Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology...
-
Upload
marshall-hood -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology...
![Page 1: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Population Dynamics
![Page 2: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Principles of Population EcologyObjectives:
1.Define Population Ecology
2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce changes in population size
3.Explain how human population change is calculated
4.Understand how the following terms are related to population growth: intrinsic rate of increase, exponential population growth, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity.
5.State how the J-curve and S-curve relate to exponential population growth
![Page 3: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
Population Ecology – the branch of biology that deals with the numbers of a particular species found in an area and how and why those numbers change over time.
Population ecologists ask:
1) How many are in the population?
2) Are its numbers increasing / decreasing?
3) What is its pattern of reproduction?
4) What is its pattern of mortality?
![Page 4: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
Population Density:
• Not enough to know just how many.
• Need to know per unit area.
20 / 100 m220 / 25 m2
![Page 5: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
How Do Populations Change in Size?
On a global scale (closed system):
![Page 6: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
How Do Populations Change in Size?
Global scale:
r = b – d
Growth rate
Birth rate
Death rate
![Page 7: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
How Do Populations Change in Size?
On a local scale (open system):
![Page 8: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
How Do Populations Change in Size?
Local scale:
r = (b – d) + (i – e)
Growth rate
Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration rate
Emigration rate
![Page 9: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
Maximum Population Growth-
under ideal conditions = intrinsic rate of increase
J-shaped curve (exponential growth)
![Page 10: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
Intrinsic rates of increase for a species depend on:•Age that reproduction begins•Fraction of life span during which a species can reproduce•Number of reproductive periods per lifetime•Number of offspring produced during reproduction
![Page 11: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
Environmental Resistance
Exponential growth cannot occur forever.
What factors prevent it from doing so?
S-shaped curve (logistic growth)
![Page 12: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
Population growth depends on the interplay between biotic potential and environmental resistance
Biotic Potential Environmental Resistance
•Reproductive rate •Lack of food or nutrients
•Ability to migrate or disperse
•Lack of water•Lack of suitable habitat
•ability to invade new habitats
•Adverse weather conditions•Predators
•Defense mechanisms •disease
•Ability to cope with adverse conditions
•Parasites•competitors
![Page 13: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Principles of Population Ecology
Overshooting the carrying capacity can lead to a population crash.
![Page 14: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Reproductive Strategies
Objectives:
1.Compare r-selected species to K-selected species with respect to survivorship curves
![Page 15: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Reproductive Strategies
Each species has its own unique life history strategy that represents a tradeoff between energy required for survival and energy required for reproduction. This strategy includes:
• Reproductive characteristics
• Body size
• Habitat requirements
• Migration patterns
• behaviors
![Page 16: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Reproductive Strategies
Life History Strategies
r-selected K-selectedvs.
high growth rate slow growth rate
small body size large body size
early maturity late maturity
short life span long life span
large broods small broods
little / no parental care high parental care
![Page 17: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reproductive Strategies
Survivorship- the proportion of newborn individuals that are alive at a given age
![Page 18: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Factors that Affect Population Size
Objectives:
1.Distinguish between density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect population size and give examples of each.
![Page 19: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Factors that Affect Population Size
Density-Dependent Factors-
• Factors with effects on population growth that change as population density changes
Examples:
• Predation, competition, disease.
![Page 20: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Factors that Affect Population Size
Density-Dependence and Boom-or-Bust Population Cycles
![Page 21: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Factors that Affect Population Size
Case-in-Point: Predatory Prey Dynamics on Isle Royale
![Page 22: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Factors that Affect Population Size
Density-Independent Factors-
• Factors that affect the size of a population regardless of population density.
Examples:
• Extreme weather (frost, blizzard, hurricane, etc.; fire.
![Page 23: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Human Population
Objectives:
1.Define demography and summarize the history of human population growth
2.Identify Thomas Malthus, relate his ideas on human population growth.
3.Explain why it is impossible to determine the earth’s carrying capacity for humans.
![Page 24: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Human Population
Demography – the science of population structure and growth
Demographics – the application of population statistics
![Page 25: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Human Population
Current Population Numbers
Today = ~7.1 billion
Check out:
http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
• The world’s birth rate has declined over the last 200 years
• The large increases in population are a result of decreased death rates.
![Page 26: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Human Population
Decreases in the death rate can be attributed to:
• Greater food production
• Better medical care
• Improvements in water quality
• Sanitation practices
![Page 27: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Human Population
Current Population Numbers
Rapid growth primarily due to drop in death rate
Mexico
(1900-2000)
![Page 28: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Human PopulationProjecting Future Population Numbers
When will zero population growth occur?
![Page 29: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Objectives:
1. Explain how highly developed and developing countries differ in population characteristics such as infant mortality rate, total fertility rate, and age structure.
2. Interpret age structure diagrams
![Page 30: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Most Populous Countries Insert Table 8.1
![Page 31: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Developed vs. Developing Countries Demographics Insert Table 8.2 (note
reconstruction)
![Page 32: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Developed vs. Developing Countries Demographics Insert Table 8.2 (note
reconstruction)
![Page 33: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Demographic Stages
![Page 34: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Age Structure of Countries
Generalized Age Structure
![Page 35: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Examples:
![Page 36: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Examples:
![Page 37: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Examples:
![Page 38: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Demographics of Countries
Effects of an Aging Population
• Reduction in productive workforce
• Increasing tax burden
• Strain on social security, health, and pension systems
• Lower crime rates????
![Page 39: Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dea5503460f94ae576b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Demographics of the US
Case-in-Point: US Immigration