Portfolio management and Mutual fund analysis

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A Project Report On Portfolio management and Mutual fund analysis Submitted by Sweti Kejariwal At IDBI Bank From 1 June, 2013 to 31 July, 2013 Under the Guidance of CA Shilpa Bhide Mr ……….. fund manager PUMBA IDBI Bank In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION FINANCE

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Transcript of Portfolio management and Mutual fund analysis

Page 1: Portfolio management and Mutual fund analysis

A Project ReportOn

Portfolio management and Mutual fund analysis

Submitted bySweti Kejariwal

AtIDBI Bank

From1 June, 2013 to 31 July, 2013

Under the Guidance of

CA Shilpa Bhide Mr……….. fund managerPUMBA IDBI Bank

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degreeof

MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION FINANCE

Department of Management Sciences (PUMBA)University of Pune

(2012-2014)

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“PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

AND

MUTUAL FUND ANALYSIS”

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Department of Management Sciences (PUMBA)University of Pune

(2012-2014)

Department of Management Sciences (PUMBA)

University of Pune

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Summer Project report titled “Portfolio Management and Mutual Fund analysis” carried out by Sweti Kejariwal at IDBI Bank has been submitted by 2nd year MBA++ Finance, student of The Department of Management Sciences (PUMBA), University of Pune, towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Masters in Business Administration (MBA) and the same has been satisfactorily carried out under the guidance of CA Shilpa Bhide during the academic year.

CA Shilpa Bhide Dr. (Capt.) C. M. Chitale

Project Guide External Prof. and HOD

PUMBA Examiner PUMBA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am delighted to have undertaken the equity analysis project at the IDBI Bank. I take immense pleasure in

submitting the final project report which is a reflection of my work for the past two months at IDBI

Bank.

I am grateful to my guides Mrs……… at IDBI Bank whose scholarly guidance, constant encouragement

and untiring patience have been the pillars of my success in this effort.

I would also take this opportunity to thank my mentor CA Shipa Bhide whose constant motivation helped

me to finish the project efficiently.

I would also like to express my gratitude to our Dr. (Capt.) C. M. Chitale, Head of the Department,

PUMBA.

Last but not the least, I am thankful to all those who have directly or indirectly extended their support to

me. Without their help this project could not have been completed.

- Sweti Kejariwal

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Preface

The project on “portfolio management and mutual fund analysis” was carried out in IDBI bank F.C Road Branch. The intention behind taking over this project with IDBI bank was to primarily understand the role of banks in providing investment solutions and advices to its customers. The project was carried out for the period of two months i.e. from June 1, 2013 to July 31, 2013. The project was done by analyzing the different investment options available and to compare them with the mutual fund investments. For the purpose of analyzing the investment pattern and selecting effective and beneficial schemes of mutual funds different available schemes were thoroughly *analyzed and then a ideal portfolio of those investment options available was made.

Finally the ideal portfolio was created to understand the importance of portfolio management and to ease the selection of different mutual fund schemes and the weightage to be given to them.

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SR. NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. Company’s Profile 6

2. Objective 7

3. Theoretical background 7

4. Portfolio management 10

5. History of mutual fund 12

6. Mutual fund 20

7. Measures of risk 22

8. Research Methodology 26

9. Data analysis 35

10. Findings 37

11. Limitations 38

12. Conclusion 39

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Company’s profile

IDBI Bank Ltd. is today one of India's largest commercial Banks. For over 40 years, IDBI Bank has essayed a key nation-building role, first as the apex Development Financial Institution (DFI) (July 1, 1964 to September 30, 2004) in the realm of industry and thereafter as a full-service commercial Bank (October 1, 2004 onwards). As a DFI, the erstwhile IDBI stretched its canvas beyond mere project financing to cover an array of services that contributed towards balanced geographical spread of industries, development of identified backward areas, emergence of a new spirit of enterprise and evolution of a deep and vibrant capital market. On October 1, 2004, the erstwhile IDBI Bank converted into a Banking company (as Industrial Development Bank of India Limited) to undertake the entire gamut of Banking activities while continuing to play its secular DFI role. Post the mergers of the erstwhile IDBI Bank with its parent company (IDBI Ltd.) on April 2, 2005 (appointed date: October 1, 2004) and the subsequent merger of the erstwhile United Western Bank Ltd. with IDBI Bank on October 3, 2006, the tech-savvy, new generation Bank with majority Government shareholding today touches the lives of millions of Indians through an array of corporate, retail, SME and Agri products and services.

Headquartered in Mumbai, IDBI Bank today rides on the back of a robust business strategy, a highly competent and dedicated workforce and a state-of-the-art information technology platform, to structure and deliver personalised and innovative Banking services and customised financial solutions to its clients across various delivery channels

As on March 31, 2013 IDBI Bank has a balance sheet of Rs. 3,22,769 crore and business size (deposits plus advances) of Rs 4,23,423 crore. As an Universal Bank, IDBI Bank, besides its core banking and project finance domain, has an established presence in associated financial sector businesses like Capital Market, Investment Banking and Mutual Fund Business. Going forward, IDBI Bank is strongly committed to work towards emerging as the 'Bank of choice' and 'the most valued financial conglomerate', besides generating wealth and value to all its stakeholders.

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Objectives

o Primarily to understand the basic concepts of Portfolio management and Mutual funds and its benefits as an investment avenue.

o Secondly, to compare and evaluate the performance of different equity mutual fund schemes of different companies on the basis of risk, return and volatility.

o Thirdly, to suggest the schemes which are out performers and laggards.o Finally to create an ideal portfolio in which risk will be distributed

towards different schemes and will earn higher rate of return.

THEREOTICAL BACKGROUND

INVESTMENT OPTIONS:

Investment options are savings form an important part of the economy of any nation. With the savings invested in various options available to the people, the money acts as the driver for growth of the country. Indian financial scene too presents a plethora of avenues to the investors. Though certainly not the best or deepest of markets in the world, it has reasonable options for an ordinary man to invest his savings. Let us examine several of them.

Banks

Banks are considered as the safest of all options, banks have been the roots of the financial systems in India. Promoted as the means to social development, banks in India have indeed played an important role in the rural upliftment. For an ordinary person though, they have acted as the safest investment avenue wherein a person deposits money and earns interest on it. The two main modes of investment in banks, savings

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accounts and Fixed deposits have been effectively used by one and all. However, today the interest rate structure in the country is headed southwards, keeping in line with global trends. With the banks offering little above 9 percent in their fixed deposits for one year, the yields have come down substantially in recent times. Add to this, the inflationary pressures in economy and you have a position where the savings are not earning. The inflation is creeping up, to almost 8 percent at times, and this means that the value of money saved goes down instead of going up. This effectively mars any chance of gaining from the investments in banks.

Post office

Just like banks, post offices in India have a wide network. Spread across the nation, they offer financial assistance as well as serving the basic requirements of communication. Among all saving options, Post office schemes have been offering the highest rates. Added to it is the fact that the investments are safe with the department being a Government of India entity. So the two basic and most sought for features, those of return safety and quantum of returns were being handsomely taken care of. Though certainly not the most efficient systems in terms of service standards and liquidity, these have still managed to attract the attention of small, retail investors. However, with the government announcing its intention of reducing the interest rates in small savings options, this avenue is expected to lose some of the investors. Public Provident Funds act as options to save for the post retirement period for most people and have been considered good option largely due to the fact that returns were higher than most other options and also helped people gain from tax benefits under various sections. This option too is likely to lose some of its sheen on account of reduction in the rates offered.

Company Fixed Deposits

Another oft-used route to invest has been the fixed deposit schemes floated by companies. Companies have used fixed deposit schemes as a means of mobilizing funds for their operations and have paid interest on them. The safer a company is rated, the lesser the return offered has been the thumb rule. However, there are several potential roadblocks in these. First of all, the danger of financial position of the company not

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being understood by the investor lurks. The investors rely on intermediaries who more often than not, don t reveal the entire truth. Secondly, liquidity is a major problem with the amount being received months after the due dates. Premature redemption is generally not entertained without cuts in the returns offered and though they present a reasonable option to counter interest rate risk (especially when the economy is headed for a low interest regime), the safety of principal amount has been found lacking. Many cases like the Kuber Group and DCM Group fiascoes have resulted in low confidence in this option.The options discussed above are essentially for the risk-averse, people who think of safety and then quantum of return, in that order. For the brave, it is dabbling in the stock market. Stock markets provide an option to invest in a high risk, high return game. While the potential return is much more than 10-11 percent any of the options discussed above can generally generate, the risk is undoubtedly of the highest order. But then, the general principle of encountering greater risks and uncertainty when one seeks higher returns holds true. However, as enticing as it might appear, people generally are clueless as to how the stock market functions and in the process can endanger the hard-earned money.For those who are not adept at understanding the stock market, the task of generating superior returns at similar levels of risk is arduous to say the least. This is where Mutual Funds come into picture.

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Portfolio Management

An investor considering in securities is faced with the problem of choosing from among a large number of securities. His choice depends upon the risk return characteristics of individual securities. He would attempt to choose the most desirable securities and like to allocate his funds over this group of securities. Again he is faced with problem of deciding which securities to hold and how much to invest in each. The investor faces an infinite number of possible portfolios or groups of securities. The risk and return characteristics of portfolios differ from those of individual securities combining to form a portfolio. The investor tries to choose the optimal portfolio taking into consideration the risk return characteristics of all possible portfolios.

Phases of portfolio management

Security Analysis Portfolio Analysis Portfolio Selection Portfolio Revision Portfolio evaluation

o Security Analysis

1. Fundamental Analysis: This analysis concentrates on the fundamental factors affecting the company such as EPS (Earning per share) of the company, the dividend payout ratio, competition faced by the company, market share, quality of management etc.

2. Technical Analysis: The past movement in the prices of shares is studied to identify trends and patterns and then tries to predict the future price movement. Current market price is compared with the future predicted price to determine the mispricing. Technical analysis concentrates on price movements and ignores the fundamentals of the shares.

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3. Efficient market hypothesis: This is comparatively more recent approach. This approach holds that market prices instantaneously and fully reflect all relevant available information. It means that the market prices will always be equal the intrinsic value.

o Portfolio Analysis

A portfolio is a group of securities held together as investment. It is an attempt to spread the risk allover. The return & risk of each portfolio has to be calculated mathematically and expressed quantitatively. Portfolio analysis phase of portfolio management consists of identifying the range of possible portfolios that can be constituted from a given set of securities and calculating their risk for further analysis.

o Portfolio Selection

The goal of portfolio construction is to generate a portfolio that provides the highest returns at a given level of risk. Harry Markowitz portfolio theory provides both the conceptual framework and the analytical tools for determining the optimal portfolio in a disciplined and objective way.

o Portfolio Revision

The investor/portfolio manager has to constantly monitor the portfolio to ensure that it continues to be optimal. As the economy and financial markets are highly volatile dynamic changes take place almost daily. As time passes securities which were once attractive may cease to be so. New securities with anticipation of high returns and low risk may emerge.

o Portfolio evaluation

Portfolio evaluation is the process, which is concerned with assessing the performance of the portfolio over a selected period of time in terms of return & risk. The evaluation provides the necessary feedback for better designing of portfolio the next time around.

s

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History of Mutual Fund

The first mutual funds were established in Europe. One researcher credits a Dutch merchant with creating the first mutual fund in 1774. The first mutual fund outside the Netherlands was the Foreign & Colonial Government Trust, which was established in London in 1868. It is now the Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust and trades on the London stock exchange.

Mutual funds were introduced into the United States in the 1890s. They became popular during the 1920s. These early funds were generally of the closed-end type with a fixed number of shares which often traded at prices above the value of the portfolio.

The first open-end mutual fund with redeemable shares was established on March 21, 1924. This fund, the Massachusetts Investors Trust, is now part of the MFS family of funds. However, closed-end funds remained more popular than open-end funds throughout the 1920s. By 1929, open-end funds accounted for only 5% of the industry's $27 billion in total assets.

After the stock market crash of 1929, Congress passed a series of acts regulating the securities markets in general and mutual funds in particular. The Securities Act of 1933 requires that all investments sold to the public, including mutual funds, be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and that they provide prospective investors with a prospectus that discloses essential facts about the investment. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 requires that issuers of securities, including mutual funds, report regularly to their investors; this act also created the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is the principal regulator of mutual funds. The Revenue Act of 1936 established guidelines for the taxation of mutual funds, while the Investment Company Act of 1940 governs their structure.

When confidence in the stock market returned in the 1950s, the mutual fund industry began to grow again. By 1970, there were approximately 360 funds with $48 billion in assets. The introduction of money market funds in the high interest rate environment of the late 1970s boosted industry growth dramatically. The first retail index fund, First Index Investment Trust, was formed in 1976 by The Vanguard Group, headed by John Bogle; it is now called the Vanguard 500 Index Fund and is one of the world's largest mutual funds, with more than $100 billion in assets as of January 31, 2011.

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Fund industry growth continued into the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of three factors: a bull market for both stocks and bonds, new product introductions (including tax-exempt bond, sector, international and target date funds) and wider distribution of fund shares.  Among the new distribution channels were retirement plans. Mutual funds are now the preferred investment option in certain types of fast-growing retirement plans, specifically in 401(k) and other defined contribution plans and in individual retirement accounts (IRAs), all of which surged in popularity in the 1980s. Total mutual fund assets fell in 2008 as a result of the credit crisis of 2008.

In 2003, the mutual fund industry was involved in a scandal involving unequal treatment of fund shareholders. Some fund management companies allowed favored investors to engage in late trading, which is illegal, or market timing, which is a practice prohibited by fund policy. The scandal was initially discovered by then-New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and resulted in significantly increased regulation of the industry.

At the end of 2011, there were over 14,000 mutual funds in the United States with combined assets of $13 trillion, according to the Investment Company Institute (ICI), a trade association of investment companies in the United States. The ICI reports that worldwide mutual fund assets were $23.8 trillion on the same date.

Mutual funds play an important role in U.S. household finances and retirement planning. At the end of 2011, funds accounted for 23% of household financial assets. Their role in retirement planning is particularly significant. Roughly half of assets in 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts were invested in mutual funds

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Mutual Fund

A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciation realised are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost. The flow chart below describes broadly the working of a mutual fund:

There are many entities involved and the diagram below illustrates the organizational set up of a mutual fund:

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Mutual Funds are essentially investment vehicles where people with similar investment objective come together to pool their money and then invest accordingly. Each unit of any scheme represents the proportion of pool owned by the unit holder (investor). Appreciation or reduction in value of investments is reflected in net asset value (NAV) of the concerned scheme, which is declared by the fund from time to time. Mutual fund schemes are managed by respective Asset Management Companies (AMC). Different business groups/ financial institutions/ banks have sponsored these AMCs, either alone or in collaboration with reputed international firms. Several international funds like Alliance and Templeton are also operating independently in India. Many more international Mutual Fund giants are expected to come into Indian markets in the near future.The benefits on offer are many with good post-tax returns and reasonable safety being the hallmark that we normally associate with them. Some of the other major benefits of investing in them are:

The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are: Professional Management Diversification Potential of returns Flexible, Affordable and a Low Cost affair Liquidity Transparency well regulated

Professional management

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Mutual Funds employ the services of skilled professionals who have years of experience to back them up. They use intensive research techniques to analyze each investment option for the potential of returns along with their risk levels to come up with the figures for performance that determine the suitability of any potential investment.

Diversification

Investments are spread across a wide cross-section of industries and sectors and so the risk is reduced. Diversification reduces the risk because all stocks don t move in the same direction at the same time. One can achieve this diversification through a Mutual Fund with far less money than one can on his own.

Potential of Returns

Returns in the mutual funds are generally better than any other option in any other avenue over a reasonable period of time. People can pick their investment horizon and stay put in the chosen fund for the duration. Equity funds can outperform most other investments over long periods by placing long-term calls on fundamentally good stocks. The debt funds too will outperform other options such as banks. Though they are affected by the interest rate risk in general, the returns generated are more as they pick securities with different duration that have different yields and so are able to increase the overall returns from the portfolio.

Flexible, Affo rdable and a Low Cost affair

Mutual Funds offer a relatively less expensive way to invest when compared to other avenues such as capital market operations. The fee in terms of brokerages, custodial fees and other management fees are substantially lower than other options and are directly linked to the performance of the scheme. Investment in mutual funds also offers a lot of flexibility with features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans enabling systematic investment or withdrawal of funds. Even the investors, who could otherwise not enter stock markets with low investible funds, can benefit from a portfolio comprising of high-priced stocks because they are purchased from pooled funds.

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As has been discussed, mutual funds offer several benefits that are unmatched by other investment options. Post liberalization, the industry has been growing at a rapid pace and has crossed Rs. 100000 crore size in terms of its assets under management. However, due to the low key investor awareness, the inflow under the industry is yet to overtake the inflows in banks. Rising inflation, falling interest rates and a volatile equity market make a deadly cocktail for the investor for whom mutual funds offer a route out of the impasse. The investments in mutual funds are not without risks because the same forces such as regulatory frameworks, government policies, interest rate structures, performance of companies etc. that rattle the equity and debt markets, act on mutual funds too. But it is the skill of the managing risks that investment managers seek to implement in order to strive and generate superior returns than otherwise possible that makes them a better option than many others.

L iquidity

Fixed deposits with companies or in banks are usually not withdrawn premature because there is a penal clause attached to it. The investors can withdraw or redeem money at the Net Asset Value related prices in the open-end schemes. In closed-end schemes, the units can be transacted at the prevailing market price on a stock exchange. Mutual funds also provide the facility of direct repurchase at NAV related prices. The market prices of these schemes are dependent on the NAVs of funds and may trade at more than NAV (known as Premium) or less than NAV (known as Discount) depending on the expected future trend of NAV which in turn is linked to general market conditions. Bullish market may result in schemes trading at Premium while in bearish markets the funds usually trade at Discount. This means that the money can be withdrawn anytime, without much reduction in yield. Some mutual funds however, charge exit loads for withdrawal within a period.Besides these important features, mutual funds also offer several other key traits. Important among them are:

Transparency

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Being under a regulatory framework, mutual funds have to disclose their holdings, investment pattern and all the information that can be considered as material, before all investors. This means that the investment strategy, outlooks of the market and scheme related details are disclosed with reasonable frequency to ensure that transparency exists in the system. This is unlike any other investment option in India where the investor knows nothing as nothing is disclosed.

Well Regulated

Unlike the company fixed deposits, where there is little control with the investment being considered as unsecured debt from the legal point of view, the Mutual Fund industry is very well regulated. All investments have to be accounted for, decisions judiciously taken. SEBI acts as a true watchdog in this case and can impose penalties on the AMCs at fault. The regulations, designed to protect the investors interests are also implemented effectively.

Risk involved in investing in Mutual Funds

Mutual Funds do not provide assured returns. Their returns are linked to their performance. They invest in shares, debentures and deposits. All these investments involve an element of risk. The unit value may vary depending upon the performance of the company and companies may default in payment of interest / principal on their debentures / bonds / deposits. Besides this, the government may come up with new regulations, which may affect a particular industry or class of industries. All these factors influence the performance of Mutual fund.

Net Asset Value(NAV):

NAV is the market value of the assets of the scheme minus its liabilities. The per unit NAV is the net asset value of the scheme divided by the number of units outstanding on the valuation date.

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Sale price:

It is the price investor pay when he invests in a scheme.it is also called offer price. It may include a sales load (entry load).

Repurchase price:

This is the price at which a close-ended scheme repurchases its units and it may include a back-end load. This is also called bid price.

Redemption price:

This is the price at which open-ended schemes repurchase their units and close-ended schemes redeem their units on maturity. Such prices are NAV related.

Sales load:

Sales load is a charge collected by a scheme when it sells the unit. It is also called, ‘front-end load or entry load. Schemes that do not charge a load are called ‘no load’ schemes.

Measurement of risk

Risk refers to the possibility that the actual outcome of an investment will differ from the expected outcome. In other words we can say that risk refers to variability or dispersion. If any investment is said to invariable it means that it is totally risk free. Whenever we calculate the mean reutru of an investment, we also need to calculate the variability in the returns.

Standard deviation:

Standard deviation is a representive of the risk associated with a given security(stocks, bonds, property, etc.), or the risk of a portfolio of securities. Risk is an important factor in determing how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and/or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions. The overall concept of risk is tha as it increases, the expected return on the asset will increase as a result of the risk premium earned. In other words, investors should expect a higher return on an investment when said investment carries a higher level of risk.

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For example, you have a choice between two stocks. Stock A historically returns 5% to investors with a standard deviation of 10%, stock B historically returns 6% to investors and carries a standard deviation of 20%. On the basis of risk and return, stock A is the acceptable choice because earning an extra 1% with stock B is not worth double the amount of risk as stock A. in other words, stock B is more likely to lose money for the investor more often than stock A will under the same circumstances, and will only return 1% more than stock A.

Beta:

Beta is a measure of the volatility, or systematic risk, of a security or a portfolio, in comparison to the market as a whole. Think of beta as the tendency of a security's returns to respond to swings in the market. A beta of 1 indicates that the security's price will move with the market. A beta of less than 1 means that the security will be less volatile than the market. A beta of greater than 1 indicates that the security's price will be more volatile than the market. For example, if a stock's beta is 1.2, it's theoretically 20% more volatile than the market.

Many utilities stocks have a beta of less than 1. Conversely, most high-tech Nasdaq-based stock shave a beta of greater than 1, offering the possibility of a higher rate of return, but also posing more risk.

Essentially, beta expresses the fundamental tradeoff between minimizing risk and maximizing return. Let's give an illustration: Say a company has a beta of 2; this means it is two times as volatile as the overall market. If we expect the market to provide a return of 10% on an investment, then we would expect the company to return 20%. On the other hand, if the market were to decline and provide a return of -6%, investors in that company could expect a return of -12% (a loss of 12%). If a stock had a beta of 0.5, we would expect it to be half as volatile as the market; a market return of 10% would mean a 5% gain for the company.

Alpha:Alpha is often described to the value that a portfolio manager adds to

or subtracts from an investments return. Alpha is measured in direct relationship to the investment’s benchmark.

A positive alpha of 1.0 means the fund has outperformed its benchmark index by 1%. Correspondingly, a similar negative alpha would indicate an

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underperformance of 1%. For both portfolio managers and investors, more alpha is always better.

R-Squared (R2): The R-Squared measure reveals what percentage of a fund’s

movements can be related to movements in its benchmark index. An R-Squared of 100 would mean that all of the fund’s movements are perfectly explained by its benchmark; Index funds normally achieve this ideal. A high R-squared means the beta on a fund is actually a useful measurement. A low R-squared means ignore the beta.

Sharpe ratio:Sharpe Ratio is a risk-to-reward measure developed by Nobel

Laureate William Sharpe.  The calculation for Sharpe Ratio is a risk-adjusted measure, which can be used by an investor to see how well a mutual fund has performed based upon its risk level. An investor can compare similar funds and look for the one with the higher Sharpe Ratio, which would indicate the better risk-adjusted performance. Using the Sharpe Ratio, an investor can gain an expectation as to how well the return of a particular mutual fund compensates the investor for the risk taken.

Treynor ratio:It is developed by Jack Treynor. This performance measure evaluates

funds on the basis of Treynor's Index. This Index is a ratio of return generated by the fund over and above risk free rate of return (generally taken to be the return on securities backed by the government, as there is no credit risk associated), during a given period and systematic risk associated with it (beta). Symbolically, it can be represented as:

Treynor’s Index (Ti) = (Ri-Rf)/Bi

Where, Ri represents return on fund, Rf represents Risk free Rate of Return & Bi represents Beta of the fund.All risk-averse investors would like to maximize this value. While a high and positive

Treynor's Index shows a superior risk-adjusted performance of a fund, a low and negative Treynor's Index is an indication of unfavorable performance.

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Jenson ModelJenson’s model proposes another risk adjusted performance measure.

This measure was developed by Micheal Jenson and is sometimes referred to as the Differential Return Method. This measure involves evaluation of the returns that the fund has generated vs. the returns actually expected out of the fund given the level of its systematic risk. The surplus between the two returns is called Alpha, which measures the performance of a fund compared with the actual returns over the period. Required return of a fund at a given level of risk (Bi) can be calculated as:

Ri = Rf + Bi (Rm - Rf)

Where, Rm is average market return during the given period. After calculating it, alpha can be obtained by subtracting required return from the actual return of the fund.

Higher alpha represents superior performance of the fund and vice versa. Limitation of this model is that it considers only systematic risk not the entire risk associated with the fund and an ordinary investor can not mitigate unsystematic risk, as his knowledge of market is primitive.

Turnover:In an investment portfolio, turnover refers to the number of shares

traded in a given period. Expressed as a percentage, it tells us what portion of the securities (stocks, bonds or both) in a fund's portfolio are bought and sold during the course of a year.

The four major reasons investors should be concerned about turnover include:

There is an abundance of research that shows that buy-and-hold fund managers (low turnover) outperform their colleagues who trade frequently (high turnover). One of the reasons for this is that the former spend less on trading commissions than the latter. Trading costs are coming down, but they can still represent a significant fund expense.

Trading costs are not included in a fund's expense ratio. Thus, transaction costs are often ignored by investors because they are buried as a dollar figure, as opposed to a percentage of assets, in a fund's Statement of Additional Information (SAI). It is likely that only a tiny fraction of mutual fund investors are even aware of this document, let alone familiar with its content.

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The greater the number of trades, the more often the manager has to be making the right decision. A high volume of trading places a lot of pressure on managers to avoid making mistakes in investing judgments.

A high level of fund trading activity generally occasions a higher-than-average amount of capital gains. Mutual funds must pay out these gains as dividends to fund shareholders, which are then subject to capital gains taxes. For investors in taxable funds, i.e., not in tax-deferred accounts, high portfolio-turnover funds are not tax efficient.

A low portfolio turnover rate is a very positive fund investment quality. However, it must be remembered that the nature or investing style of a fund can impose certain "structural" features on portfolio management that influence its trading activities:

Small-cap stock, international and growth funds tend to have higher turnover rates. These funds are more transaction intensive as the manager’s maneuver for competitive advantages.

Index funds should have low turnover rates, no matter what their category. Trading is a natural function of bond funds, which puts their turnover

rates way up on the scale. Funds that carry only a small number of securities in their portfolios

oftentimes reflect high turnover rates because of the impact of a single trade on a major holding.

Whatever the category of mutual fund being considered, the lower the portfolio turnover percentage the better. While this measurement may vary from year to year, a fund's trading activity is within the control of the manager and should consistently fall, historically, within a reasonable range.

Research Objective

To evaluate investment performance of selected mutual funds in terms of risk and return.

To evaluate and create an ideal portfolio consisting the best mutual fund schemes which will earn highest possible returns and will minimize the risk.

Basically to understand the concept of portfolio management and its relation to mutual fund.

To analyze the performance of mutual fund schemes on the basis of

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various parameters.

Scope of Project

The funds are selected to which IDBI Bank is advisor. The Schemes were categorized and selected on evaluating their performance and relative risk.

The scope of the project is mainly concentrated on the different categories of the mutual funds such as equity schemes, debt funds, balanced funds and equity linked savings schemes etc.

The ideal portfolio is created by analyzing the risk pattern of the schemes and distributing the overall risk to earn maximum returns.

Research Methodology

Research Methodology is a very organized and systematic medium through which a particular case or problem can be solved.

It is analytical, descriptive and quantitative research where the comparison between the different mutual fund schemes is made on the basis of risk, volatility and return.

For data collection purpose the secondary source was used like mutual fund factsheet, books, websites and IDBI bank mutual fund recovers.

Findings and Analysis

The collection of information is based on the secondary probe. The information has been collected through various books, studies and

annual reports of various institutions like Reliance, IDBI, ICICI, and HDFC etc. In addition various journals, magazines, articles, books, published documents have also been considered in the project work.

An attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of the selected mutual fund schemes. Performance of mutual fund schemes has been evaluated by using the following performance measures (a) Risk (b) S.D. (c) Beta (d) Jensen alpha (e) Sharpe Ratio.

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Limitations

To get an insight in the process of portfolio allocation and deployment of funds by fund manager is difficult.

The project is unable to analyses each and every scheme of mutual funds to create the ideal portfolio.

The portfolio of mutual fund investments can change according to the market conditions. This project is carried out and evaluated on the basis of the market conditions from 1st June to 31st July 2013.

Conclusion

Out of the different schemes that has been compared none of the scheme is better on all the fronts like risk, volatility and the returns.

Mutual fund investments are not short term investment avenues but they are more of a long term investment avenue.

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Data Analysis

Prudential ICICI balanced fund:

Schemes Objectives: The scheme seeks to generate long-term capital appreciation and current income by investing in a portfolio that is investing in equities and related securities as well as fixed income and money market securities. The approximate allocation to equity would be in the range of 60-80 per cent with a minimum of 51 per cent, and the approximate debt allocation is 40-49 per cent, with a minimum of 20 per cent.

Composition:Equity: 65.85Debt: 32.96Cash: 1.19

Analysis:Standard deviation: 11.90Sharpe ratio: 0.18Beta: 0.78Alpha: 3.60R-Squared: 0.87

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year3.15 -3.29 -3.17 10.30 8.40 7.92 9.60

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HDFC BALANCED FUND

Schemes Objectives: The scheme seeks to generate capital appreciation with current income from a combined portfolio of equity and debt instruments. Under normal circumstances the scheme would take 60 % exposure to equity instruments while the balance would be allocated to debt instruments

Composition:Equity: 70.18Debt: 28.90Cash: 0.92

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 12.68Sharpe ratio: -0.09Beta: 0.80Alpha: 0.41R-Squared: 0.81

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year-0.07 -5.27 -8.61 -1.54 1.94 3.46 11.23

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ICICI prudential top 100 reg

Schemes Objectives: The scheme seeks to generate long term capital appreciation by investing predominantly in equities that is 95% in equities while the rest would be invested in debt and money market instruments.

Composition:

Equity: 95.53Debt: 8.12Cash: -3.65

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 18.15Sharpe ratio: -0.03Beta: 0.94Alpha: 1.46R-Squared: 0.96

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year-0.01 -4.02 -6.81 4.06 8.62 3.51 7.89

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Kotak balance

Schemes Objectives: The scheme seeks to exploit the capital appreciation of equity and the stable returns of debt by investing a substantial amount in debt and money market instruments. It aims to minimize the risk that arises out of even the most carefully picked equity stocks.

Composition:

Equity: 66.71Debt: 40.37Cash: -7.08

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 12.09Sharpe ratio: -0.12Beta: 0.81Alpha: 0.09R-Squared: 0.91

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year-2.17 -4.99 -7.99 3.56 7.47 2.04 7.13

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Franklin India Bluechip:

Schemes Objectives: The scheme seeks aggressive growth and aims to provide medium to long term capital appreciation through investment in shares of quality companies and by focusing on well-established large sized companies.

Composition:

Equity: 91.82Debt: 0.02Cash: 8.16

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 15.79Sharpe ratio: -0.12Beta: 0.81Alpha: -0.16R-Squared: 0.96

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year-0.62 -7.34 -11.75 -0.01 3.40 1.39 8.95

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Axis Equity:

Schemes Objectives: The scheme aims to generate regular long term capital growth from a diversified and actively managed portfolio of equity and equity related securities.

Composition:

Equity: 89.17Debt: 1.64Cash: 9.19

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 16.68Sharpe ratio: -0.03Beta: 0.86Alpha: 1.27R-Squared: 0.96

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year-0.83 -6.10 -8.32 11.20 9.14 2.91 -

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Birla sun life MIP:Schemes Objectives: The scheme primarily seeks regular monthly income and also aims at capital growth with a predominant exposure to debt and money market instruments. The fund invests in a mix of high quality fixed income securities and a small portion in equities (a maximum of 15%).

Composition:

Equity: 13.10Debt: 75.74Cash: 11.17

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 3.85Sharpe ratio: 0.01Beta: 0.70Alpha: 0.48R-Squared: 0.75

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year-0.36 -2.25 -3.90 4.76 6.51 5.63 8.60

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Reliance Liquidity:

Schemes Objectives: The scheme seeks to provide optimal return consistent with moderate level of risk and high liquidity. The fund would invest in money market instruments.

Composition:

Equity: 0Debt: 111.30Cash: -11.30

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 0.19Sharpe ratio: 11.85Beta: 0.08Alpha: 2.10R-Squared: 0.09

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year0.22 0.80 1.99 8.70 9.26 8.84 7.72

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UTI Top 100

Schemes Objectives: The scheme aims to provide long term capital appreciation / dividend distribution be investing at least 65 per cent of assets in equity and equity related instruments of top 100 stocks by market capitalization listed on BSE. Rest of the assets will be invested in other equities or money & debt market securities.

Composition:

Equity: 90.89Debt: 1.52Cash: 7.59

Analysis:

Standard deviation: 14.87Sharpe ratio: -0.09Beta: 0.75Alpha: 0.21R-Squared: 0.91

Trailing returns:

1 week 1 month 3 month 1 year 2 year 3year 5 year-1.73 -7.28 -8.88 1.27 4.44 1.53 -

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IDEAL PORTFOLIO

Fund Name P/E Ratio P/B Ratio Top5 holdings(%)Axis equity 30.62 4.80 33.35Birla sun life MIP 28.67 3.99 3.37Franklin Indian Bluechip 17.64 2.97 32.47ICICI pru bal red 23.91 4.20 16.10HDFC Balanced 15.62 3.37 13.26ICICI Pru top 100 reg 16.00 2.66 34.14Kotak balance 17.77 3.96 17.90Reliance Liquidity - - -UTI Top 100 31.03 5.47 32.37

Fund Name Category Risk grade Return grade Rating

Axis equity equity Below avg Above avg ****

Birla sun life MIP

Hybrid Below avg Above avg ****

Franklin Indian Bluechip

Equity Below avg High *****

ICICI pru bal red

Hybrid Below avg Avg ****

HDFC Balanced

Hybrid Below avg High ****

ICICI Pru top 100 reg

Equity Avg Above avg ****

Kotak balance Hybrid Avg Avg ***Reliance Liquidity

Debt Below avg Above avg ****

UTI Top 100 Equity Low Avg ****

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The ground rules of mutual fund investing

Moses gave to his followers 10 commandments that were to be followed till eternity. The world of investments too has several ground rules meant for investors who are novices in their own right and wish to enter the myriad world of investments. These come in handy for there is every possibility of losing what one has if due care is not taken.

1. Assess yourself: Self-assessment of one’s needs; expectations and risk profile is of prime importance failing which; one will make more mistakes in putting money in right places than otherwise. One should identify the degree of risk bearing capacity one has and also clearly state the expectations from the investments. Irrational expectations will only bring pain.

2. Try to understand where the money is going: It is important to identify the nature of investment and to know if one is compatible with the investment. One can lose substantially if one picks the wrong kind of mutual fund. In order to avoid any confusion it is better to go through the literature such as offer document and fact sheets that mutual fund companies provide on their funds.

3. Don't rush in picking funds, think first: one first has to decide what he wants the money for and it is this investment goal that should be the guiding light for all investments done. It is thus important to know the risks associated with the fund and align it with the quantum of risk one is willing to take. One should take a look at the portfolio of the funds for the purpose. Excessive exposure to any specific sector should be avoided, as it will only add to the risk of the entire portfolio. Mutual funds invest with a certain ideology such as the "Value Principle" or "Growth Philosophy". Both have their share of critics but both philosophies work for investors of different kinds. Identifying the proposed investment philosophy of the fund will give an insight into the kind of risks that it shall be taking in future.

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4. Don’t put all the eggs in one basket: This old age adage is of utmost importance. No matter what the risk profile of a person is, it is always advisable to diversify the risks associated. So putting one’s money in different asset classes is generally the best option as it averages the risks in each category. Thus, even investors of equity should be judicious and invest some portion of the investment in debt. Diversification even in any particular asset class (such as equity, debt) is good. Not all fund managers have the same acumen of fund management and with identification of the best man being a tough task, it is good to place money in the hands of several fund managers. This might reduce the maximum return possible, but will also reduce the risks.

5. Be regular: Investing should be a habit and not an exercise undertaken at one’s wishes, if one has to really benefit from them. As we said earlier, since it is extremely difficult to know when to enter or exit the market, it is important to beat the market by being systematic. The basic philosophy of Rupee cost averaging would suggest that if one invests regularly through the ups and downs of the market, he would stand a better chance of generating more returns than the market for the entire duration. The SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans) offered by all funds helps in being systematic. All that one needs to do is to give post-dated cheques to the fund and thereafter one will not be harried later. The Automatic investment Plans offered by some funds goes a step further, as the amount can be directly/electronically transferred from the account of the investor.

6. Do your homework: It is important for all investors to research the avenues available to them irrespective of the investor category they belong to. This is important because an informed investor is in a better decision to make right decisions. Having identified the risks associated with the investment is important and so one should try to know all aspects associated with it. Asking the intermediaries is one of the ways to take care of the problem.

7. Find the right funds: Finding funds that do not charge much fees is of importance, as the fee charged ultimately goes from the pocket of the investor. This is even more important for debt funds as the returns from these funds are not much. Funds that charge more will reduce the yield to the investor. Finding the right funds is important and one should also use these funds for tax efficiency. Investors of equity should keep in mind that

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all dividends are currently tax-free in India and so their tax liabilities can be reduced if the dividend payout option is used. Investors of debt will be charged a tax on dividend distribution and so can easily avoid the payout options.

8. Keep track of your investments: Finding the right fund is important but even more important is to keep track of the way they are performing in the market. If the market is beginning to enter a bearish phase, then investors of equity too will benefit by switching to debt funds as the losses can be minimized. One can always switch back to equity if the equity market starts to show some buoyancy.

9. Know when to sell your mutual funds: Knowing when to exit a fund too is of utmost importance. One should book profits immediately when enough has been earned i.e. the initial expectation from the fund has been met with. Other factors like non-performance, hike in fee charged and change in any basic attribute of the fund etc. are some of the reasons for to exit.

Investments in mutual funds too are not risk-free and so investments warrant some caution and careful attention of the investor. Investing in mutual funds can be a dicey business for people who do not remember to follow these rules diligently, as people are likely to commit mistakes by being ignorant or adventurous enough to take risks more than what they can absorb. This is the reason why people would do well to remember these rules before they set out to invest their hard-earned money.

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Limitations:

This report gives an insight about mutual funds and mutual fund schemes but with few limitations as follows:

The big question is how to judge a mutual fund before investing? It is important for an investor to consider a fund’s performance over several years.

The report only analyses equity mutual fund schemes of only some funds and there are around 42 AMCs offering wide range of scheme but to analyze them is a tedious task.

This information is mainly regarding of those mutual funds were collected to which IDBI is an advisor.

Different fund managers adopt different strategies to improve performance. While one fund manager may have invested in speculative stocks may over a period, another one who have invested in speculative stocks may have struck gold in that year to outperform the former by a long way.

Lack of proper knowledge and awareness about advantages and disadvantages associated with various schemes among the investor.

Usually there is a tendency among investors to ignore the consistency of returns over a period of time rather they focus on absolute returns generated in the short term.

Conclusion:

After studying & analyzing different mutual fund schemes the following conclusions can be made:

Winning with stocks means performing at least as well as a major market index over the long haul. If one can sidestep the common investor mistakes, then one has taken the first and biggest step in the right direction.

Diversified stock portfolios have offered superior long term inflation protection. Equities are especially important today with people living longer and retiring early.

To understand stock funds, one needs to be familiar with the characteristics of the different types of companies they hold.

Portfolio managers have done a fairly good job in generating positive returns. It may lead to gain investors’ confidence. Thus over all good performance of the funds is a sign of development in new era in capital market.

On the basis of the analysis the performance of the schemes during the

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study period can be concluded to be good. Those who want to eliminate the risk element but still want to reap a

better then it would be advisable to go for debt or arbitrage schemes which ensure both safety and returns.

So the future of mutual funds in India is bright, because it meets investor s needs perfectly. This will give boost to Indian investors and will attract foreign investors also. It will lead to the growth of strong institutional framework that can support the capital markets in the long run.

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