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And Other MilitAry MeMOriAls OverseAsAs An instruMents fOr the AdvAnceMentOf russiAs internAtiOnAl reputAtiOn

Kirill eliZArOv's prOJect WAs AWArded in the cAteGOry stAtefOr the nAtiOnAl AWArd in the develOpMent Of puBlic relAtiOnssilver Archer

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3 1. suMMury Of the prOJect

9 2. BAcKGrOund Of the prOJect

11 2.1 Russian militaRy memoRials oveRseas

11 2.2 militaRy memoRials as a factoR of inteRnational and inteRcultuRal Relations

15 2.3 faR east

15 2.4 Russian militaRy memoRial in PoRt aRthuR. histoRy

19 2.5 Russian militaRy memoRial in PoRt aRthuR. Politics

23 3. the OrderinG pArty And the eXecutives

24 3.1 The STaTe aS The ordering parTy and The recepTion of non-STaTe fundS

24 3.2 chariTy foundaTion pokolenie (generaTion) aS The execuTive diviSion

25 3.3 the woRking gRouP

28 4. GOAls And OBJectives, tArGet Audience

31 4.1 the goals

31 4.2 the objectives

33 4.3 taRget audience and the means of inteRaction with it

36 5. infOrMAtiOn eMBArGO And spesifics Of cOMMunicAtiOn strAteGy

43 6. iMpleMentinG the prOJect

45 6.1 2008

47 6.2 2009

51 6.3 201055 6.4 afteR sePtembeR, 2010

59 7. results

61 7.1 ReconstRuction of the memoRial

61 7.2 main goals and main Results

65 7.3 mass communication Results

65 7.4 financial Results

72 8. Why We Are nOMinAtinG this prOJect...

73 9. the AuthOrs Of the prOJect

76 10. AcKnOWledGMents

tABle Of cOntents3

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suMMury1.Of the prOJect

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SuMMurY oF thE ProJECt1.

title

Prt Artur and e miliay memials veseas as an insmen f e advancemen f rssias

inenainal epain.

the oRdeRing PaRty

te pjec as been implemened wi a fmal sce, ae, fm sggesins iginaing fmnde e panage and wi e adminisaive assisance f e Memializain Bad f e Minisy f Defenseof the Russian Federation, The First Department of the Asian Ministry of Foreign Aairs, the Embassy and the MilitaryAttach Oce of Russian Federation in Beijing, as well as the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation,and e Cmmissin f e Cneing f False revisin f rssian hisy.

execuTive BranchCaiy fndain Pklenie

lead time

Apil 2008 Sepembe 2010. te ecnscin is cmplee, ye a vaiey f cmmnicain aciviiesave ye be implemened.

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backgRound of the PRoject

ove 17, 000 f fellw cnymen, aving fallen in acin ve e cse f ee was rssian-

Japanese wa, Wld Wa II and e Kean wa ave been bied a e miliay gave-sie in P A (Lsn,PrC). tis cemeey, as well as many e rssian miliay gave sies veseas, ave fallen in decay.

obvisly, e Pjecs pimay fcs as been n e esain f e P A memial. A badcommunication campaign, which has entailed the research and verication of the military and cultural history of theegin, as well as e fesiviies f e 65 annivesay f e rssian vicy in Wld Wa II, as been lanced as apart of the Project. This campaign has revealed the signicant role of the Russian and Soviet memorials overseas asb psms epesenaives and living icns f cny a ave been deeply ed in e cnies f eiaccommodation, eecting their development, as well. Therefore, ancillary to the above initiatives, there has beene develpmen f a pliical campaign wi egads rssian elains wi e Fa Eas.

te pjec as been flly spnsed by e caiy fndain Pklenie and by e pivae dnains. Ias incpaed a bad ange f NGos and e geneal pblic f paicipain in e esain f rssian miliay

memorials overseas, and for the proactive development of inuential tools for the advancement of Russian global andineclal elains in e fe.

te Pjec faced a ange f pblems cased by e paicla nae f rssian-Cinese elains. tainclded e infmain embag, e ban se sae sces, and ceain diplmaic and bsiness cmplicains.tese isses ave been slved by eie cmplying wi e esicins, wi deimen e gals f e Pjec,or, by getting over it. Or by accepting the indenite limitations imposed by them.

the audience involved

All menined abve make i bvis a e leades f b cnies wee e pimay age adience.

tey, as well as e age adience membes f is eac, ae e fllwing:The Chinese Communist party, including the state authorities, the Ministry of Foreign Aairs, the provincial authorities

f e fee ecnmic zne f Dalian, mnicipal gvenmen and e pplain f e ciies f Dalian and Lsn, e

managemen and e emplyees f e lcal cnacs;

te gvenmen and e sciey f e fme Svie epblics, wee ee ae rssian miliay gave sies;

te wa veeans (e veeans f e siliies in e Fa Eas as e pival adience), e rssian miliaies and e

elaives f se bied abad (incl. P A);

te gvenmen and e pplain f e rssian egins bdeing wi PrC;

The experts communities in the eld of military cooperation, world and military history, international relations, cultural

isy f e egin, ism ec.;

te rssian bsiness cmmniy and middle class as e penial dnas f simila pjecs.

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PRoject bReakdown

Te recstructi f te memrial became e cnesne f e pjec. I was aimed a saving

e memial and ning i in a sie f gea isical and clal vale a wld mee e p inenainalsandads.

Te ifrmati was istriute t te geeral pulic g e pess-sevices f e deingpay, g e main infmain panes like VGtrK ( tV pgams Vesi, Alexade Sladkvs Miliay Pgam,ocevidne-Neveyane/te bvis ye incedible ec.), rIA Nvsi, radi rssii, tV cannels Zvezda andrEN tV, newspapes Kmsmlskaya Pavda and Kmmesan; e infmain ab e memial as als beenincluded into the tourist guides and other information leaets throughout Russia as well as throughout China.

Te structural relatis ave ee maage g diec cnac, negiains and pesenains(e.g. for the Ministry of Foreign Aairs of PRC), with the inclusion of expert reports within the printed materials aboute Pjec. tis was dne wi e assisance f e rssian-Cinese Fiendsip Sciey and e Inenainal DalianEcnmic and Clal Develpmen Assciain, as well as g e pess-sevices f e deing pay and

inside e deing pay ganizains.

Te cmmuicati wit te iiviuals ivlve (ab seveal sand peple, fm individaldnas e wa veeans, w wee invied ake pa in e pening ceemny) as been caied gdirect advertisement (limited, in the beginning of the Project, in order to nd the interested parties), and then laterg individal cespndence, inclding e excange f dcmens, maeials ec. te cmmnicain wie expes and bsiness cmmniies as been caied g e pesnal meeings and discssins (wd-f-m).

SuMMurY oF thE ProJECt1. 8

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Results

Asias lages memial f miliay isy, aving ve 1800 mnmens and sclpes, as ee rescue

frm te plae site evelpmet a fully restre, meeing e iges inenainal sandads. Accdingto the Russian Society of Military History, the Port Arthur Battleeld site is among the top 10 military history museumsin e wld. Fe develpmen f e memial is planned f 2011.

Weve demnsaed e aenin rssia pays is miliay memials veseas. on e inscin f ePesiden f rssia, e Sae tage Pgam F e Pesevain and recnscin f Miliay Gave Sies in2011 - 2015, as been wked . tis Pgam incldes miliay memials veseas as well as se n e rssianeiy. Yay ats ts cts sas, icui cstucti, cticati a stuyi t

grave sites, will e raise frm 150 ml. RUR t 500 ml. RUR.

Weve managed to signicantly raise public interest in the historical role that Russia has played in the FarEas. Te ay f Japas surreer t Russia as ee put ack i te Russia memrial ate recrs aste e f te Wrl War II. te Pesiden f e rssian Fedeain as aended e pening ceemny f e

memial in P A. tis ceemny as becme e key even in e celebain f e 65 annivesay f eVicy in e Eas.

tis pjec as demnsaed e will f b rssia and Cina vecme ei negaive expeiencesin bilateral relations with one another, and it has become the rst large-scale humanitarian project on the non-gvenmenal level, wic as le s wk a jit celerati prgram fr te 65t aiversary f teVictry i Wrl War II.

te Pjec as simlaed pblic discssins f e pblems a ave aisen as a esl f e memializainf e fallen, as well as nmes pblic iniiaives a ave fmally emained side e famewk f e Pjec.The Russian Embassy in Beijing received several oers from the potential sponsors, who were ready to take part insimila miliay memial aciviies. tis le s sa wking n a nmbe f simila memial esain pjecs.

Accding Aifac DB (www.inegm.), dcmens fm 1975 cnneced wi e Pjec ave beenpublished despite the information embargo. In 2010 over 1.5 hours of air time on dierent TV channels had beendeved is Pjec. I as als becme vey ppla wi e blgges. Accding Yandex eseac, in 2010key wds assciaed wi e pjec ad been fnd in 658 blgs. te Pjec enjyed ei fll appeciain andspp despie e adiinally negaive pecepin f e blgges cmmniy. te small amn f ciicism fme blgges fcsed n e fac a e pjec ad been ealized abad, wile ee wee sill e nmes gavesies in rssia a emained in a sad plig.

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BAcKGrOund2.Of the prOJect

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BACKGrouND oF thE ProJECt2. 12

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BACKGrouND oF thE ProJECt2.

russiAn MilitAry MeMOriAls OverseAs2.1

Accding e rssian Minisy f Defense, e rssian and Svie miliay gave sies ae lcaed n e

eiies f 49 cnies. te Minisy f Defense as been caying a vey cmplicaed ask f ceifying scsites. By 2010, over 15 000 of such grave sites have been certied in the former Soviet republics and about 20 000sites are to be certied. About 5 000 have been certied in other countries.

te majiy f e gave sies dae back e peid f e Gea Paiic Wa. Sc memials aelcaed in e Balic Saes and in e Eas-Epean cnies, as well as in e cnies, wee Svie and rssianciizens fg agains fascism in feign egla amies as a pa f feign geilla deacmens. Sc gave siescan also be found in the countries where Soviet captives were kept. Aer the collapse of the USSR, the former republicsave gained ei wn saed and nainal ideniy, wic as led e fac a e gave sies f e Svieperiod are now being perceived as specically Russian.

Ding Wld Wa II ab 9 mln. Svie ciizens wee bied abad. B i isn a cmplee lis f rssianmiliay gave sies veseas. te Paiic Wa f 1812 1814 and pevis miliay expediins f rssian ps inEpe and Asia ave scaed e land f e cnies wi rssian gaves. te ms fams memial f a ime

is, pbably, e Sne f Svv a S. Gad pass epesening e was agains e oman Empie (ee ae 5 12 sand rssian sldies bied n e eiy f mden tkey, and ab 300 sand bied in Blgaia,w fell fee e cny fm e tkis yke); e 1s Wld Wa, e Civil Wa in Spain and e Ani-JapaneseWa in Cina 1937 1942, wee Svie ciizens fg alng wi inenainal ps; te Finnis wa. KalkinGol; The wars in Korea and Vietnam. And nally there was Afghanistan and the so-called invisible wars, in which ourfellw-cnymen k pa ne way e e.

The Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Aairs are currently working on bilateral agreements withCina a wld allw s ppely mainain miliay gave sies. By e ime e Pjec saed, sc ageemensad been signed by hngay, Gemany, Ialy, Mnglia, Pland, rmania, Slvakia, Finland, Czec repblic and Japan.Cina and Lavia jined as e Pjec was being implemened - twelve cnies in al. Expes ae cenly wkingn e ageemens wi ukaine, Liania, Esnia, Sebia and tkey. tee ae alms 50 cnies, wee ee ae

rssian miliay gave sies. te pcess f binging ese cnies n bad sill as a lng way g.

In addition, through the ocial approach, we can only provide a minimum of services, and so we cannoteally make e rssian miliay memials a sbsanial pa f sc a bi-laeal negiains, eie clal isical, given e cen egime. In e fe i can be dne nly by invlving all acivis ganizains and egeneal pblic in especive cnies.

MilitAry MeMOriAls As A fActOr Of internAtiOnAl And interculturAl2.2relAtiOns

rssian cemeeies, miliay memials in paicla, ae e ms deeply-ed epesenaives f rssiawithin in the history of other nations, as well as oen being determinants for the territorial boundries of those countries.As sc, ey diec s, n nly in e pas b als in e fe. te memials ae se ancs a mainaine ig level f ineclal elains beween rssia and e nains. tey can als becme e backdp f esengening and develpmen f e inenainal epain f cny. I is n f ning a e miliaymemorials have become a part of big politics. Theyve always been drawing the attention of dierent political forces.But in the last 20 years they have turned into an international political battleeld. The Monument to the Liberators ofTallinn, ghting against the Third Reich, for example, was rst blown up by the nationalists back in 1946. In 1998 the rstPresident of Estonia Lennart Meri awarded the participants of that attack with the Order of the Eagle Cross for ghtingagains cmmnism.

te sy f elcaing e mnmen fm tallinn dwnwn tnismagi hill e skis f e ciy (ne eslin f e gvenmen f Esnia in Apil 2007) as becme vey infams and pvked a cisis in rssian-

Estonian relations. The Ministry of Foreign Aairs of the Russian Federation has declared in its note of protest, that Russiaegads ese acins as einepeing e le f e Ani-hile caliin in e Vicy ve fascism in Wld Wa II,wic is in cnadicin, n nly wi e sandads f inenainal law, b wi e simple nms f maliy andmaniaianism. Nmes rssian pliicians ave made ei saemens in e same sain: te ases f e sldies

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f e gea cny ae saced f s wen Esnian pliicians sake e bnes f rssian sldies , is a eswere eig teste, if we feel like a great cutry, as te eirs f te atial ewmet f Gea rssia.Wee being esed see, if we eally can defend selves as well, as e bld f rssian isy.

A simila inense sggle ensed egading e mnmen f e Svie sldies-libeas in Plvdiv, Blgaia,bee knwn as Alysa. Back in 1989, ee wee sggesins a e mnmen sld be dismanled; wevee gvenmen f e cny did n appve i. In Apil 1996, e ciy Paliamen f Plvdiv adped e decisin dismanle Alysa, ye e Speme C evked a decisin.

The above mentioned participants and events conrms te rle tat te Russia military memrialsverseas ave a as istrumets f itercultural (pulic a civil) a iteratial (plitical aistitutial) relatis.

Te attempts f te pliticias f te East-Eurpea cutries t re-write te istry f teirrelatis wit Russia i geeral, a te istry f te peri f te Great Patritic war, in paicla, nlyinceased e aenin a e rssian miliay memials veseas eceived.

ove 600 sand Svie sldies fell libeaing Pland ding e Gea Paiic Wa. Ye in May 2007, ePolish Ministry of Culture initiated a dra on a bill, according to which it should be allowed to dismantle monuments thatmainly symblized e feign dminain f rssia ve Pland. tis wld allw e lcal aiies seal e fae fe saes, memial bads and memial sies. Nably, e leades f Pland sand n e pin f view a all symblsf cmmnis dicasip ms disappea. Back in 2001, e ciy cncil f Kawice adped e decisin elcaee mnmen e Svie sldies fm e ciy dwnwn e miliay gave sie. In Febay 2007, e ciizensoered to put a statue of the former President of the United States Ronald Reagan in the place of the monument. Neitherf e decisins as been p in pacice ye f e lack f fnding.

unde e pesse f e lcal aiies e ases and e mnmen f Geneal Ceniakvsky (fmVilnius),and those of the intelligence ocer Kuznetsov (from Lvov) and others, have been evacuated to Russia to avoiddesecain. te Mnmen e Libeas f riga as been vilaed epeaedly. In Lavia is as been fllwed by e

legal psecin f se sill alive, w seved in e red Amy. In e meanime, e gvenmens f e Balic saesmainain e mnmens f e SS sldies wi damaized cae: in Pan, Esnia, in Limbazi, Lavia ec. In Decembe2009, Gegian aiies ave demlised e Memial f Gly in Kaisi.

A growing despondence and lethargy in the Baltic region, with regards to historical inuences, has de factolegiimaed cmmn vandalism wads e memials and gaves f e fallen Svie sldies. Clea acs f vandalism sancined by e sae as well as maginal gps ave been ecded in Esnia, Lavia, Liania, ukaine, Mldavia,Gegia, Pland, rmania, Blgaia, Gemany, Fance, and hngay.

te Gvenmen f rssia as faced e necessiy pay me aenin e pecin and esain fe Svie and rssian miliay memials veseas. te Miliay-Memial Cene f e Amed Fces f e Minisy fDefense as been ganed a ige sas by e Memializain Bad f e Minisy f Defense; e Minisy f FeignAairs has started coordinating the memorialization restorations with the embassies of the Russian Federation abroad.

te well-balanced appac wic means aacing civil sciey in slving ese pblems, and ning ememials in cenes f clal and isical elains can make ese memials e backgnd wi wic rssiamay sape is le in e glbal cmmniy.

te impan le f civil sciey in slving sc pblems as been sessed by e Pime Minise f erssian Fedeain Vladimi Pin. Wen cmmening n e demliin blas f e Mnmen f Gly in Kaisi, esuggested that the Monument can be rebuilt in the capital city of Russia. He expressed condence that there are enoughpeple in rssia, w wld spns is pjec fm ei wn fnds, and a e epesenaives f e GegianDiaspa will ake acive pa in i.

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AmericAn wAr memoriAl in nAnjing (chinA)

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fAr eAst2.3

te easen banc f isy as cnsanly been lacking e aenin f e Sae, a ealiy in wic

has recently become even worse. Suce it to say that prior there was only one regional festivity planned here, devoted e 65 annivesay f e Vicy ve fascism. I sld ave been caied by e adminisain f Sakalin.te isy f rssian miliay pesence in e Fa Eas is sill a vey lcal pic, msly evking e inees f lcalaiies and e geneal pplain. tis makes e le f civil sciey in cming n e scene and elping peseve, ese and develp e memial cmplex all a me impan. tee ae rssian and Svie miliaymemials in Vienam, Cina, Kea, Mnglia, and Japan. Msly, se Fa-Easen msems and memials, bil ine imes f e uSSr, ave nw fallen in despai.

An excepin is e memial cmplex pened in Decembe 2009 in Kaman, Vienam, and dedicaed ememy f Svie, rssian and Vienamese sldies a gave ei lives ding e siliies in is egin againse unied Saes f Ameica. te pening f e memial was als ied wi e pblem f e sas f erssian miliay base in Kaman. Memial sies can naally be egaded as an insmen f sengening f miliaycpeain, and, as sc, ey d n sgges e invlvemen f e civil sciey as e ccial fac f ei ceain

and develpmen.

Geopolitically, the Pacic theater has historically not been any less important for Russia, than for the UnitedStates. But the dierences between the eorts put to maintain the military and historical memorials and museums inis egin ae dasic.

Accding e Ameican Bale Mnmen Cmmissin a manages e miliay gave sies, ee weeover 93 thousand American soldiers who had fallen in World War II buried outside the US. This is about one hf Ameicas casalies in e wa agains fascism and miliaisic Japan (ab 405 sand peple). te miliaycemeeies ae being pefecly mainained and visied by appximaely 850 sand Ameicans evey yea. tesememials ae an impan means f demnsaing e cnibin f e uS in e libeain f seveal cnies.te Ameican miliay cemeey in Nanjing, Cina, as a pin f efeence, le e Sae Depamen f e uS age

a Ameicans played e ms impan pa in defeaing Japan and libeaing Cina. Several museums f WrlWa II i Cia, tat stat t t uati t istica iuc tat t USA a t at

f teir mterla ave receive spsrsip y te US. Tese spsrsips are a very imprtat part fte reputati tat te US as fstere i Cia.

russiAn MilitAry MeMOriAl in pOrt Arthur, histOry2.4

Russias long expansion to the East nished in the end of the XIX century, as she reached the Yellow Sea.upn signing e Lease Ageemen wi Cina n Mac 15, 1898, P A (nw Lsn, PrC) ad becmethe main Russian naval base in the Pacic. Consequently, there was the necessity to locate a cemetery there, as well.The portent of misfortune came for its justication in January of 1904, when the Japanese navy suddenly attacked aRussian squadron remaining in the harbor of Port Arthur. This is how the Russian-Japanese war began. The defense ofP A lased 11 mns. Ding a ime e Japanese ssained casalies f 70 sand, rssian casalieswee 25 sand.

te rssian-Japanese wa ended in 1905. rssia was defeaed. te Psm Peace teay was signedby rssia and Japan in e smme f 1905. unde is eay, P A and e snding eiies alng wie leasing igs passed Japan. te lng and ad sggle f P A and e enms casalies inced,ave scaed e memies f b nains. te eism f e rssian sldies, w defended e ciy, asnised eJapanese a mc, a ey decided pay ibe em and bil a memial a e rssian miliay cemeey inPort Arthur. A decision was made to pay tribute equally to the soldiers that fought on both sides. Besides the militarycemeeies, n e ps f e peaks f e bldies bales belisks ave been eeced. te Japanese saed epjec as sn as e wa was ve.

te Japanese bass, ig anking eads f sae, as well as se wiin e seni anks f e lcal Japaneseadminisain fmed e membes f e Japanese Sciey f e Pesevain f e Mnmens f Wa. tis Scieyad aised gea fnds amng e Japanese pplain, wic wee sed n nly fnd e Japanese cemeey,

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ArrAnGinG A neW ceMetery fOr the defenders, the JApAnese Buried theM MOstly in MAss GrAves. 1908.

1913

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b ppely by e rssian sldies fallen a e siege f P A, as well. Wen ganizing e cemeey, eJapanese bied e sldies in e cmmnal gaves. on e gaves f e sldies ey p eavy csses f cas inwith the inscriptions: 1785 ashes, 749 ashes, 1490 ashes. The crosses on the ocers graves were made of whitemable; e nmbes n em ae smewa smalle: e bed f n 15 ESr 41 ases, e bed f n 28 ESr

28 ashes, the bed of honor 14th ESR. In total 48 graves. Letters ESR mean East-Siberian (rie) Regiment. Someindividal gaves weeals aanged, wee e ees f e rssian defensive wee bied Maj Geneal tsepisky,Clnel Ilsin, Lieenan-Clnel Bsv, Capain Semeill and many es.

te pening and cnsecain ceemny was eld in 1908 n e iniiaive f e Impeial JapaneseGvenmen. I was sed by e fme P A siege-amy cmmande Geneal Ngi (w imself ls w snsand was badly wnded in a siege). te Japanese invied a rssian delegain. Lieenan Geneal f e GenealSta Chichagov, General Volodchenko, Admiral Matusevich and General Gerngross were the heads of the delegation.

Lae n, e rssian gvenmen jined e memializain mvemen. Nicklas II issed an edic senda special commission for arranging the Russian military cemeteries in Manchuria in the former battleelds of theRussian-Japanese war. Those monuments deemed adequate for the memorization of heroic deeds accomplished weredesignaed be p p. F is ppse ee was fnded a Cmmiee nde e caimansip f e gand dcess

olga Alexandvna f e Memializain f rssian Sldies Fallen in 1904 1905. te allcaed fnds wee aemdeae, s e mnmens cldn be cmpaed wi se, p p by e Japanese in P-A and in Kea.This fact was very sad and provoked deep concern among the Russian ocials. In the end, the treasury spent over30 000 gld bles, wic inclded e dnains fm Nicklas II and e e membes f e yal family. 18mnmens ad been p p in 16 lcains. te Cmmissin ad been wking in Mancia f 4 yeas nill WldWar I broke out in 1914, yet the works had still not been nished.

In 1913, n e bm f e sea e Japanese dives ad seaced e am-clad Pepavlvsk, in wicthe commander of the Russian squadron in Port Arthur admiral Semyon Makarov and an artist Vasily Vereshagin fell inMarch, 1904. The remains of some unknown sailors have been found on the ship. Aer the funeral service in the Russianchurch in Dalny the cons, with their ashes, had been brought to Port Arthur with the guard of honor and buried ate rssian cemeey. till nw we dn knw if admial Makav and Vasily Veesagin wee amng em. rssia was

epesened by e gad f n led by admial Yakvlev.

Aer the end of the Russian-Japanese war all military memorials in Manchuria were under the supervisionf e rssian diplmaic missin and e miliay adminisain in Beijing. I lased ill Sepembe, 1924, wentheir activity was ocially ceased. The further maintenance of the grave sites was laid upon the Soviet ambassadorin Cina, b e Svie embassy disanced iself fm e dy. te cemeeies in P A and in Kea wee incae f e odx epacy in Daien, Kea. In 1928, Geneal Mikail Kanzin and a gp f rssian emigan-ocers founded a Board of Guardians that took the responsibility to preserve and maintain Russian military memorialsin Manchuria. Aer the defeat of Japan in 1945, general Khanzhin was arrested and sent to exile in Kazakhstan. TheBad was ablised.

When theSoviet soldiers and ocers that entered Port-Arthur in 1945 went to the Russian cemetery, therst initiative they took was to pay tribute to their fellow-countrymen, fallen defending the city in 1904. A witness ofthe events described it for the news-paper Vo Slavu Rodini (To the Glory of the Motherland): The next day aerthe Japanese surrender, the people of the village, squeezed in by the rocks on one side and the river on the other,wee saled by an nsal nise. A Svie ank was mving alng e see ginding is acks. Seveal sldies weesanding beind is e. tey wee lding a big ll. te ank divisin a eneed e fess believed i be eidy pay e ibe e gaves f ei fallen cmades. te Cls f e 21s Amed Bigade f Gads weewaving nex e Mable Css e cenal mnmen f e Memial. In slemn silence ey laid a wea wi einscipin ve e scale silk: t valian ancess fm e am gadsmen and aibne ps, w ke ciy n Ags 22nd, 1945. Masals Vasilevsky, Meeskv and Malinvsky wee sanding bae-eaded. te navygads ls 174 sldies in acive dy. tey wee bied in e rssian cemeey, nex se fallen in P-Ain 1904 1905.

In 1950 e wa in Kea began. In fac, i saed as a diec clas beween e uSSr and e uSA. t avid an


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BAcKGrOund Of the prOJect

, -

,

. . .

- ,

- .

1949. KOreAn WAr herO lt. v.s shOeMAKers.

1954. n.s Khrushchev, in pOrt Arthur

20

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all out war between the USSR and the US, the Soviet pilots were quartered in China and wore the PLA uniform. Koreanpil Lee hwa saed is accn f seving wi e Svie avias wi e cespnden f Izvesia: Svieghters were accommodated in China, but we worked together in the skies of Korea. Your pilots were very competentand fg bldly. I emembe e hees f e Svie unin Kamaenk, Pepelyaev, Selmak. unfnaely, sme

f y bave pils wee laid in e bed f n. tey ave been bied in P A.

Aer the Korean War, since July 1953 China and Soviet Union had been using the naval base in Port Arthurtogether for almost two years. In 1954, on Stalin Square in Dalny (Dalian) there was erected a great monument toe Svie sldies-libeas. Is ganie fndain seved as a ibne a e paades and demnsains. undee ibne ee wee ee alls, wee e weas wee kep. In e beginning f ocbe 1954, Nikia Kscevdecided give P A back PrC, and cnies signed e Ageemen n e Widawal f e Svietroops. The last soviet echelon le the city in May 1955.

Accding e incmplee daa, ve 17 sand rssian and Svie ciizens (accding sme daaeven p 50 sand) ave been bied in e rssian cemeey in P A ding e wle peid if isexistence, incl. (according to the conrmed data):

Paicipans f e defense f P A in 1904 1905: 14631;

Paicipans f e miliay acins agains miliaisic Japan in 1945: 763;

Soldiers fallen on duty in the units quartered in Port Arthur in 1946 1949: 645;

Sldies fallen in e Kean Wa in 1950 1953: 241 (incl. 107 pils, 3 f wic ae hees f e Svie unin).

tday, e al aea f e rssian cemeey is 4.8 a, wic makes i e bigges miliay memial cmplexin Asia. I as ve 1850 mnmens and sclpes.

In e 1950-ies a Msem f Miliay hisy was pened in e cene f P A. I ad a lage secindeved e Sin-Svie fiendsip. Nmes dcmens, maeials and pgaps elling e sy f elibeain f e ciy in 1945 and f e Svie pesence in e egin wee p n exibiin ee. In 1999 eMsem ad all b been fgen. I ad n been ediscveed nil nw.

russiAn MilitAry MeMOriAl in pOrt Arthur, pOlitics2.5

te cnvesial isy f Sin-Svie elains (incl. sc penmena like clal evlin, ieglaborders, conicts in the frontier zone in the end of 1960-ies etc.) was bound to be reected in the attitudes that theChinese had towards Russian inuence, now and then. It naturally aected the fate of the memorials. Chinas economicgrowth and the development of big cities inuenced the process of transforming of bilateral, cultural, and historicalelains. Nwisanding, emaining faifl especing e dead (wic is ypical f e ienal menaliy), eCinese aiies saed elcaing e mnmens f Svie sldies fm e cenes f e ciies e skis.In 1999, e Mnmen f e Sldies-Libeas f Dalian fm Japanese ccpain was elcaed fm e cenef e ciy (namely, e cemeey in Lsn). te e miliay memial e Svie miliay cemeey in habin as als been elcaed e sbb f habin hangsan.

The actions of the Chinese government in Dalian were scarcely dierent from those of the Estonian governmentwi espec e mnmen n e ill f tnismagi in tallinn. And ye se mnmens wee in Esnia, ukaineand Georgia, countries that shared far more pervasive relations with the Soviet Union. Sadly, There were no signicanteacin in rssian sciey.

Tay, t cic w a iuc Cia i t w a isi, a t atia

itity t at ati is i a at isty. T Cis autitis a uciay, yt

csistetly, reviewig istrical iterpretatis. Te artifacts tat eviece te rle tat te USSRplaye i te frmati f Ciese state t cmply wit tis plicy.

te aide f e Cinese esablismen e rssian-Japanese wa 1904 1905 is a me negaive ne

than shared by Russia with regards to their role. It is ocially proclaimed a war between two imperialistic predators,wic wld nly ave bg e Cinese nain ning b misey, waeve e cme. te fac a rssianpesence in Cina was n acieved wi e elp f miliay fce is being igned, and a e rssian, as ppsed Svie, pesence ee a e ime was cnsisen wi ning me an spic ccpain. on e cnay,


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Cinese and rssian cmmniies in habin, Sangai, Lsn, Dalian and e ciies wee neigbs, ei clalinteraction was very intensive, their ethnic dierences did not come into conict, but rather accommodated eache. rssians didn pacice acial segegain assimilain in Cina. Qie e ppsie, ey saed edcainalaciviies and missinay wk, bil Cinese scls and emples in rssian ciies, wic cann be said ab Japan

a implemened e plicy f ppessin f e abiginal pplain in Mancia wi e elp f is amy. PA was e keysne f Zelssia (Yellw rssia, by analgy wi Belssia - Wie rssia, Malssia SmallRussia, Velikorossia Great Russia) a very popular name in the beginning of XX century, which is naturally no longersed Knsad f e Eas, and gee wi e p f Dalny a windw Asia.

Svie sldies in Cina ae called inenainaliss, and e rssians, fallen defending P A, aecalled invaders. Hence, the situation at the cemetery in Lshun reecting the history of three wars was ratherawkwad: e pplain and aiies didn cnside e rssian pa f e Memial w mainaining. onlye Svie pa, wee e gaves and mnmens wee me less peseved, was egaded as a memial. telage rssian pa didn enjy e aenin f eie rssians Cinese and ned in a deslae pac f dealand away fm e Meland( rssian diaspic memials being egaded as pa f rssian sil.). B f eesain, e las signs f is exisence wld ave disappeaed in a few yeas fm nw. te eiy was designaedf a sing develpmen.

The necessity of the reconstruction of the cemetery in Port Arthur was rst mentioned in Russia back in 2004,wen e delegain f e MFA, e MD, Fedeal Acive Agency and rssian Sae Miliay hisical-Clal Cenevisied miliay gave sies in Cina. te ead f e Memializain Bad f e rF MD Alexande Kiillin pblisedis impessins in Kmmesan: I was sck by e ins f a cemeey. te anks all and, n gaves, e icnn e cenal css and e mnmens ae bken. upn geing back Mscw we cnaced senis, and eyappealed e gvenmen.

Dalian (Dalny), lcaed 60 km away fm Lsn (P A) is ne f e 14 fee ecnmic znes f Cina.I as deseved e name f Nen hng Kng. I is ne f e bigges bsiness cenes f e cny, Cinasmain p in e N and a big is and eal es. A e same ime, a is ne f e ms visied places byrssian iss. on a yealy basis ve 450 sand gess fm rssia cme Dalian ( a lage exen de e

simplied visa-free exchange the so-called group visa China has become the main country, where Russian touristsg : ve 2 (mil. s a yea). Fr tse f tem, w visite Lsu, te aae Russia cemetery wasa strg iicati f te attitues f Russia a Cia twars teir mutual istry.


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the OrderinG pArty3.And the eXecutives

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The STATe AS The ordering PArTy And The nonSTATe FundS3.1

The Project didnt have a formal ordering party that would oer a contract. But among the organizations

a deemined e essence and e geneal diecin f e wks, pviding e necessay idelgical, legal andadminisaive spp and panage ee wee:

Memializain Bad f e rF Minisy f Defense

The First Department of the Asian Ministry of Foreign Aairs

Embassy and the Military Attach Oce of Russian Federation in Beijing

Pesidenial Adminisain f e rssian Fedeain

Cmmissin f cneing false evisin f rssian hisy (n e las sages f implemening e Pjec).

te easns a wldn le s emply e cnacs wi e sae and sae fnds in e Pjec wee dbis.

Fis, i as a fmal easn. Te Ciese autrities agree t te restrati f te Russia partf te Memrial i Prt Artur certai citis. Accrig t e f tem, ly -gvermetal

rgaiatis a te rigt t spsr te Prject. The ocial Chinese interpretation of the events from theRussian-Japanese conict implies that both Russia and Japan were the invaders. Using the resources of state, diplomacy,or other state institutions, according to the Chinese party, would lead to the contradiction between the ocial positionf e Cinese gvenmen and e inended ppses f e Pjec. F e same easn e Cinese pay insisedn e paicipain f e elaives f e bied in P A in e Pjec and laid esicins n e cveagea e Pjec wld ave in Mass Media (!). ts, e Cinese pay egaded e Pjec as slely allwable wiinhumanitarian and public domain, which, as it happened, quite complied with the view of the authors of the Project.

Secndly, e amut f mey eee fr te recstructi f te Russia cemetery wet farey te uget tat cul e prvie y te State f sc kind f wks. We ad aac e spnss.ta als cespnded e inenins f e as make e Pjec pblic and aac e bsiness cmmniy i, as well. Besides, e as f e Pjec develped bad a clal-infmainal depsiy, a cldn

be spnsed by e Sae f e easn f vey limied bdge assigned f sc ppses.

In ocbe 2007 Pesiden Pin signed decee # 1313 on e repesenaives f e Minisy f Defenseoveseas, Wee tee ae rssian Miliay Gave Sies, wic became e eglay sysem f e Minisy fDefense activity in that eld (the federal law On Memorializtion of the Fallen Defending the Fartherland signed in1993 is vey geneal). Accding e daa fm e Minisy f Defense, e Gvenmen spends sligly me an5 mil. uSD n mainenance and esain f e miliay bial sies abad. Keeping in mind a e ecnscinf e Memial in P A, alne, cs ab 13.5 mil. uSD, i, eefe, becmes bvis a e Sae desnave eng fnds spns sc pjecs.

chAriTy FoundATion Pokolenie (generATion) AS The execuTive3.2

Caiy fndain Pklenie is a nn-cmmecial ganizain, ceaed by Andei Skc, w sed bene f e wnes f e osklsky Elecic Meallgy Plan (nw a pa f e bigges rssian mining and meallgicallding cmpany Meallinves). In 1999, Andei Skc became a single-mandae depy in e Sae Dmafm Belgdskaya oblas, wic e as epesened in e Lwe hse f e Legislaive Assembly f e rssianFedeain nill nw.

A e same ime Andei Skc is e Pesiden f e caiy fndain Pklenie, esablised in 1996.te main sce f e incme f e fndain ae e dividends fm Meallinves a Andei Skc was eniled as a saelde. Accding iem 2.1. f aicle 6 f Fedeal Legislain f e rssian Fedeain on e Sasf e Membe f e Fedeain Cncil and e sas f e depy f e Sae Dma f e Fedeal Assembly f erssian Fedeain, Andei Skcs saes ave been placed in s.

THE ORDERING PARTY AND THE EXECUTIVES3. 26

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THE ORDERING PARTY AND THE EXECUTIVES3.

te pjecs implemened by Pklenie inclde e fndain f e yealy independen lieae awadDeb, a ca gan pgam f e veeans f e Gea Paiic Wa (e cas sld ave iginally been ganedby e sae, b wee n disibed f e lack f fnds. Pklenie ave aised ab 12 mln. uSD and aveganed e veeans 2 000 cas), pepaain and pblising sc bks as Names n e Sldies tags, te Gea

Patriotic: unclassied. The Book of Losses, opening of the All-Russia Memory Watch in Belgorod, etc.

te ineess f e Fndain in e pblem f cnscin and esain f e miliay memialscan be aced back ne f e pevis pjecs. once, Pklenie eceived a lee fm a wman, w lived inBelgdskaya oblas. Se we a seveal paisans ad been s n e land a e ime f fascis ccpain. Fve 50 yeas se ad been ying insis n ei ebial, ye failed. Pklenie defayed all expenses and eld eceemny f ebial f e paisans ases. ta is w Andei Skc esablised elains wi e MemializainBad f e Minisy f Defense a lae asked e Fndain paicipae in e ecnscin f e rssianmiliay memials abad.

Aer consulting the ordering party and the experts, a list of those memorials was made that needed to beaken nde geae panage an es. te memial in P A was csen as e ms deslae, e biggesin e Fa Eas and ccial f e develpmen f e ineclal elains beween rssia and is main cneagen

in e egin Cina. In 2008, Andei Skcs fndain Pklenie ndek e implemenain f e pjec andsaed e cmplee esain and capial impvemen f e rssian miliay cemeey in P A.

the WOrKinG GrOup3.3

te wking gp f e Pjec as nied epesenaives f vais scial eniies, sae and pfessinalorganizations and has become an example of an ecient public-private partnership. It united the members andemplyees f Pklenie as well as e membes f e Memializain Bad f e MD, e epesenaives f eEmbassy f e rF in Beijing, te rssian-Cinese Fiendsip Sciey, te Kean Wa Veeans Sciey, te Insief Asian and Afican Sdies, tV cannels VGtrK and Zvezda, and, f cse, e ganizains a wee in cage

of the reconstruction works. The Chinese party was represented by the Foreign Aairs Oce of Dalian.

te cdinain f wks was caied by e Vice-pesiden f e fndain Pklenie Kiill Elizav.te membes f e wking gp ae pesened in e As f e Pjec depamen.

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The mAnAgemenT of The projeCT CAn be deSCrIbed AS pUblIC-governmenT pArTnerShIp. The

ToP LEAdERS oF ThE RUSSIAn FEdERATIon, SUCh AS ThE PRESIdEnT, MInISTERS, MEMbERS oF

PARLIAMEnT, VETERAnS oRGAnIzATIonS AS WELL AS PRIVATE ChARITAbLE oRGAnIzATIonS, bUSInESSoRGAnIzATIonS, MASS MEdIA, VETERAnS And SChoLARS hAVE bEEn InVoLVEd InTo ThE PRoJECT. ThEdAY-To-dAY mAnAgemenT hAS been exeCUTed bY The WorkIng groUp InTrodUCed In The ChApTer

ThE AUThoRS oF ThE PRoJECT.

- ..

..

..

,

..

..

..

..

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..

..

..

-

1954

1950-53 .

,

29

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GOAls And OBJectives,4.tArGet Audience

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GoALS AND oBJECtIVES, tArGEt AuDIENCE4. 32

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GoALS AND oBJECtIVES, tArGEt AuDIENCE4.

the GOAls4.1

te gal f e Pjec was n e miliay memial in P A in a mden l f pming e

epain f rssia and an insmen f pblic elains and ineclal elains beween rssia and Cina. tisincldes e fllwing:

To demonstrate the attention Russia pays to its military memorials abroad, especially aer the widely known attempts to

eview e le f cny in a isy a enabled e ning f a blind eye e vandalism f rssian and Svie

mnmens.

To raise public awareness and underscore the signicance of the historical events in the Far East, especially those of World

War II: to draw attention of the public and emphasize the role of these historical events in forming equal and friendly

relationships between Russia and China, to conrm the ability and eagerness of both countries to overcome their negative

pecepins.

t encage nainal pide and self-espec in peple g e gaefl aide f se w inei e memy

f e eic deeds f ei ancess. t demnsae days sldies e aenin and espnsibiliy a e Sae

sld ave e memy f e fallen.

t make e cemeey in P A clally and isically ineesing and aacive f e visis fm rssia as

well as f e ciizens f e PrC, especially wen we cnside e fac a e aide wads e memy f nes

ancess is a enaive isse in Cina.

t aise fnds and pme simila pjecs amng e ciizens and spnss,- pjecs f ning sies f isical

inees in mden cmplexes a wld becme ne f e facs f pesence and sengen e inenainal

image f rssia g e fnding esain pjecs and e mainenance f sands f rssian miliay gave

sies abad.

the OBJectives4.2

te bjecives can be divided in w gps: ecnical asks and cmmnicain.te ecnical asks inclde e pblem f aving ave aanged e pcess f ecnscin f e

Russian military memorial in Port Arthur. The construction, nancial and administrative aspects involved, are not beingdiscssed in is pape, b, in smmain, e cmmnicain, Pblic relains invlved e abve incldes efllwing:

t develp gd elains wi e Ciese party i geeral, incl. cpeain wi e gvenmen, pvincial

aiies and aiies f e fee ecnmic zne, e mnicipal gvenmens f Dalian and Lsn, lcal cnacs,

and wi e pplain f e ciies.

To practically demonstrate the eciency of private funds and non-governmental management in solving governmental

pblems e s-called istitutial auiece in cny: e seni managemen, adminisain and

regional authorities, as well as to the experts in dierent elds, connected with the implementation of the Project. Among

the later being the military experts, historians, the experts in the eld of international relations, cultural exchange,

clal isy, ism, bsiness managemen, ec.

t cllabae wi e veeans and e families f e bied wi egads ei invlvemen wi e nmes

rssian and Svie miliay cemeeies veseas. t diecly invlve se elaed se isical evens, be ey

elaives se f fallen cmades, and aise e awaeness and aciviy f ese individals f e defense f is

pjec and is isical eases, and ge ei infmed ageemen e acins f e Sae in is mae.

t badcas e isic s ab P A, and all a ey epesen in deseving e fll aenin f e pblic

fm a isical, paiic, edcainal, and civil pespecive, give esimny f rssias cmmimen e fai and

mden pinciples f ceising e memy f e eic deeds f e pas.

t badcas e infmain ab te -gvermetal caritale ature f te Prject, its nancial transparency

and the eciency of the application of funds to the potential sponsors of the projects for historical restoration.

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tArGet Audience And the MeAns Of interActiOn With it4.3

Russian authorities and the Russian population can undoubtedly be identied as the target audience. But

cmmnicain wi em ad be dne g, eie exenal eglay bdies, ei deivaive. F example,e membes f e Pjec cld infm e Pesidenial Adminisain f ei inenins nly in accdance eexising cain f legislae. Sc cmmnicain cld n be vey ceaive, ye was necessay in de f e Pjecto succeed. Any communication with the population was little more than a reection of these imposed channels. Thesanctioned Media would then carry out their end of the process by either questioning the authors of the Project (over100 ineviews wi e membes f e wking gp ave been pblised in e p rssian mass media), geinge infmain g e e sces (pess-sevice f e Adminisain f e Pesiden, e Minisy f FeignAairs, the Ministry of Defense etc.). Overall, the process was less than ideal.

te as f e Pjec ave been caying cmmnicains, appacing e fllwing age gps, singe fllwing pacive insmens f ineacin:

Diec infmain disibin

Negiains and pesenains f e PrC MFA

Pepaain f all ss f expe eps

Cpeain wi e veeans ganizains in Cina (g e rssian-Cinese Fiendsip Sciey and Inenainal

Dalian Ecnmic and Clal Develpmen Assciain)

A familiaizain f e Cinese veeans f e Wld Wa II, ei meeing wi e Pesiden f e rssian

Fedeain

Wd-f-M cmmnicains

te gvenmen and e sciey f e fme Svie epblics, wee ee ae rssian miliay gave sies.

Infmain disibin e lcal mass media g:

Pess-sevices f e rssian Sae insiins engaged in e Pjec

Pess-sevice f e Adminisain f e Pesiden f rssian Fedeain

te Pjec pgess acking by rIA Nvsi

te Pjec pgess acking by VGtrK (inenainal badcas)te Pjec pgess acking by Kmsmlskaya Pavda in e fme Svie repblics (CIS cnies)

reginal aiies (msly f e egins bdeing wi e PrC) and rssian ciizens visiing Cina (msly fm e

egins bdeing wi PrC as well).

Infmain disibin g:

te Pjec pgess acking by rIA Nvsi disibing e infmain e eginal mass media

te Pjec pgess acking by VGtrK disibing e infmain e eginal mass media

Pess-cnfeence (pn cmpleing e pjec)

Special albm n e isy f e sie and e plans f is ecnscin

Geneal media cveage f e pjec

Inclsin f P A in e is pgams g e avel agencies in e Fa Eas (Blagvescensk,

Vladivsk, Kabavsk, Iksk, Cia) (clsing sage f e Pjec)

Cinese pays is gides in e rssian langage (g e Dalian Inenainal Ecnmic and Clal

Develpmen Assciain)

Experts in the related elds of military cooperation, world and military history, international relations, cultural history of

Cina, ism ,ec.

Special ediin f e tV sw ocevidne Neveyane/ te bvis ye incedible (als as a genea f pblic

inees.)

Pvisining f necessay maeials f e miliay ediins f e albm and ediins n miliay isy (pn

request)

Pepaain f a vaiey f expe eps


Pesenains f e Pjecs and disibing e infmain ab i e managing insiins (adminisaive

oces, scientic organizations, professional associations)

Pess-cnfeence n e web-sie f e rssian Pblic relains Assciain

Badcasing e infmain g e rssian Sinlgiss Assciain rASVeeans and families f e fallen and bied abad, incl. P A.

Jin pjec wi Kmsmlskaya Pavda appealing e families f e sldies bied in P A send ei

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sies and pgaps f e Pjec Memial

Diec adveisemen (Kmsmlskaya Pavda, Kmmesan, Vesi VGtrK)

h lng pminal badcas f e Pjec n radi rssii


Diec cespndence (lees and e me adiinal media)A familiaizain f 150 veeans and ei elaives, inclding a meeing wi e Pesiden f e rssian

Fedeain.

te miliay men f e rssian amy.

Special isse f Alexande Sladkvs miliay pgam

Disibin e infmain g e pess-sevice f e rF MD

Geneal cveage f e Pjec in mass media

rssian bsiness cmmniy and middle class as penial dnas f e Pjec and simila nes.

Wd-f-M

Special meeting of the Nikotsky club (a club of businessmen and scholars hosted by MICEX)

Diec adveisemen (Kmsmlskaya Pavda, Kmesan, Vesi VGtrK)

Disibin f infmain e rssian cmpanies cnneced wi Cina, g e Embassy f e rF in e PrC,

Geneal Cnslae in Sangai and Senyang, rAS rssian Sinlgiss Assciain.

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infOrMAtiOn eMBArGO And5.the specifics Of thecOMMunicAtiOn strAteGy.

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INForMAtIoN EMBArGo AND thE SPECIFICS oF thE CoMMuNICAtIoN StrAtEGY.5. 40

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INForMAtIoN EMBArGo AND thE SPECIFICS oF thE CoMMuNICAtIoN StrAtEGY.5.

The information embargo laid by the Chinese party has signicantly aected communication for promotionand cmmencemen f e Pjec. te diec cnl f media (if n censsip) is n nsal in Cina, b inour PR-practice that was formed in the post-soviet period it is rather rare to nd a project that would encounter suchesicins. tis makes e Cinese-rssian expeience e as f e Pjec paiclaly ineesing f se

who would implement communication endeavors in societies with dierent cultural codes.

As i as aleady been said, nwisanding e neal vey enaively psiive aides f e Cinesegovernment towards the monuments of the soviet epoch; perceptions of the Russian-Japanese War are very dierentbeween e Cinese and e rssians. In e pinin f e fme, i was a wa f w invades cmpeing f cnlover China. According to the ocial Chinese stance, Russia forced the building of the Port Arthur naval base in theKwantung Peninsula upon a weak and polarized imperial China. This perception was not going to be soened when putin cmpaisn wi Japans pesence, ws aciviy in Mancia cld scacely be seen as anying e an eccpain f a spe. Seen me as ne cmmn feign elemen, b e Svies and Japanese wee elemensregarded linked circumstance. The actions of the Japanese would only have caused disservice to any Russian inuence.Therefore, ocially Beijing vigorously opposed the glorication of either side.

The ocial position is reected on the attitudes of the local population. The majority of the Chinese, with theireveence f e ases f e dead, believe, weve, a e sldies f e impeialisic amies d n deseve a kind

cmmemain wi espec ei gaves.

Meve, e pliical aspecs f e siain becme even me enaive wen we eview e fac aLsn (P A) is nw e bigges navy base in e PrC, wic lays aitial restrictis i terms fsecurity.

Wking an ageemen beween rssia and Cina n e pecin f miliay gave sies was als veycmplicaed, becase e pinciple f ecipciy, sally sed in ageemens wi e cnies, cld n be appliedin is case. tee ae n Cinese miliay gave sies n rssian eiy.

As the result of the long years of meticulous work, The Russian Ministry of Foreign Aairs and the MemorializationBad f e Minisy f Defense ave managed ansfe e pblem exclsively maniaian dimensins via

NGEs. By 2008, we eaced e ageemen a e families f e sldies bied in Cina cld ese e gaves,monuments and memorials on a private level, but not at the expense of the State and not through the eorts ofe rssian Embassy in Cina. one f e cndiins se by e Cinese pay was ese e Memial wi einclsin f disibing e infmain g mass media, a all (n even in rssia!).

te as f e Pjec ealized a i was impssile t attract peple a raise te fus, wilemaitaiig ifrmati silece. te elaives f e sldies fallen in 1904 1905 and 1945 1955 weenknwn and spead all and rssia. tey cld be eaced nly penly and pblicly. ta means a js infme elaives ab e ppniy cnibe e esain and ge pblic spp f e Pjec in rssia,we ad eac js ab evey rssian ciizen. te as f e Pjec sggesed e fllwing idea: pblis einfmain ab e fndaising and esain in e media wiin e cveage f e fcming celebain fe 65 Vicy Annivesay.

te as f e Pjec invked e expeience f jin celebain f e memable daes f bcountries. On the rst stages of the Project there already was a joint program for the festivities of the 65th anniversaryin pening diplmaic elainsips beween Cina and rssia (in 1949 e uSSr ecgnized e Peples repblic fChina the next day aer it had been declared). Hu Jintao arrived in Russia to celebrate that anniversary. Vladimir Putinened e gese wi a visi Cina.

te rssian-Cinese alks beween e Pesiden f rssia Dmiy Medvedev and e Pesiden f e PrC, hJina, in Mscw esled in a jin declaain. Amng es i said a b sides ae deemined wk clselyand pvide mal assisance in aanging sc impan evens as e 65 annivesay f e Vicy in Wld WaII. hece, te recstructi f te Memrial as ee cvere witi te framewrk f state-t-staterelatis. te epesenaives f e fndain Pklenie ave managed ndesand e impance f e Pjecin elain wi e sae mass media in rssia. Fis, cmmnicain was ndeaken wi e ead f VGtrK olegDbdeev and e Vesi news cew, w assised wi e fll cveage f e Pjec and all sae visis. rIA Nvsi

and Komsomolskaya Pravda also helped our team on the rst stage of the Project. And nally Radio Rossii then joinedn e clse- sages.

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INForMAtIoN EMBArGo AND thE SPECIFICS oF thE CoMMuNICAtIoN StrAtEGY.5. 42

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INForMAtIoN EMBArGo AND thE SPECIFICS oF thE CoMMuNICAtIoN StrAtEGY.5.

te esain wks in P A became e maj cmpnen wiin e famewk f pepaing e jinrssian-Cinese pgam f e celebain f e 65 annivesay f Vicy in e Wld Wa II. ts, fllwing edecision of the Victory Russian organizing committee headed by the President of Russia, the Ministry of Foreign Aairswas aized wk e agenda f e pening ceemny f e Memial in P A being pesided ve

by rssian and Cinese eads f sae by Febay 1, 2010. Te Prject remaie -gvermetal i terms fstuctu a sssi yt as acqui t status t stat ct i ts its siicac.

te Pesidenial Adminisain cnsideed aving e pening f e Memial pesided ve by e Pesidenf rssia, as a eminde e glbal cmmniy ab e invilable cmes f e wa in einfcemen f rssiasglbal psiin.

In terms of practical politics for Russia that would rst and foremost mean yet another response to theeiial claims f Japan n e Kil Islands, f Cina i wld als be illici a espnse wi egads is psiin ne eiial dispe wi Japan n w Senkak Islands. (te dispe exacebaed, a e ime f pepaain f ecelebain pgam, wen a Cinese awle cllided wi a Japanese casgad pal vessel. te Cinese capain ande cew wee aesed by e Japanese bde pal. te cew was eleased, ye e capains deenin was exended.Beijing even declared that they would suspend some ocial contacts with Tokyo).

t empasize e eiial igs f rssia, e Pesidenial Adminisain as mapped e e f eRussian delegation headed by the President: Dalian (Port Arthur) Beijing (Russian Cultural Centre) Shanghai (EXPO- 2010) S Sakalin (a eceded rssia in 1945) Kil Islands. te imeline f e ecnscin f eMemial in P A wee cdinaed wi e scedle f e delegain and wi e daes f e fesiviies inn f e 65 annivesay f Vicy.

te pecliaiies f e bsiness appacs f feign panes manifesed emselves in e elainswi e lcal aiies f e Dalian Fee Ecnmic Zne, wi e mnicipal gvenmen and e cnacs. teauthors of the Project have faced such a signicant overpricing, that they got the impression that the local authoritiesmig ave been delibeaely ying make e Pjec as expensive as pssible in de discage e rssiansfm esing anying else, and spae e Cinese sciey any alks ab e rssian miliay gave sies in e

fe. te as f e Pjec ave fnd a saegic slin. tey invied e expes n Sinlgy, rssian sclasfm IAAS MSu, ake pa in e Pjec nill is cmplein. Nably, academic Vladimi Myasnikv (Pesiden f eAssciain f Sinlgiss f rAS, IAAS pfess) paicipaed in e negiains wi e Cinese pay. te expesassumed that the nancial appetites might have been the way to solve the political problem, which couldnt be solveddiecly, becase e Cinese pay wldn like lse face. te assisance f sinlgiss le s lwe e expensesa ab 3 mil. uSD.

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iMpleMentinG6.the prOJect

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IMPLEMENtING thE ProJECt6.

2006, first vice priMe Minister Of the russiAn

federAtiOn d.A. Medvedev And the russiAn

AMBAssAdOr tO chinA, s.s. rAZOv

in pOrt Arthur.

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20086.1

As i as aleady been said, by e beginning f e Pjec e Cinese pay ad ageed a e ecnscin

wld be implemened by e caiy fndain Pklenie, wic wld cllec individal dnains and dnainsfm e cmpanies, b wld n se ne ble fm e gvenmen.

on e gnds f is ageemen, e epesenaives f e fndain paicipaed in e 5 nd fcnslains n e miliay-memial sbjec beween rF MFA, rF MD and PrC MFA in Beijing in Apil, 2008. rF MFAindced e fndain Pklenie as a caiy ganizain aized spns e ecnscin wks in PA and cay independen negiains. te Cinese pay ecmmended a cespnding nn-gvenmenganizain Inenainal Dalian Ecnmic and Clal Develpmen Assciain. ts, it was quite easy tmake te Prject -gvermetal wit te elp f te amiistrative istitutis: te g-aeacmma was give frm Mscw frm te beijig level.

The foundation representatives le for Dalian immediately and started discussing the approximate scope ofwk, e ems f wk f e rssian eses and e appximae cs f e Cinese cnacs sevices.

tee ae ve 300 kinds f mnmens in e miliay cemeey f P A. te Cinese pay saw erestoration as the unication of all of them: they suggested that instead of restoring the old monuments, theresld be insalled idenical eadsnes like in Ameica. te rssian appac mean scpls esing f eacmnmen sing iginal maeials wee pssible. We ave invlved a gp f e bes rssian eses gided byan aciec ,olga Cyzikva, and expes fm e Sae resain reseac Insie.

During the negotiations on the future agreement and the terms of the restoration, the signicance of theesain in P A was discssed n e fedeal tV cannel rssia in e weekly pgam by Segei Kapisate obvis Ye Incedible. te gess f e pgam e head f e Memializain Bad f e Minisy fDefense, Major General Alexander Kirillin, and Andrei Skoch. They discussed the signicance that the restoration ofe Memial as ad f rssian isy, and e deails f fe esains in ems f e impac ey wld ave

nve pblic and maniaian aspecs f inenainal elains. Pf. Kapisa als invied e gess ake pa inthe meeting of the Nikitsky club (a club of scholars and businessmen hosted by MICEX), of which he is the President.A e meeing ey discssed e pins f pivae bsiness and f e families f e bied sldies paicipaein e esain f e Memial in P A and e memials abad. tey als cmpaed e siains withe military memorials to those in Eastern Europe and in the Far East. Aer the broadcast of this program and a detailedaicle in Kmsmlskaya Pavda a fllwed, e fndain began eceiving nmes lees fm elaives,simple viewes and eades. te majiy f e espndens, n nly appeciaed e iniiaive f e ecnscin,but oered their donations, as well.

In e fall f 2008, e appximae ems f e Pjec wee cdinaed wi e Cinese pay. By aime, e as f e Pjec wee se a e rssian peple needed is Pjec, and a i wld enjy espp f b e cmmn ciizens and e elie. Als we wee se a, de e rssian eses, e Memialwould be reconstructed with historical accuracy. The President of Pokolenie foundation, Andrei Skoch le for Chinato attend the ocial ceremony for the signing of the contract with the Chinese party.

A curious thing happened at that meeting. During the unocial part one of the meeting Andrei was showna pice f Dmiy Medvedev visiing e Memial in P A. te pice was aken in 2006, wen e Fis vicePemie Minise f e rssian Gvenmen was paying a pivae visi Cina. te rssian delegain was vey mcspised. I ned a e cen Pesiden f rssia ad seen e p cndiin f e Memial and knew wmc wk needed be dne by e eses. te as f e Pjec g an idea pesen e Pjec diecly the President, which was later done by the representatives of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Aairsa e meeing f e Vicy ganizainal Cmmiee, eaded by e Pesiden imself.

upn signing e cnac, e eses began pepaing f e eseac. A espnsible appac eesain, f cse, implied a peliminay bsevain f e sie, wic wld allw em ndesand w e sie

gets aected by the change of seasons, ground waters, changing of ora, etc. Hence, while preparing the general planf e esain, e specialiss deved e end f 2008, and alms all f 2009, e pfessinal eseac.

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In e end f 2008, e tV cannel rssia badcased a special isse f te Miliay Pgam by AlexandeSladkv deved P A and e Pjec f e esain f e Memial. Alexande Sladkv, accmpaniedby Andei Skc, visied e rssian cemeey. I fact, tat was te ly free visit t te Memrial y a EnGcrew frm 1955 till w, because since the Soviet troops le Port Arthur, China banned the journalists admission to

e eiy f e Memial. We managed aange e jnaliss access nly by Sepembe 2009.

20096.2

In the second quarter of 2009, when the approximate time needed for the restoration became clear, we opened aspecial accn in Sbebank f e dnains. Befe e fall, all infmain ab e fndaising ad been disibedmainly g e pesnal cnnecins eac paicipan ad in e bsiness cmmniy. In amn, wen e genealplan f e ecnscin was eady, e as f e Pjec placed ads in Kmsmlskaya Pavda, Kmmesanand n VGtrK in Vesi news-pgam, s cveing n nly rssia, b e CIS cnies, as well.

t be nes: e pivae dnains cld n ave cveed e css. B e e w esls f se

pblicains, wic made adveisemen a sbdinae elemen in e managemen f pblic elains, wee mcme impan f e as f e Pjec. Fis, e fac, a e ciizens wld make a cnibin. temajiy f individal dnains didn exceed 100 bles pe pesn, b ee wee ve 5 000 f em. Secnd, eadveisemen gave s smeing mc me valable te feeack. Weve fnd e elaives f e sldies biedin P A f all e cmba veeans in e Fa Eas; weve eceived dcmens, pgaps and memis f epaicipans in e miliay acins.

te gp f miliay isians, engaged in e pjec wk wi isic maeials, (led by AlexandeKval - ne f e leading rssian sclas w as sdied e isy f P A f alms 30 yeas) as clleceda unique archive of relics from Port Arthur spanning all three wars.

Lae, se maeials became e essenial pa f e exibiin, wic was pesened a e pening

ceemny f e Memial. tey als became e backgnd f a nmbe f special ediins, deved P A.In paicla, in e fall f 2009, an albm was pblised, te Pjec f e resain Wks a e rssian andSvie Sldies Memial in P A a cied e cndiin f e mnmens befe esain and spplieddocuments and comments that revealed the historical signicance of each. This album has become the historical-clal pesenain f e Memial and f e esain plan. I was disibed mainly in e insiins (in eadministration among the experts and oce authorities) and in the business community (published only in Russian). Itelped make pesenain f e Pjec a meeings vey explici.

hisical maeials, clleced by Alexande Kval in e cse f is cespndence wi e veeans andelaives f e paicipans a e siliies in e Fa Eas, le e Pjec expand beynd e ecnical esainand turn the Russian cemetery in Port Arthur into an ecient source of patriotic reference as a backdrop for developingclal-isical elains.

In August 2009, the Kremlin Chief of Sta (who is also the Chairman of the Commission for countering falseevisin f rssian hisy), Segei Nayskin said: te isical , waeve i is, sld be fnd in e iginalsources. The broad introduction of new, including unclassied, documents for investigative use is an ecient methodfor countering the falsication of history.

In e sping f 2009, weve fnd a e Vicy ganizainal cmmiees pgam f ecelebain f e 65 annivesay f Vicy in e Gea Paiic wa ad nly ne(!) fesiviy in e Fa Eas nSakalin island.

teefe, e fme Cmmande-in-Cief f e Fa Eas miliay disic, a legend in e ime f Svieunin, Am tps Masal oleg Lsik and e veeans f e 39 Amys ( red Amy) bales in e Fa Eas askedPesiden Dmiy Medvedev (as e Caiman f Vicy roC) inclde e pening ceemny in P A in e

program. At the same time, the Ministry of Foreign Aairs suggested the participation of the leaders of the country ine pening ceemny.

IMPLEMENtING thE ProJECt6.49

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MeMOriAl tO

the russiAn And sOviet sOldiers

AT PorT ArThur (ciTy oF luShun, chinA)

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At the round table discussions in Victory ROC, veterans quite unexpectedly raised the question ofSeptemer3r as eig te actual ate f te e f Wrl War II, tat a ueservigly ee frgtte.Vey fewpeple emembeed a back in 1946 e uSSr celebaed w daes: May 9 and Sepembe 3d. B wee nainallidays. Meve, i ned a nbdy ad cancelled eie f e decees by Cncil f Minises, ciing

the ocial end of the war. But It is understandable why September 3rd vanished from the memorial dates records.Celebaing is vicy a e ime f e Kean and Cld was was pliically wng. te wld saw e Alliedimp as acieved mainly by e penial Svie enemy e unied Saes, n as a esl f e Svie defea fthe Kwantung army, later in the same year. (By the quantity of killed and captured Japanese soldiers this defeat exceedsall American achievements since 1941). That date became even less memorable aer complications in the relationswith China arose, which even resulted in a military confrontation (border conict on Damansky Island in March, 1969).Under this umbrella of competition and conict September 3rd would become lost issue. But aer normalization ofpolitical tensions 65 years later all these problems were no longer as acute. Therefore, veterans have oered to put teactual e f Wrl War II ack i te memrial ate recrs f Russia.

tis sggesin was appved by e epesenaives f rF MFA, MD, e Sae Dma and Vicy roC. Laeis sbjec was discssed in e famewk f e visi f e Cinese delegain e Sae Dma and h Jinasvisi rssia. te rssian pay infmed e Cinese pay ab e decisin p Sepembe 3d back in e

ecds and sggesed a e pening ceemny f e Memial a P A in Sepembe, 2010 sld cincidewi e 65 annivesay f e libeain f N-Eas Cina (Mancia) by e Svie ps. ta wld allw s nealy band all ese elemens gee in ne naaive, giving fe isical lngeviy e memial and rssian miliay isy.

te Cinese pay sggesed a celebae ane cnys memial n Cinese eiy sld bedone very cautiously, and laid down a condition (quite expectedly), that the ocial delegation should visit and holde ceemny nly a e Svie side f e cemeey, and nly in e cnex f Wld Wa II, n even menininge isy f e rssian Japanese ccpain f Cina.

Ding e cmplicaed negiains in e pliical saspee e rssian eses saed e deailedexplain and sdying f e memial. tey ad discveed a e names f e Svie sldies fallen in e

Kean Wa wee absen fm e las ediin f e Memy Bk (pblised by Pai in 1999). Weve fndout that the total number of the buried exceeded the gures published before. Unfortunately, in addition to the decaycased by ime ee was als evidence f vandalism fnd, likely cased by e lcals.

In e beginning f Jly, in Beijing, ee wee cnslains eld beween rF MFA and PrC MFA n einformational coverage of the reconstruction in Port Arthur through the mass media. However, the sides didnt nd aslin as w bes pvide e jnaliss access e memial (ne, a Lsn is a PrC navy base). ts,when the VGTRK Beijing oces ENG crew tried to make an outside broadcast featuring the Memorial on August 23rd,they were cut o. The RF Embassy in Beijing received a note from PRC MFA, and the International Dalian Economicand Cle Develpmen Assciain ld e fndain a e ems f e ageemen n e Pjec wld beevised if ee was ane aemp by rssian mass media ene e sie wi clea ageemens beween rFMFA and PrC MFA.

As e esl f e lng pcess f negiaing, e paies ageed a sing a e sie wld be allwedonly aer September 2009 and y i t caa a a t t wu a at t cia uf Russia restrers. Te Russia party cul st te prcess f restrati a te Ciese partyagree t t tice, if te restrers appear i te picture. B f cse, ning me. In addiin, anymedia aken cld nly be dne f e infmainal ppses and e acives f e fndain. N ppaganda.Hence, until the opening ceremony the journalists were formally legalized as the members of the ocial group ofrssian eses.

Subsequent to the results of the research in the fall of 2009, a general plan for the restoration of the militarymemial in P A was wked . I was pesened e Memializain Bad f e MD and e DefenseMinise Segei Sedykv, w infmed e rF Pesiden ab e sae f ings a e Memial. We ad eceived apeliminay appval fm e Pesiden visi e pening ceemny. te as f e Pjec assmed a e visi

back in 2006 by Dmiy Medvedev (e fac a e saw e cemeey befe e esain) ad played is pa.

In December 2009, on Radio Russia there was an hour of questions and answers about the Project and thehistory of Port Arthur in general. The Vice President of the Pokolenie foundation Kirill Elizarov answered the questionsfrom the radio listeners (over 100 questions were received).

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IMPLEMENtING thE ProJECt6. 52

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20106.3

In January and February of 2010, over 3000 architectural-engineering documents, maquettes, drawings

and sie plans wee anslaed fm rssian in Cinese. A lage gp f anslas fm e MSu Insie f Asianand Afican Sdies, cmpsed f pfesss and dcae sdens, was engaged wi e Pjec. In Mac, semaeials wee fwaded e Cinese pay.

upn aving sen e dcmens, e fndains epesenaives and e membes f e esain gple for China to make sure that the translations were clear and that there was no misunderstanding. Construction blueprints are very dierent in China than from Russia, thus sometimes also keeping Asian mentality in mind materialswk meds and e ecnical deails ms be discssed pecisely.

As said, the approach to the restoration itself is dierent as well. The Chinese understand the restorationas e cmplee demliin f e exising piece f aciece wi e bilding f mden cpy f i in is place.Admiedly, is is smeimes e case in sme rssian ciies as well. B i was abslely naccepable f eas f e Pjec. Eac and evey mnmen needed be esed by and and ppely. te lab inensiy

and e css se damaically. te Pjec saed in 2008 a e appaised vale f 1.5 2 mil. uSD, b edeailed calclains annnced by e cnacs exceeded 15 mil. uSD. having sdied e pesened cs sees,e as f e Pjec fnd many ineesing deails. F example, te cst f te a lar f a Ciesewrker was estimate ase America wages.

te as f e Pjec asked e head f e rssian Sinlgiss Assciain pf. Vl. Myasnikv jinthe negotiations. He managed to gain the support of certain local ocials, whose careers might have been dramaticallyinuenced by the success of the Project, which by then had become of international signicance, while remaining non-gvenmenal de je. As a esl, negiains wee swiced n a psiive ack and e demands f e Cinesecnacs ave been edced 12 mln. uSD. Meve, te Ciese party agree t start te wrks wituta epsit, wic was a upreceete case fr Cia, were all wrks start ly up receivig a 90%avace paymet!

te pbliciy e memial esain pjec gained in rssia, and e pmised paicipain f e pleades f e Sae in e pening ceemny, made i e key even in e celebain pgam f e 65 annivesayf Vicy. In e beginning f 2010, i became clea eie insiins side f e ganizing pay and eexecives. relaed minisies and pblic ganizains began demnsae ei inees in e develpmen fthe Project. RPRA oered to hold an on-line press-conference on the course of the Project. Religious organizationssggesed a e epesenaives f e Mslim and Jdaism cmmniies sld be invied e pening ceemnyas well as the Orthodox priests. They also oered to put the so-called Port Arthur icon of the Triumph of the Most Holyteks a e Memial. In Mac, e rF Minise f reginal Develpmen Vik Basagin aived Dalian fa monitoring visit. Such attention conrmed that the RF Presidents promise to be at the opening ceremony wouldbe kep. te Cinese leade h Jina visied Mscw n May 9, and a ecipcal visi Cina in Sepembe 2010became a part of the ocial schedule of the RF President. On July 2nd, 2010, the proposal for granting the memorialdae sas as being f e end f e Wld Wa II was sbmied a ve in e Sae Dma and appved. teeweeks lae, Dmiy Medvedev signed a Fedeal law indcing e canges aicle 11 f e law on e Daysf Miliay Gly (Vicy Days) f rssia and pclaimed a new memial dae f rssia e End f e WldWa II Sepembe 2nd.(Wy n Sepembe 3d? Becase e wld celebaes i n Sepembe 2nd. Wen in efoggy morning the Japanese Minister of Foreign Aairs Shigemitsu Mamoru, along with General Umezu Yoshijiro, weremning e deck f e uSS Missi sign e insmen f sende, i was sill e evening f Sepembe 2ndin e uS, and is dae is wien in e Japanese Insmen f Sende).

Saing Apil 2010, e lage-scale esain wks began a e memial sie, and e blk f i wascmpleed by e end f Jly. on Ags 6, in Life-giving tiniy Cc n Vbyvy Gy (Spaw hills) in Mscwa cnsecain ceemny was eld f e msaic icn f S. Niclas e Wndewke, wic was en sen Cinaand inlaid in e bdy f e Gea Pklnny Css (e Css f respecfl Salain) a e Memial insead fe icn bken by e vandals a e ime f Clal revlin, fm wic i came. te epesenaives f e

Memializain Bad f MD, rF MFA and pblic ganizains wee a e ceemny. on Ags 28, e fndaingave fll appval f all esain wks a e Memial.

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o Septemer 2, in Mscw ee was a pess-cnfeence eld a pesened e cmpleed pjec fe esain in P A. rF Minisy f Defense, e eses, e rAS sinlgiss, e rssian-Cinese FiendsipSciey eped e cmplein f e Pjec and pesened a new memial dae e geneal pblic.

te pening ceemny f e Memial was scedled f e end f Sepembe. A special advance payf e Pesidenial Adminisain, rF MFA and rF MD visied Cina in de p e ceemny n e rF Pesidensocial schedule.

te pblic nae f e Pjec ceaed e necessiy f e paicipain f veeans fm e GeaPaiic and Kean Was, and descendens f e defendes f P A in e pening ceemny. respecively,the foundation Pokolenie arranged a special ight and accommodation for 150 veterans and relatives of the soldiersburied in Port Arthur. It also provided the doctors with all necessary equipment. ( Many of those attending were in needlng em medical assisance.) te Cinese pay invied e veeans f e Libeain f N-Eas Cina and f eKean Wa.

o Septemer 26t, in the framework of the ocial state visit to China RF President Dmitry Medvedev

attended the restored Memorial and ocially opened it. The president also met with Russian and Chinese veterans. Ate meeing e empasized a i is vey impan n allw e pevesin f isy: tgee we sld akecare of the memory of the succeeding generations, not allowing for any falsication of historical events. We shouldcnend f e ab a wa, especially wen we cnside a ee ae fces ying cp is isical.

Anying a mig emely sgges, even indiecly, e le a rssia and e uSSr played in efmain f saed f e PrC, pevened h Jina ake pa in e pening ceemny. In infmal cnvesainsthe Chinese party expressed their disquiet over the possibility that the Russian leader might have attended the Russianpa f e Memial, wee e sldies f e rssian Japanese wa ae bied, as well. teefe, e Cineseleade pefeed mee e rF Pesiden e nex day in Beijing. te Cinese pay ied einvigae ei sicdisincins beweene Svie and rssian pas f e Memial. F insance, e nig befe e pening ceemny

ndeds f planes wi Abies appeaed a e memial sanding clsely eac e and dividing e cemeeyin w pas. In is speec a e meeing wi e veeans, Dmiy Medvedev penly acknwledged a rssia andCina ae a dds ve ceain isical inepeains, b a Pjec sld sillseve a backgnd f smingout the dierences. During the visit of the PRC President to Moscow in May and during my visit to Beijing there hadbeen, and sill ae be discssed, e declaains n evalain f e evens f a ime.

Dmiy Medvedevs paicipain in e pening ceemny a e miliay cemeey in P A dew eaenin f e rssian and CIS mass media. In ems f e missin and e backgnd f e Pjec, i is alsimpan a jnaliss fm Esnia, Japan, Finland and e uSA ave als asked f accediain.

te ineess f e inenainal mass media f e Pjec was simlaed n nly by e esain iselfand the opening ceremony, but by the position of Russia in Russian-Japanese relations. Aer visiting Dalian, Beijingand Sangai, e rF Pesiden was ging Sakalin and e Kil Islands. on Sepembe 27, 2010 mass mediaannnced ese plans. te vey same day a is pess-cnfeence e Japanese Pime-Minise Na Kan empasized,a e psiin f tky egading e Kil pblem emained ncanged. on Sepembe 29 e JapaneseMinister of Foreign Aairs Seiji Maehara said that Dmitry Medvedevs trip to our Northern Territories can directly aecte elains beween e w cnies. te Japanese Gvenmen Pess-Seceay Ysi Sengk said a Japanad asked e rssian Pesiden efse e inviain visi e islands. Accding M. Sengk, tky as leMscw knw ei pin f view. Dmiy Medvedevs ip was cancelled

b nly de belw ze weae. te rF Pesiden didvisi e Kil Islands n Nvembe 1s. hisvisi Knasi pvked a siden eacin fm Japan, b i did elp in slving impan dmesic pblems andeacing inenainal bjecives. In fac, aking pa in e pening ceemny f e memial (wee 80% f ebied ae sldies f e rssian-Japanese wa), and e adjining ip e Kil Islands ave demnsaed arssia emembes e aack f P A and is pd f is defendes is day. ta we emembe e miliaing

defea in 1905 and ae pd f sldies, w esed jsice in 1945. te ances line is being eld and willbe eld by e descendens. Wen cmmening n e indignain f e Japanese aiies, e rF MFA ad eveyeasn declae: tis is land, and e rssian Pesiden visied rssian land, rssian eiy, rssian egin.

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icn swing my appeaance as i is nw and send e icn P A. If e icn is in a ciy, odxy willimp ve paganism and rssian wais will aain my elp, my panage, and ei vicy. te blinding liglled his room and the vision disappeared. Unfortunately, the icon was never delivered to Port Arthur. In 2003, anicngape Mikail osipenk made a cpy f e icn, and e cpy was p in e Cc f P A Me

of God in Vladivostok. Aer over a century, the icon has nally found its place in Port Arthur patronizing the fallen inee was and signifying e sccessin f e eism and e isical niy f e rssian and Svie pas fe Memial.

tee is an exibiin based n e aisic p sessin a e Memial. I is planned be aanged, als,in Mscw, Beijing and New Yk in 2011, as well. te pices wee s by a nmbe f ensiass a e Memialin Sepembe 2010. tey k efeence fm e lees and wee dedicaed e sldies wives, bides, gilfiendsand mes, wse eic deeds, gief and sw sally say in e sadw f e fea f ams. te as ell sab ei pain, ei jy and pes. te aisic cncep is als mean f e yng addiinally implying e displayf e Memial as an a-bjec, wic sld elp aac e aenin f se, w, say e leas, dn swmc inees e adiinal genes f paiic edcain. te miliay memial in P A is becming amden insmen f cmmnicains, n nly beween cles, b beween geneains.

In the spring of 2011, the RF Ministry of Foreign Aairs and RF Ministry of Defense should determine thefae f e isic exibiin, wic ad is fll ppse ealized nly wiin e evens and famewk f e peningceemny. By a ime, a e Memial ee sld als ave been insalled a memial bad wi e names f allw dnaed e esain, engaved n i.

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recOnstructiOn Of the MeMOriAl7.1

rssian and Svie pas f e Memial in P A (nw Lsn, PrC), pevisly deslae, ave been

idied and esed. It is Asias largest memrial f military istry avig ver 1800 mumets asculptures tat a ee rescue frm te plae site evelpmet a fully recstructe, meetigte igest f iteratial staars.

te Pjec as simlaed a pblic discssin ab e pblems invlved in e memializain f efallen and nmes pblic iniiaives a ave fmally emained side e famewk f e Pjec. te rssianEmbassy in Beijing received several oers from the potential sponsors, who were ready to take part in other militarymemial pjecs. tis as allwed s sa wking n a nmbef similar memrial restrati prjects.

MAin GOAls And MAin results7.2

te Implemening f e Pjec cape gives e deails ab e le e Pjec played as aninstrument of practical politics and about the consequences as well for international relations, with Japan in particular,ias iggeed, as well. hence, ee can be n exaggeain in saying a weve spassed e age eacinsin emstratig te atteti Russia pays t its military memrials verseas, even amid e well knwnaemps demnize e le a cny as played in wld isy. In ese ems, is impan cnsidethe oen limited perceptions of Russia from media in other countries, where negative attitudes to the Russian andSvie mnmens f isy ae cmmn.

N wi sanding negaive pecepins, e pjec as slicied e inended espnses. on e inscinf e Pesiden f rssia, in Sepembe 2010, e Minisy f Defense wked and pesened e Gvenmena pjec f e Sae tage Pgam F e Pesevain and recnscin f e Miliay Gave Sies in 2011 -2015, wic incldes b veseas and dmesic memials. Yealy gans f e miliay-isical pjecs veseas,

including reconstruction, certication and studying the grave sites, will be raised from 150 mil. RUR to 500 mil. RUR.

te invlvemen f e rF Pesiden wi e Pjec and e ning f e pening ceemny in an evenof public and political signicance ave ramatically raise pulic iterest i Far Easter a Russia istry(e feedback weve eceived alng wi a fm mass media paicipain pve is). te fac a e Pjec asbecme a key even f e jin pgam f e Vicy annivesay celebain, as well as aving e dae f e endof World War II put back in the memorial dates records of Russia, together, conrms the growing of importance of thissbjec and f e lng vede aenin a as been dawn i.

tis pjec ,indeed, as demnsaed e will f b rssia and Cina vecme ei negaive expeiencesin bilateral relations, and while showing how dicult this transition actually is. The Project has become an examplef a new paen f elains beween e w cnies n a nn-gvenmenal level. In fac, is vey Pjec assaed maniaian cpeain beween rssia and Cina. te leading rssian expe n Sinlgy, a membe f rASVladimi Myasnikv as ecenly said: Mscw as ecenly sed e rssian-Cinese Ecnmic Fm, wee bPime Minises Vladimi Pin and Wen Jiaba empasized e impance in e e cnies mal develpmen.tis is a gea gal. B ee ae e, n any less impan bjecives wiin maniaian gals. I wld callthem the questions of soul pain. If we learn to heal these pains together, it would be a great achievement.

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te Pjec as eceived e gaide fm e descendens and ineis f e eic deeds f eiancess, i as demnsaed w e sae as cme ealized e impance f w giving aenin ememy f e fallen can, yes even is day, inspie sc levels f vlneeism and paiism. We aibe eseresults in the rst place to the attention given by the war veterans and their families, and, to the military men to which

the Project has been devoted. The quality of the responses is shown by the number of the individual donators, theamn f e aifacs eceived, e inees f e adience a e pess-evens eld by e as f e Pjec, aswell as ceain iniiaives aken by e veeans ganizains and miliay nis a wee mivaed by e Pjec.te lae, f example, e special paliamenay eaings in e Veeans Cmmiee f e Sae Dma in Jne 2010,as well as e pevisly menined iniiaive f seing back e gave sie memial daes cincide wi se fWld Wa II, as well as e pblic iniiaives a fmally emained side e famewk f e Pjec.

The fact that according to the Russian Society of Military History the Port Arthur Battleeld site is nowamng e p 10 msems f miliay isy in e wld (alng wi e Impeial Wa Msem in Lndn, e tankMsem in Bvingn, Salin mnasey and e fams isic miliay sies - e aing is based n e nmbeof bookings by the tourist agencies, on the number and quality of the exhibit items, and on other criteria) proves, thate miliay cemeey in P A is becming clally and isically elevan f visis fm rssia as well asf e ciizens f e PrC. te Dalian Adminisain as aleady evised ei is es adding e Memial in

their tourist leaets.

Weve managed icrease te furaisig.Accding e Fis Seceay f e rssian Embassy in PrCVladimir Kozhemyaka, aer the opening ceremony the Embassy received dozens of oers from the representatives ofe rssian bsiness cmmniy and NGos, w wld like panize simila pjecs in Cina. ove 12 000 Sviesoldiers and ocers have fallen in action for the liberation of the North-East China. Many grave sites need care. Ine neaes fe, e Embassy is planning fm a pl f e rssian bsiness ganizains ese anecemetery in Dalian, where the graves of the Soviet soldiers are the majority (90%). Transne that opened the EastSiberia Pacic Ocean oil pipeline in 2010 is expected to become one of the main members of the pool.

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prOJect cOverinG in federAl printed And internet MediA QuArterly dynAMics

arTifacT dB on requeST of key word porT arThur (wiTh refining)

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IV

2007

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II2008

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2008

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20

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MAss cOMMunicAtiOn results7.3

Befe discssing e esls e pjec as eld in mass media, we ave empasize ee maj pins.

First, that the terms of the information embargo have been fullled (see the chapter Information Embargo and theSpecics of Communication Strategy).

Secnd, we ae ging discss e esls in MASS media, and eefe e ls f diec cpeainwi ceain age gps (fm meeings and pesenains e diec cespndence wi veeans and elaives)d n belng ee. te diec adveisemen (a seies f annncemens ab e beginning f fndaising) playedsecondary role in the Project. It generated the feedback and triggered the media information enquiry. It is not beingdiscssed ee eie.

Third, the information about the Project has been distributed by the ordering party and administration ocesengaged in i, by e pesidenial adminisain and e sces, as well as by e execives.

Accding Aifac DB (www.inegm.), 1975 dcmens cnneced wi e Pjec ave been

published in federal printed and Internet media in Russia. This has been the result of online requests for the key wordPort Arthur with some rening (such as memorial, cemetery, burial site etc.). The larger portion of them hasnaally been cnneced wi e clse- sage f e ecnscin and e pening ceemny led by e Pesidenof the Russian Federation during his ocial visit to the PRC. In the accessible mass media archives TV and radio arepresented anarchically, which suce it to say, that in September 2010 the federal TV channels 1TV ORT, VGTRK (Russia1 and Vesi 24), NtV, rEN-tV and Zvezda deved ve 1.5 s f ai ime P A.

On the chart below you can see the quarterly dynamics of the Project covering and the major mass mediainees dives. Befe e Pjec was lanced in e end f 2007 e beginning f 2008, e infmainab e memial in P A cld be fnd nly in e miliay-isical pblicains was menined by eepesenaives f e rF Minisy f Defense. tis ca sws w we managed aise inees in e Memial ingeneral. Moreover, in the fourth quarter 2010 (2 months calculated data) domestic mass media had been keeping

p wi e inees in e sbjec. tis penmenn is cnneced wi e infmainal

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