Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 20 July 1903), bornVincenzo Gioacchino Raaele Luigi Pecci to an Ital-ian comital family, reigned from 20 February 1878 tohis death in 1903. He was the oldest pope (reigning un-til the age of 93), and had the third longest ponticate,behind that of Pius IX (his immediate predecessor) andJohn Paul II. He is the most recent ponti to date to takethe pontical name of Leo upon being elected to theponticate.He is well known for his intellectualism, the develop-ment of social teachings with his famous papal encyclicalRerum novarum and his attempts to dene the positionof the Catholic Church with regard to modern thinking.He inuenced Roman Catholic Mariology and promotedboth the rosary and the scapular. He issued a recordeleven encyclicals on the rosary earning the moniker theRosary Pope, approved two new Marian scapulars andwas the rst pope to fully embrace the concept of Maryas mediatrix. He was the rst pope to never have held anycontrol over the Papal States, after they were dissolved by1870.Leo XIII died on July 20, 1903 at the age of 93 and wasbriey buried in the grottos of Saint Peters Basilica be-fore his remains were later transferred to the Basilica ofSaint John Lateran.

1 Early lifeBorn in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixthof the seven sons of Count Ludovico Pecci and his wifeAnna Prosperi Buzzi. His brothers included Giuseppeand Giovanni Battista Pecci. Until 1818 he lived at homewith his family, in which religion counted as the highestgrace on earth, as through her, salvation can be earnedfor all eternity.[1] Together with his brother Giuseppe, hestudied in the Jesuit College in Viterbo, where he stayeduntil 1824.[2] He enjoyed the Latin language and wasknown to write his own Latin poems at the age of eleven.In 1824 he and his older brother Giuseppe were called toRomewhere their mother was dying. Count Pecci wantedhis children near him after the loss of his wife, and so theystayed with him in Rome, attending the Jesuit CollegiumRomanum. In 1828, Giuseppe entered the Jesuit order,while Vincenzo decided in favour of secular clergy.[3]

He studied at the Academia dei Nobili, mainly diplomacyand law. In 1834 he gave a student presentation, at-tended by several cardinals, on papal judgements. For his

The house in Carpineto, in which the Pecci brothers grew up

presentation he received awards for academic excellence,and gained the attention of Vatican ocials.[4] CardinalSecretary of State Luigi Lambruschini introduced himto Vatican congregations. During a cholera epidemic inRome he ably assisted Cardinal Sala in his duties as over-seer of all the city hospitals.[5] Pope Gregory XVI ap-pointed Pecci on 14 February 1837, as personal prelateeven before he was ordained priest on 31December 1837,by the Vicar of Rome, Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi. Hecelebrated his rst mass together with his priest brotherGiuseppe.[6] He received his doctorate in theology in1836 and doctorates of civil and Canon Law in Romealso.

2 Provincial administrator

Shortly thereafter, Gregory XVI appointed Pecci aslegate (provincial administrator) to Benevento. Thesmallest of papal provinces, Benevento included about20,000 people.[5]

1

2 4 ARCHBISHOP OF PERUGIA

Carpineto in 1860

The main problems facing Pecci were a decaying localeconomy, insecurity because of widespread bandits, andpervasive Maa structures, who often were allied witharistocratic families. Pecci arrested the most powerfularistocrat in Benevento, and his troops captured others,who were either killed or imprisoned by him. With thepublic order restored, he turned to the economy and a re-form of the tax system to stimulate trade with neighboringprovinces.[7]

Monsignor Pecci was rst destined for Spoleto, a provincewith 100,000, but on 17 July 1841, he was sent to Perugiawith 200,000 inhabitants.[5]

His immediate concern was to prepare the province fora papal visitation in the same year. Pope Gregory XVIvisited hospitals and educational institutions for severaldays, asking for advice and listing questions. The ghtagainst corruption continued in Perugia, where Peccihimself investigated several incidents. When it wasclaimed that a bakery was selling bread below the pre-scribed pound weight, he personally went there, had allbread weighed, and conscated it if below legal weight.The conscated bread was distributed to the poor.[8]

3 Nuncio to BelgiumIn 1843, Pecci, only thirty-three years old, was appointedApostolic Nuncio to Belgium,[9] a position which guaran-teed the Cardinals hat after completion of the tour.On 27 April 1843, Pope Gregory XVI appointed PecciArchbishop of Damiette and asked his Cardinal Secre-tary of State Lambruschini to consecrate him.[9] Peccideveloped excellent relations with the royal family andused the location to visit neighbouring Germany, wherehe was particularly interested in the resumed constructionof the Cologne Cathedral.Upon his initiative, a Belgian College in Rome wasopened in 1844, where 102 years later, in 1946, PopeJohn Paul II would begin his Roman studies. He spentseveral weeks in England with BishopNicholasWiseman,

Bishop Pecci as Nuncio in Brussels

carefully reviewing the condition of the Catholic Churchin that country.[10]

In Belgium, the school question was then sharply debatedbetween the Catholic majority and the Liberal minority.Pecci encouraged the struggle for Catholic schools, yethe was able to win the good will of the Court, not onlyof the pious Queen Louise, but also of King Leopold I,strongly Liberal in his views. The new nuncio succeededin uniting the Catholics.

4 Archbishop of Perugia

4.1 Papal assistant

Pecci was named papal assistant in 1843. He rstachieved note as a popular and successful Archbishop ofPerugia from 1846 to 1877. After Pope Pius IX grantedunlimited freedom for the press in the Papal States in1847,[11] Pecci, who had been highly popular in the rstyears of his episcopate, became the object of attacks inthe media and at his residence.[12] In 1848, revolutionarymovements developed throughout Western Europe, in-cluding France, Germany and Italy. Austrian, French andSpanish troops reversed the revolutionary gains, but at aprice for Pecci and the Catholic Church, who could notregain their former popularity.

4.4 Defence of the papacy 3

Bishop Pecci enters Perugia in 1846

4.2 Provincial councilPecci called a provincial council to reform the religiouslife in his dioceses. He invested in enlarging the semi-nary for future priests and in hiring new and prominentprofessors, preferably Thomists. He called on his brotherGiuseppe Pecci, a noted Thomist scholar, to resign hisprofessorship in Rome and teach in Perugia instead.[13]His own residence was next to the seminary, which facil-itated his daily contacts with the students.

4.3 Charitable activities

Archbishop Pecci aids the poor in Perugia

Pecci developed several activities in support of Catholiccharities. He founded homes for homeless boys andgirls and for elderly women. Throughout his dioceses heopened branches of a Bank, Monte de Pieta, which fo-cused on low-income people and provided low interestloans.[14] He created soup kitchens, which were run bythe Capuchins. In the consistory of 19 December 1853,he was elevated to the College of Cardinals, as Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono.[9] In light of continuing earth-quakes and oods, he donated all resources for festivitiesto the victims. Much of the public attention turned on theconict between the Papal States and Italian nationalism,aiming at these states annihilation so as to achieve the

Unication of Italy.

4.4 Defence of the papacy

Pecci defended the papacy and its claims. When Ital-ian authorities expropriated convents and monasteries ofCatholic orders, turning them into administration or mili-tary buildings, Cardinal Pecci protested but acted moder-ately. When the Italian state took over Catholic schools,Pecci, fearing for his theological seminary, simply addedall secular topics from other schools and opened the sem-inary to non-theologians.[15] The new government, in ad-dition to the expropriations, levied taxes on the Churchand issued legislation according to which all Episcopal orpapal utterances were to be approved by the governmentbefore their publication.[16]

4.5 Organizing the First Vatican Council

Pope Pius IX announced an ecumenical council, whichbecame known as the First Vatican Council, to take placein the Vatican on 8 December 1869. Pecci was likely tobe well informed, since his brother Giuseppe had beennamed by the Pope to help prepare this event.In his last years in Perugia, Pecci several times addressedthe role of the Church in modern society. Pecci denedthe Church as the mother of material civilization, becausethe Church upholds human dignity of working people,opposes the excesses of industrialization, and has devel-oped large scale charities for the needy.[17]

In August 1877, on the death of Cardinal Filippo de An-gelis, Pope Pius IX appointed him Camerlengo, so thathe was obliged to reside in Rome.[18]

4.6 Papal conclave

Main article: Papal conclave, 1878

Pope Pius IX died on 7 February 1878,[18] and during hisclosing years the Liberal press had often insinuated thatthe Italian Government should take a hand in the conclaveand occupy the Vatican. However the Russo-TurkishWarand the sudden death of Victor Emmanuel II (9 January1878) distracted the attention of the government.In the conclave, the questions that the cardinals faced var-ied and issues discussed included church-state relationsin Europe specically with Italy, divisions in the church,and the status of the First Vatican Council. It was alsodebated that the conclave be moved somewhere else butit was Pecci that debated otherwise, and the conclave as-sembled in Rome on 18 February 1878. Cardinal Pecciwas elected on the third ballot of the conclave and hechose the name of Leo XIII.[18] He was announced to thepeople and later crowned on 3 March 1878.

4 5 PAPACY

5 Papacy

Photogram of the 1896 lm Sua Santit papa Leone XIII, therst time a Pope appeared on lm.

Photograph of Leo XIII in his later years.

As soon as he was elected to the papacy, Leo XIII workedto encourage understanding between the Church and themodern world. When he rmly re-asserted the scholasticdoctrine that science and religion co-exist, he required thestudy of Thomas Aquinas[19] and opened the Vatican Se-cret Archives to qualied researchers, among whom wasthe noted historian of the Papacy Ludwig von Pastor. Healso re-founded the Vatican Observatory so that every-one might see clearly that the Church and her Pastors arenot opposed to true and solid science, whether human or

divine, but that they embrace it, encourage it, and pro-mote it with the fullest possible devotion.[20]

Leo XIII was the rst Pope of whom a sound recordingwas made. The recording can be found on a compactdisc of Alessandro Moreschi's singing; a recording of hispraying of the Ave Maria is available on the Web.[21] Hewas also the rst Pope to be lmed on the motion picturecamera. He was lmed by its inventor, W. K. Dickson,and blessed the camera while being lmed.[22]

Leo XIII brought normality back to the Church after thetumultuous years of Pius IX. Leos intellectual and diplo-matic skills helped regain much of the prestige lost withthe fall of the Papal States. He tried to reconcile theChurch with the working class, particularly by dealingwith the social changes that were sweeping Europe. Thenew economic order had resulted in the growth of an im-poverished working class who had increasing anti-clericaland socialist sympathies. Leo helped reverse this trend.While Leo XIII was no radical in either theology or poli-tics, his papacy did move the Catholic Church back to themainstream of European life. Considered a great diplo-mat, he managed to improve relations with Russia, Prus-sia, Germany, France, Britain and other countries. PopeLeo XIII and Prince Nikola of Montenegro concluded aConcordat in Rome on 18 August 1886. The signato-ries were Cardinal Ludovico Jacobini (183287) for theHoly See, and Secretary Jovan Sundecic (18251900) forMontenegro.Pope Leo XIII was able to reach several agreements in1896 that resulted in better conditions for the faithfuland additional appointments of bishops. During the Fifthcholera pandemic in 1891 he ordered the construction ofa hospice inside the Vatican. That building would be torndown in 1996 to make way for construction of the DomusSanctae Marthae.[23]

Leo was a Vin Mariani drinker. He awarded a Vaticangold medal to the wine, and also appeared on a posterendorsing it.[24]

His favorite poets were Virgil and Dante.[25]

5.1 Foreign relations

5.1.1 Russia

Main articles: Pope Leo XIII and Russia and Pope LeoXIII and Poland

Pope Leo XIII began his ponticate with a friendly letterto Tzar Alexander II, in which he reminded the Russianmonarch of the millions of Catholics living in his empirewho would like to be good Russian subjects, providedtheir dignity were respected.After the assassination of Alexander II, the Pope sent ahigh ranking representative to the coronation of his suc-

5.1 Foreign relations 5

cessor. Alexander III was grateful and asked for all re-ligious forces to unify. He asked the Pope to ensurethat his bishops abstain from political agitation. Re-lations improved further, when Pope Leo XIII, due toItalian considerations, distanced the Vatican from theRome-Vienna-Berlin alliance and helped to facilitate arapprochement between Paris and St. Petersburg.

5.1.2 Germany

Under Otto von Bismarck, the anti-Catholic Kulturkampfin Prussia led tomassive reprisals against the Church. Un-der Leo, compromises were informally reached and theanti-Catholic attacks subsided.[26]

The Centre Party in Germany represented Catholic in-terests and was a positive force for social change. It wasencouraged by Leos support for social welfare legislationand the rights of working people. Leos forward-lookingapproach encouraged Catholic Action in other Europeancountries where the social teachings of the Church wereincorporated into the agenda of Catholic parties, partic-ularly the Christian democratic parties, which became anacceptable alternative to socialist parties. Leos socialteachings were reiterated throughout the 20th century byhis successors.In his Memoirs[27] Kaiser Wilhelm II discussed thefriendly, trustful relationship that existed between meand Pope Leo XIII. During Wilhelms third visit to Leo:It was of interest to me that the Pope said on this oc-casion that Germany must be the sword of the CatholicChurch. I remarked that the old Roman Empire of theGerman nation no longer existed, and that conditions hadchanged. But he adhered to his words.

5.1.3 France

Leo XIII was the rst pope to come out strongly infavour of the French Republic, upsetting many Frenchmonarchists.

5.1.4 Italy

However, in light of a hostile anti-Catholic climate inItaly, he continued the policies of Pius IX towards Italy,without major modications.[28] In his relations withthe Italian state, Leo XIII continued the Papacys self-imposed incarceration in the Vatican stance, and contin-ued to insist that Italian Catholics should not vote in Ital-ian elections or hold elected oce. In his rst consistoryin 1879 he elevated his older brother Giuseppe to the car-dinalate. He had to defend the freedom of the Churchagainst what Catholics considered Italian persecutionsand attacks in the area of education, expropriation andviolation of Catholic Churches, legal measures againstthe Church and brutal attacks, culminating in anticleri-cal groups attempting to throw the body of the deceased

Pope Pius IX into the Tiber river on 13 July 1881.[29] ThePope even considered moving his residence to Trieste orSalzburg, two cities in Austria, an idea which the Austrianmonarch Franz Josef I gently rejected.[30]

5.1.5 United Kingdom

Among the activities of Leo XIII that were importantfor the English-speaking world, he restored the Scottishhierarchy in 1878. In the following year, on 12 May1879, raised to the rank of cardinal the convert clergy-man John Henry Newman, who was to be beatied byPope Benedict XVI in 2010. In British India, too, Leoestablished a Catholic hierarchy in 1886, and regulatedsome long-standing conicts with the Portuguese author-ities. A Papal Rescript (20 April 1888) condemned theIrish Plan of Campaign and all clerical involvement in itas well as boycotting, followed in June by the Papal en-cyclical Saepe Nos[31] that was addressed to all the Irishbishops. Of outstanding signicance, not least for theEnglish-speaking world, was Leos encyclical ApostolicaeCurae on the invalidity of the Anglican orders, publishedin 1896.

5.1.6 United States

In 1889, Pope Leo XIII authorized the founding of The CatholicUniversity of America in Washington, D.C., and granted her Pa-pal degrees in theology

The United States at many moments in time attracted the

6 5 PAPACY

attention and admiration of Pope Leo. He conrmedthe decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore(1884), and raised James Gibbons, archbishop of thatcity, to the cardinalate in 1886.American newspapers criticized Pope Leo because theyclaimed that he was attempting to gain control of Amer-ican public schools. One cartoonist drew Leo as a foxunable to reach grapes that were labeled for Americanschools; the caption read Sour grapes!"[32]

5.1.7 Brazil

Pope Leo XIII is also remembered for the First PlenaryCouncil of Latin America held at Rome in 1899, andhis encyclical of 1888 to the bishops of Brazil on theabolition of slavery. In 1897, he published the ApostolicLetter Trans Oceanum, which dealt with the privilegesand ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church inLatin America.[33]

5.1.8 Chile

His role in South America will also be remembered, es-pecially the pontical benediction extended over Chileantroops on the eve of the Battle of Chorrillos during theWar of the Pacic in January 1881. The Chilean sol-diers thus blessed then looted the cities of Chorrillosand Barranco, including the churches, and their Chap-lains headed the robbery at the Biblioteca Nacional delPer, where the soldiers ransacked various items alongwith much capital, and Chilean Priests coveted rare andancient editions of the Bible that were stored there.[34]Despite this, one year later Chilean President DomingoSanta Mara issued the Laicist Laws, which separated theChurch from the State, considered a slap in the face forthe papacy.

5.1.9 Evangelization

Pope Leo XIII sanctioned the missions to eastern Africa.In 1879 Catholic missionaries associated with the WhiteFather Congregation (Society of the Missionaries ofAfrica) came to Uganda and others went to Tanganyika(present day Tanzania) and Rwanda.

5.2 Theology

Main article: Theology of Pope Leo XIIIFurther information: List of Encyclicals of Pope LeoXIII

The ponticate of Leo XIII was theologically inuencedby the First Vatican Council (18691870), which hadended only eight years earlier. Leo XIII issued some 46

Giuseppe Pecci in 1872. At the urgent requests of the College ofCardinals, Leo XIII in 1879 elevated his brother, Giuseppe Pecci,a Jesuit and prominent Thomist theologian, into their ranks.[35]

apostolic letters and encyclicals dealing with central is-sues in the areas of marriage and family and state andsociety. He also wrote two prayers for the intercession ofMichael the Archangel after having a vision of Michaeland the end times.[36]

5.2.1 Thomism

As pope, he used all his authority for a revival ofThomism, the theology of Thomas Aquinas. On 4 August1879, Leo XIII promulgated the encyclical Aeterni Patris(Eternal Father) which, more than any other single doc-ument, provided a charter for the revival of Thomismthe medieval theological system based on the thoughtof Aquinasas the ocial philosophical and theologicalsystem of the Catholic Church. It was to be normativenot only in the training of priests at church seminariesbut also in the education of the laity at universities.Following this encyclical Pope Leo XIII created thePontical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas on Octo-ber 15, 1879 and ordered the publication of the criti-cal edition, the so-called leonine edition, of the com-plete works of the doctor angelicus. The superinten-dence of the leonine edition was entrusted to TommasoMaria Zigliara, professor and rector of the Collegium DiviThomae de Urbe the future Pontical University of SaintThomas Aquinas, Angelicum. Leo XIII also founded theAngelicums Faculty of Philosophy in 1882 and its Facultyof Canon Law in 1896.

5.2 Theology 7

The Blessed Sister Mary of the Divine Heart was a nun fromSisters of the Good Shepherd Congregation who requested PopeLeo XIII to consecrate the entire world to the Sacred Heart ofJesus.[37]

5.2.2 Consecrations

Pope Leo XIII performed a number of consecrations, attimes entering new theological territory. After he re-ceived many letters from Sister Mary of the Divine Heart,the countess of Droste zu Vischering and Mother Su-perior in the Convent of the Congregation of the GoodShepherd Sisters in Porto, Portugal, asking him to con-secrate the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, hecommissioned a group of theologians to examine the pe-tition on the basis of revelation and sacred tradition. Theoutcome of this investigation was positive, and so in theencyclical letter Annum sacrum (on May 25, 1899) hedecreed that the consecration of the entire human race tothe Sacred Heart of Jesus should take place on June 11,1899.The encyclical letter also encouraged the entire RomanCatholic episcopate to promote the First Friday Devo-tions, established June as the Month of the Sacred Heart,and included the Prayer of Consecration to the SacredHeart.[38] His consecration of the entire world to theSacred Heart of Jesus presented theological challengesin consecrating non-Christians. Since about 1850, vari-ous congregations and States had consecrated themselvesto the Sacred Heart, and, in 1875, this consecration wasmade throughout the Catholic world.

5.2.3 Scriptures

In his 1893 encyclical Providentissimus Deus, he de-scribed the importance of scriptures for theological study.It was an important encyclical for Catholic theology andits relation to the Bible, as Pope Pius XII pointed out ftyyears later in his encyclical Divino Aante Spiritu.[39]

5.2.4 Ecumenical eorts

Pope Leo XIII fostered ecumenical relations, particularlywith the East. He opposed eorts to Latinize the EasternRite Churches, stating that they constitute a most valuableancient tradition and symbol of the divine unity of theCatholic Church.

5.2.5 Theological research

John Henry Newman was raised into the College of Cardinals byPope Leo XIII

Leo XIII is credited with great eorts in the areas ofscientic and historical analysis. He opened the VaticanArchives and personally fostered a twenty-volume com-prehensive scientic study of the Papacy by Ludwig vonPastor, an Austrian historian.[40]

5.2.6 Mariology

Main article: Mariology of Pope Leo XIII

His predecessor, Pope Pius IX, became known as thePope of the Immaculate Conception because of the

8 5 PAPACY

dogmatization in 1854. Leo XIII, in light of his unprece-dented promulgation of the rosary in eleven encyclicals,was called the Rosary Pope. In eleven encyclicals on therosary he promulgates Marian devotion. In his encycli-cal on the ftieth anniversary of the Dogma of the Im-maculate Conception, he stresses her role in the redemp-tion of humanity, mentioning Mary as Mediatrix and Co-Redemptrix.

5.2.7 Social teachings

Main article: List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII

Church and state Leo XIII worked to encourage un-derstanding between the Church and the modern world,though he preferred a cautious view on freedom ofthought, stating that it is quite unlawful to demand, de-fend, or to grant unconditional freedom of thought, orspeech, of writing or worship, as if these were so manyrights given by nature to man. Leos social teachingsare based on the Catholic premise that God is the Cre-ator of the world and its Ruler. Eternal law commandsthe natural order to be maintained, and forbids that it bedisturbed; mens destiny is far above human things andbeyond the earth.

Rerum novarum His encyclicals changed the Churchsrelations with temporal authorities, and, in the 1891 en-cyclical Rerum novarum, for the rst time addressed so-cial inequality and social justice issues with Papal author-ity, focusing on the rights and duties of capital and labour.He was greatly inuenced by Wilhelm Emmanuel vonKetteler, a German bishop who openly propagated sid-ing with the suering working classes in his book DieArbeiterfrage und das Christentum. Since Leo XIII, Pa-pal teachings have expanded on the rights and obliga-tions of workers and the limitations of private property:Pope Pius XI Quadragesimo anno, the Social teachingsof Pope Pius XII on a huge range of social issues, JohnXXIII Mater et magistra in 1961, Pope Paul VI, the en-cyclical Populorum progressio on world development is-sues, and Pope John Paul II, Centesimus annus, com-memorating the 100th anniversary of Rerum novarum.Leo XIII had argued that both capitalism and commu-nism are awed. Rerum novarum introduced the idea ofsubsidiarity, the principle that political and social deci-sions should be taken at a local level, if possible, ratherthan by a central authority, into Catholic social thought.A list of all of Leos encyclicals can be found in the Listof Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII.

5.3 Canonizations and beaticationsLeo XIII canonized the following saints during his pon-ticate:

8 December 1881: Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308),John Baptist de Rossi (16961764), Lawrence ofBrindisi (d. 1619), and Benedict Joseph Labre(1748-83)

15 January 1888: Seven Holy Founders of theServite Order, Peter Claver (15811654), JohnBerchmans (15991621), and Alphonsus Rodriguez(15311617)

27 May 1897: Anthony Zaccaria (150239) andPeter Fourier (15651640)

24 May 1900: John Baptist de la Salle (16511719)and Rita of Cascia (13811457)

Leo XIII also beatied several of his predecessors: UrbanII (1881), Victor III (1887) and Innocent V (9 March1898). He also canonized Adrian III on 2 June 1891.He also beatied Giancarlo Melchiori on 22 January1882, Giovanni Giovenale Ancina on 9 February 1890,Ins of Benignim on 26 February 1888, Pompilio Pir-rotti on 26 January 1890, Leopoldo Croci on 12 May1893, Antonio Baldinucci on 16 April 1893, RodolfoAcquaviva and 4 Companions on 30 April 1893, DiegoJos Lpez-Caamao on 22 April 1894, Anthony MariaZaccaria (whom he later canonized) on 3 January 1890,John Baptist de la Salle (whom he later canonized) on19 February 1888, Maria Maddalena Martinengo on 3June 1900, Dnis Berthelot of the Nativity and Re-dento Rodrguez of the Cross on 10 June 1900, AntonioGrassi on 30 September 1900, Gerard Majella in 1893,both Edmund Campion and Ralph Sherwin in 1886,Bernardino Realino on 12 January 1896, and Jeanne deLestonnac on 23 September 1900. He also approved thecult of Cosmas of Aphrodisia. He also beatied severalof the English martyrs in 1895.[41]

5.4 AudiencesOne of the rst audiences Leo XIII granted was to theprofessors and students of the Collegio Capranica, wherein the rst row knelt in front of him a young seminar-ian, Giacomo Della Chiesa, his eventual successor PopeBenedict XV, who would reign from 1914 to 1922.While on a pilgrimage with her father and sister in 1887,the future Saint Thrse of Lisieux attended a general au-dience with Pope Leo XIII and asked him to allow her toenter the Carmelite order. Even though she was strictlyforbidden to speak to him because she was told it wouldprolong the audience too much, in her autobiography,Story of a Soul, she wrote that after she kissed his slipperand he presented his hand, instead of kissing it, she tookit in her own hand and said through tears, Most HolyFather, I have a great favor to ask you. In honor of yourJubilee, permit me to enter Carmel at the age of 15!" LeoXIII answered, Well, my child, do what the superiors de-cide. Thrse replied, Oh! Holy Father, if you say yes,

9In 1901, Pope Leo XIII welcomed Eugenio Pacelli, later PopePius XII, on his rst day of fty-seven years of service in theVatican (19011958)

everybody will agree!" Finally, the Pope said, Go... go...You will enter if God wills it" [italics hers] after whichtime two guards lifted Thrse (still on her knees in frontof the Pope) by her arms and carried her to the door wherea third gave her a medal of the Pope. Shortly thereafter,the Bishop of Bayeux authorized the prioress to receiveThrse, and in April 1888, she entered Carmel at the ageof 15.While known for his cheerful personality, Leo XIII alsohad a gentle sense of humor as well. During one of hisaudiences, a man claimed to have had the opportunity tosee Pius IX at one of his last audiences before his deathin 1878. Upon hearing the remarkable story, Leo XIIIsmiled and replied to him, If I had known that you wereso dangerous to popes, I would have postponed this audi-ence further.

6 DeathLeo XIII was the rst pope to be born in the 19th centuryand was also the rst to die in the 20th century: he livedto the age of 93, the longest-lived pope. At the time ofhis death, Leo XIII was the second-longest reigning pope,exceeded only by his immediate predecessor, Pius IX.Leo XIII was entombed in St. Peters Basilica only verybriey after his funeral, but was later moved instead to thevery ancient basilica of St. John Lateran, his cathedral

The monument and tomb to Leo XIII in the basilica of St. JohnLateran.

church as the Bishop of Rome, and a church in which hetook a particular interest. He was moved there in 1924.

7 See also Cardinals created by Leo XIII Distributism Prayer to Saint Michael Taxil hoax Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy

8 Notes[1] Khne 1880, p. 7.

[2] Khne 1880, p. 12.

[3] Khne 1880, p. 20.

[4] Khne 1880, p. 23.

[5] Benigni, Umberto. Pope Leo XIII. The Catholic Ency-clopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company,1910. 28 Aug. 2014

[6] Khne 1880, p. 24.

[7] Khne 1880, p. 31.

10 9 REFERENCES

[8] Khne 1880, p. 37.

[9] Miranda, Salvador. Pecci, Gioacchino, ''The Cardinalsof the Holy Roman Church

[10] Khne 1880, p. 52.

[11] Khne 62

[12] Khne 1880, p. 66.

[13] Khne 1880, p. 76.

[14] Khne 1880, p. 78.

[15] Khne 1880, p. 102.

[16] Khne 1880, p. 105.

[17] Khne 1880, p. 129.

[18] O'Reilly, Bernard. Life of Leo XIII, Charles L. Webster& Company, New York, 1887

[19] Aeterni Patris On the Restoration of Christian Philosophy(encyclical), Catholic forum.

[20] Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raaele Luigi (March 14,1891), Ut Mysticam (in Latin).

[21] Pope Leo XIII, 18101910, Archive.

[22] Abel, Richard, Encyclopedia of early cinema, p. 266,ISBN 0-415-23440-9.

[23] Domus Sanctae Marthae & The New Urns Used in theElection of the Pope. EWTN. 22 February 1996. Re-trieved 15 February 2010.

[24] Inciardi, James A. (1992). The War on Drugs II. MayeldPublishing Company. p. 6. ISBN 1-55934-016-9.

[25] Pope Leo XIII and his Household in The Century Illus-trated Monthly Magazine, p. 596

[26] Ross, Ronald J. (1998). The failure of Bismarcks Kul-turkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Ger-many, 18711887. Washington: Catholic University ofAmerica Press. ISBN 0-81320894-7.

[27] Memoirs. pp. 2047. Retrieved 2013-06-23.

[28] Schmidlin 1934, p. 409.

[29] Schmidlin 1934, p. 413.

[30] Schmidlin 1934, p. 414.

[31] Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raaele Luigi, Spe nos (inLatin), New Advent.

[32] http://www.criaimages.com/detail.aspx?img=0000037708c

[33] Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raaele Luigi (1897-04-18). Trans Oceanum, Litterae apostolicae, De privilegiisAmericae Latinae [Over the Ocean, Apostolic letter onLatin American privileges] (in Latin). Rome, IT: Vatican.Retrieved 2013-06-23.

[34] Caivano, Tomas (1907), Historia de la guerra de Amricaentre Chile, Per y Bolivia [History of the American warbetween Chile, Peru and Bolivia] (in Spanish).

[35] Khne, Benno (1880),Unser Heiliger Vater Papst Leo XIIIin seinem Leben und wirken, Benzinger: Einsiedeln, p.247.

[36] Archangel Michael, Queen of Angels Foundation

[37] Chasle, Louis (1906), Sister Mary of the Divine Heart,Droste zu Vischering, religious of the Good Shepherd,18631899, London: Burns & Oates.

[38] Ball, Ann (2003), Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions andPractices, p. 166, ISBN 0-87973-910-X.

[39] Divino Aante Spiritu, 112.

[40] von Pastor, Ludwig (1950), Errinnerungen (in German).

[41] St. Cosmas Saints & Angels. Catholic Online. Re-trieved 15 February 2010.

9 References Duy, Eamon (1997), Saints and Sinners, A Historyof the Popes, Yale University Press.

of Lisieux, Thrse (1996), Story of a Soul TheAutobiography of St. Thrse of Lisieux, Clarke,John Clarke trans (3rd ed.), Washington, DC: ICS.

Quardt, Robert (1964), Der Meisterdiplomat [TheMaster Diplomat] (in German), Kevelaer, DE: But-zon & Bercker

Quardt, Robert, The Master Diplomat; Fromthe Life of Leo XIII, Wolson, Ilya trans, NewYork: Alba House.

O'Reilly, Bernard (1887), Life of Leo XIII FromAn Authentic Memoir Furnished By His Order,New York: Charles L Webster & Co.

9.1 In German Bumer, Remigius (1992), Marienlexikon [Dictio-nary of Mary] (in German), et al, St Ottilien

.

Franzen, August; Bumer, Remigius (1988), Papst-geschichte (in German), Freiburg: Herder.

Khne, Benno (1880), Papst Leo XIII [Pope LeoXIII] (in German), New York & St. Louis: C&NBenzinger, Einsideln.

Schmidlin, Josef (1934), Papstgeschichte derneueren Zeit (in German), Mnchen.

11

10 Further reading Richard H. Clarke (1903), The Life of His HolinessLeo XIII, Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler & Co.

11 External links Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raaele Luigi,Encyclicals and other documents (Etexts).

Pope Leo XIII (texts & biography), Vatican City:The Vatican.

Pope Leo XIII, overview of ponticate, Catholic fo-rum.

Pope Leo XIII (text with concordances and fre-quency list), Intra text.

Works by or about Pope LeoXIII at Internet Archive Works by Pope LeoXIII at LibriVox (public domainaudiobooks)

Life and Acts of Pope Leo XII (1883), Archive. Pope Leo XIII at Find a Grave Keller, Joseph Edward. The Life and Acts of PopeLeo XIII, Benziger, 1882

12 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses12.1 Text

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