 – will develop great shipping and trade industry.
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New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
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Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations
ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.