Population policies

John Trites

Horton High School

Nova Scotia, Canada

Types of Population Policies

Pro-natalist / Expansive

Anti-natalist / Restrictive

Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ?

http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp

http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ?

http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg

U.S.S.R. - pro-natalist

Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.

Why did the government believe there was a need for a pro-natalist policy at this time ?

• Motherhood Medals

• Order of the Glory of Motherhood or Order of Maternal Glory

• Order of Mother Heroine

3 main categories of medals were presented

Motherhood Medal 2nd Class

5 children 8,000,000 awarded

Motherhood Medal 1st Class

6 children 4,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class

7 children 2,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 2nd Class

8 children 1,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 1st Class

9 children 500,000 awarded

Order Mother Heroine

10 children 200,000 awarded

For bearing, raising & educating children

Order of Mother Heroine

10 children

People’s Republic of Albania

http://www.albaniancorner.com/store/Medals%20&%20Orders%20&%20Militaria/c22/index.html

Albania Communist Order  MOTHERHOOD GLORY-1950

http://www.albaniancorner.com/store/Medals%20&%20Orders%20&%20Militaria/c22/index.html

Class I Class II Class III

9 children 6 children 3 children

Germany Cross of Honor of the German Mother (Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter)

1938 - 1944http://www.nobeliefs.com/mementoes.htm

Bronze 3rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5Silver 2nd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 6, 7Gold 1st Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 8 or moreDiamond – 14 or more ?

http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-medals/nazi2.htm

Bulgaria

Medal for Maternity, 1st class 4 children

Medal for Maternity, 2nd class 3 children

http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html

1950 - 1991

Originalstyle

Newerstyle

Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (original version)

http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html

Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (newer version)

http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html

Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

MongoliaOrder of Maternal Glory : 1957

First Class Second Class

9 children 5 – 8 children

http://crazymongol.tripod.com/order_of_maternal_glory.htm

China - anti-natalist

2 different programs in recent years

•Later, Longer, Fewer Policy

•One Child Policy

Later, Longer, Fewer (wan xi shao) 1971

• get married later in life (mid - late twenties)

• wait longer for first baby and in between babies

• have fewer, 2 in urban areas & 3 in rural areas

What is the impact of late marriages on fertility?

One Child Policy 1979

- rewards start once 1 child contract is signed

Rewards

•free medical care •free daycare and schooling•guaranteed job for child•bonuses for parents•extra maternity leave•better housing•bigger old age pension

Penalties

•must repay financial benefits•educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn•parents’ wages reduced

Why are improved old age pensions such an important part of the policy ?

How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

80,000 Family Planning Workers

Practice birth control for the revolution

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html

Part of Education Program

The Science of Family Planning

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

Peer pressure is also effectively used to keep birth rates down

Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertizing.

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

Clever and pretty healthy and lovely

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.htmlhttp://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

In the majority of the posters, is the 1 child male or female ?

In addition to showing a happy child and parent(s), what other idea is often linked with the single child.

Why do you believe that mostposters show a girl rather than a boy ?

How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?

Little emperors Any social problems ?

In recent years China has relaxed the rules, and in some cases have even started encouraging two children.

In many cases, parents are not takingadvantage of this opportunity.

Why ?

Iran: - Anti-natalist or pro-natalist ?

http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/398959/2/istockphoto_398959_iran.jpg

1967 – first anti-natalist policy

1979 – pro-natalist

1988 – anti-natalist

2006 – pro-natalist ?

1967

start of family planning

•accelerating economic growth

•slow rapid growth (2.75%)

1979 start of Islamic Revolution

family planning program - western influence

promotion of contraception by health officials banned

procreation to bolster the ranks of “soldiers for Islam” (8 year war with Iraq)

Ayatollah Khomeini

http://www.fnb.to/FNB/Article/Khomeyni/Khomeiny3.jpg

Khomeini’s pro-natalist policy resulted in a growth rate of 3.2 %

Total fertility rate rose to 7

1988

Khomeini reconsidered his stance due to:

•faltering economy

•severe unemployment

•overcrowded & polluted cities

1988 – 2001

national family planning program was revived

• encouraged women to wait 3 – 4 years between children

• discouraged childbearing for those < 18 and > 35

• limit family size to 3 children

• restricted maternity leave after 3 children

• family planning & mother / infant health care information incorporated into school curriculum

• government controlled media promoted family planning

• religious leaders supported the gov’n’t plan (fatwas permitted & encouraged the use of all types of contraception including male and female sterilization)

• all couples take a class on modern contraception before marriage

• gov’n’t. sanctioned condom factory

• free birth control and sterilization

• investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001)

males (48% – 84%) females (25% - 70%)**

Total fertility rate dropped < 3 (expected to be 2 by 2010)

2006

"It is said that two children is enough. I oppose this," President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told legislators. "Our country has a lot of capacities. It even has the capacity for 120 million people.“

reduction in working hours for women to allow for more child bearing & rearing

Quebec - Pro-natalist

1950’s - one of the highest Fertility Rates in the developed world (Catholic & rural)

1987 - FR of 1.4 (1.7 Canada) & Quebec’s share of Canadian population was decreasing

Why were the issues of lower fertility rate than the Canadian average and the decreasing % of Canadian population in Quebec, so important to the politicians of Quebec ?

Why did the fertility rates decrease so drastically ?

1st set of incentives

•$500 for each of 1st 2 children•$3000 for each subsequent child•child care facilities improved & expanded •tax free family allowance if 2 or more children•interest free housing loans (up to $7000)

1987

1992

2nd set of incentives

•$500 for 1st child•$1000 for 2nd child•$6000 for each subsequent child•other benefits remained the same

1997

Program ended after 10 yrs. of minimal success

Some people were extremely opposed to the use of money as an incentive.

Why would this have been the case ?

Couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off.

2003 election

Parti Quebecois’

platform involved population expansion

Bernard Landry

Why do you think this offer was good for only 5 years after university ?

What group of people would be favoured by this policy ?

Since the mid-1960s, Singapore's government has attempted to control the country's rate of population growth with a mixture of publicity, exhortation, and material incentives and disincentives

Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist

Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist

1947 – 1957

GR = 4.4 % (doubling time = ? years)

various government & private programs

slowed until 1970’s

Why did the population start to rise again quickly in the 70’s ?

1969 – 1972 population disincentives

• raise cost of 3rd and subsequent children

• civil servants received no paid maternity

leave for 3rd +

• income tax deductions for 2 only

• maternity hospitals charged progressively more for each additional child

• enrollment to top primary schools went to children of pre – 40 sterilized parents

•voluntary sterilization rewarded by seven days of paid sick leave and by priority in the allocation of such public goods as housing and education

•publicity campaigns: "Stop at Two" and arguing that large families threatened parents' present livelihood and future security.

•penalties affected poor more than rich

The anti-natalist policies worked so well, now Singapore is promoting births again

http://static.flickr.com/56/133361262_16edfe9ada_m.jpg

Dating pamphlets to encourage and help young couple

www.wow-her.com.sg/events.htm

personals.promotions.yahoo.com/singaporefp

Princesses Masako & Aiko

Japan

Nepal

Bolivia

http://info.k4health.org/pr/j50/p5.jpg

Ethiopia

Indonesia

Vietnam

2 children is enough

Vietnam

Vietnam

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3206/3150039863_cb3ba3359d.jpg?v=0

India

Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd

www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html

Egypt

United States

Eugenics

Germany Alberta Quebec

?

India Singapore China

India’s extremists want anti-Muslim family planning measureUmmah News ^ | June 14 2002

India's Hindu extremist party, the VHP, has asked the government to enforce family planning measures on the Muslim population, saying its rapid increase is "detrimental" to Hindus in the country

http://soviet-awards.addr.com/medals13.htm#medal46

http://members.aol.com/sovietuk/index.htm

Web sites where images and limited information regardingthe U.S.S.R. came from.

Information regarding the Motherhood Medals indicates thatthe medals were presented to women only once their youngest child reached 1 year of age, and if all her other children were alive. Children killed in the service of the U.S.S.R. were considered alive for award purposes. Adopted children also counted towards the award.

I assume, but don’t know for certain, that the same rules appliedfor all the Soviet awards.