Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Population Systems
Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems
description
Transcript of Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems
![Page 1: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What Every Citizen Should Know About Our Planet
Copyright 2012, The Wecskaop Project.All rights reserved.
This presentation is a courtesy of
The Wecskaop Project
It is entirely free for use by scientists, students, and
educators anywhere in the world.
![Page 4: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Part One
Carrying Capacity
![Page 5: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How many individuals can a particular ecosystem [or
planet] indefinitely support over a long period of time
while continuing to function and without suffering severe
or irreparable damage?
![Page 6: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
For scientists, the answer to such a question constitutes the system's carrying capacity
How many individuals can a particular ecosystem [or
planet] indefinitely support over a long period of time
while continuing to function and without suffering severe
or irreparable damage?
![Page 7: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Since ecosystems are finite in their size and resources, each
has an upper limit to the population that it can support
while continuing to
and also provide the assorted ecological services
that allow a given population to exist
provide food resources withstand impacts and damage tolerate or withstand wastes maintain, perpetuate, and repair itself
Phytoplankton in the oceans, such as these
diatoms, producemore than half ofthe oxygen that
we breathe
So w
isdo
m re
com
men
ds p
rote
cting
the
m a
nd d
oing
them
no
harm
![Page 8: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Since ecosystems are finite in their size and resources, each has an upper limit to the population
that it can support while continuing to
and also provide the assorted ecological services
that allow a given population to exist
provide food resources withstand impacts and damage tolerate or withstand wastes maintain, perpetuate, and repair itself
![Page 9: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Examples of crucial ecological services include each day’s production and replacement of most of the molecular O2 that we and most other animals con-sume every few seconds
The fifty species of diatoms in the image above, forinstance, are examples of phytoplankton in the earth’s oceans
that produce more than half of the oxygen that we breathe
Wha
t hap
pens
if w
e de
stro
y th
em o
r dim
inis
h th
eir n
umbe
rs o
r wea
ken
thei
r abi
lity
to fu
nctio
n?
![Page 10: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pollination of vast percentages of flowering
plants everywhere,
and dramatic contributions to the
production of rainfall by the process of
transpiration.
Other ecological services include, for instance,
Wha
t hap
pens
if w
e de
stro
y th
em o
r dim
inis
h th
eir n
umbe
rs ?
![Page 11: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Environmental carrying capacities need not necessarily involve foodand water, but can also reflect critical limits to the damages, wastes,
eradications, and impacts that they can safely withstand – and totheir capabilities for self-perpetuation, maintenance, and self-repair
![Page 12: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Imagine an elevator, for example, thatcan safely accommodate 18 passengers and yet
83 or 247 or 1058 passengers begin to squeeze aboard
![Page 14: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
It is easy to understand that thestresses of excessive loading
virtually ensure failures in oneor more components, triggering thecollapse of the entire system and the
destruction of both the vehicleand its passengers
Not
ice
that
this
is q
uite
dif
fere
nt th
an M
alth
us’s
ass
essm
ents
invo
lvin
g fo
od;
So th
at th
e sc
ienc
e an
d un
ders
tand
ings
toda
y ar
e fa
r br
oade
r
![Page 15: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A similar unsettling scenario can beenvisioned if one imagines
an aircraft of finite size,
only to notice that a line of more and more and more persons
continue to endlesslyboard the aircraft
![Page 16: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
It is thus important to appreciate that
carrying capacity inbiological and biospheric systems
is commonly far MORE than
simply a matter offood, or water, or “resources”
![Page 17: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Overshoot
Thus, more and more persons endlessly boarding anelevator or aircraft or vehicle or planet
of finite capacity constitutesan egregiously-unwise behavior
![Page 18: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Thresholds
A behavior that invites transgressions of at least one or more
Limits
Tipping Pointsand/or
![Page 19: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thousands of examples of thresholds, limits, and tipping points (both known and unknown) exist in
real-world natural and biospheric systems
![Page 20: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
As two quick examples of thresholds in real-world systems:
One instance in a biological system can be seen in human blood which has buffers that maintain its pH at a mildly alkaline 7.4 level. Seemingly small transgressions, how-
ever, beyond pH 7.3 (lower limit) or 7.5 (upper limit) result in acidosis or alkalosis, both of which are potentially fatal.
Real-world thresholds
![Page 21: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
All three classical examples experienced 99%-plus die-offs and collapse at a time when the combined bodies or cells of each of the populations physically-occupied roughly 2/1000ths of 1% of their surrounding environment that appeared to remain theoretically-available to them
![Page 28: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
All three classical examples experienced 99%-plus die-offs and collapse at a time when the combined bodies or cells of each of the populations
physically-occupied roughly 2/1000ths of 1% of their surrounding environment that appeared to remain theoretically-available to them
![Page 29: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
All t
hree
cla
ssic
al e
xam
ples
exp
erie
nced
99%
-plu
s di
e-off
s an
d co
llaps
e at
a ti
me
whe
n th
e co
mbi
ned
bodi
es o
r cel
ls o
f eac
h of
the
popu
latio
ns
phys
ical
ly-o
ccup
ied
roug
hly
2/10
00th
s of
1%
of t
heir
surr
ound
ing
envi
ronm
ent t
hat a
ppea
red
to re
mai
n th
eore
tical
ly-a
vaila
ble
to th
em
![Page 30: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Not a very wisepolicy, was it?
![Page 40: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Part Two
Limiting Factors
Examples of Limits, J-curves,Thresholds, and Limiting Factors
![Page 51: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Also notice that this graph of human population growth over the past 10,000 years
is an extremeJ-curve
![Page 69: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
How worrying shouldJ-curves be?
Unfortunately, humankind first learned with horror what J-curves can do from unspeakably
deadly events at the close of World War II
![Page 70: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Physicists know that exponential progressions and their resulting graphs
which are known as
J-curves
exhibit a decided tendency to obliterate everything
around themselves in every direction
A graph of this shape on the display monitorsof a nuclear power plant would send theplant’s engineers scrambling for the exits
![Page 71: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Key Ideas
![Page 72: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Appendix One
How Large is a Billion?
![Page 87: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
![Page 90: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Appendix Two
What is Earth’s carrying capacityfor a modern, industrializedhumanity with a prosperous
standard of living for all?
![Page 91: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
![Page 93: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
![Page 96: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
![Page 99: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
![Page 100: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Appendix Three
Links and Other Resources
![Page 101: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
![Page 102: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
![Page 105: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
![Page 106: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: Population: Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors in Natural systems](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062405/5564c1ced8b42a3e618b571f/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)