polymer_handbook.pdf

POLYMER HANDBOOKFOURTH EDITION

Editors

J. BRANDRUP, E. H. IMMERGUT, and E. A. GRULKEAssociate Editors

A. ABE D. R. BLOCH

A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION

JOHNWlLEY & SONS, INC.New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto

This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Puhlication Data: Polymer Handbook / Editors: J. Brandrup, E. H. Immergut, and E. A. Grulke; Associate Editors, A. Abe, D. R. Bloch. - 4th ed. p. cm. "A Wiley-Interscience Publication." Includes index. ISBN 0-471-16628-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. PolymersTables. 2. PolymerizationTables. I. Brandrup, J. II. Immergut, E. H. III. Grulke, Eric A. QD388.P65 1999 547.7-dc21 98-37261 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

ContributorsAbe, A. Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics, Atsugi, Japan Allegra, G. Dipartimento di Chimica del Politecnico, Milano, Italy Andreeva, L. N. Institute of High Molecular Weight Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Andrews, R, J. Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Bai, F. The Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, Univeristy of Akron, Akron, USA Bareiss, R. E. Editorial Office, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Mainz, FR Germany Barrales-Rienda, J. M. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polfmeros, Madrid, Spain Bello, A. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polfmeros, Madrid, Spain Bello, P. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polfmeros, Madrid, Spain Bloch, D. R. Lakeshore Research, Racine, Wisconsin, USA Brandrup, J. Wiesbaden, FR Germany Calhoun, B. H. The Maurice Morton Institute of Polymers Science, University of Akron, Akron USA Casassa, E. F. Department of Chemistry, Carneagfe-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Cheng, S. Z. D. The Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA Chiu, F.-C. The Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA Cho, J. Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea Collins, E. A. Avon Lake, Ohio, USA Daniels, C. A. The Geon Company, Avon Lake, Ohio, USA DeLassus, P. T. The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas, USA Dixon, K. W. Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, New York, USA Elias, H.-G. Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan, USA Fink, G. Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung, Miilheim an der Ruhr, FR Germany Fink, H.-P. Fraunhofer Institut fiir angewandte Polymerforschung, TeltowSeehof, FR Germany Fouassier, J. P. Laboratoire de Photochimie Generate, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie, Mulhouse, France Fu, Q. The Maurice Morton Institute and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA Furuta, I. Japan Synthetic Rubber Company Ltd., Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan Ganster, J. Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, TeltowSeehof, Germany Greenley, R. Z. Monsanto Corporation (retired), St. Louis, Missouri, USA Grulke, E. A. Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Goh, S. H. Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore Guzman G. M. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologfa de Polfmeros, Madrid, Spain Hill, D. J. T. Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia Hiltner, A. Department of Macromolecular Science, School of Engineering Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Inomata, K. Department of Polymer Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Iwama, M. Japan Synthetic Rubber Company Ltd., Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan Jenkins, A. D. School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, UK Jenkins, J. School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, UK

Johnson, M. Chemistry/Physics Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Kamachi, M. Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, Fukui University of Technology, Gakuen, Fukui, Japan Kerbow, D. L. DuPont Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, Delaware, USA Kimura, S.-L Japan Synthetic Rubber Company Ltd., Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan Korte, S. Zentrale Ferschung, Bayer AG, Leverkunsen, FR Germany Krause, S. Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA Kurata, M. Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan Lechner, M. D. Physikalische Chemie, Universitat Osnabriick, Osnabriick, FR Germany Leonard, J. Department de Chimie and CERSIM, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada Li, F. The Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA Liggat, J. Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Lindemann, M. Greenville, South Carolina, USA Luft, G. Institut fur Chemische Technologie, Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, FR Germany Magill, J. H. School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA McKenna, T. F. Centre Nationale de Ia Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie et Procedes de Polymerisation/Departement Genie des Procedes, Villeurbanne, France Mehta, R. H. Dupont Nylon, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA Mettle, S. V. Dipartimento di Chimica del Politecnico, Milano, Italy Metanomski, W. V. Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, Ohio, USA Michielsen, S. School of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Miller, R. L. Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan, USA Morita, Y. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Takasaki, Gunma-ken, Japan

Muck, K.-F. Ticona GmbH, Kelsterbach, FR Germany Nagai, S. Plastics Technical Association, Osaka, Japan Nordmeier, E. Physikalische Chemie, Universitat Osnabriick, Osnabriick FR Germany Ogo, Y. Research Institute for Solvothermal Technology, Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan Orwoll, R. A. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA Pauly, S. Fachlaboratorium fur Permeationspriifung, Wiesbaden, FR Germany Peebles, L. H., Jr. Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA Perera, M. C. S. Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia Porzio, W. Instituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole del C.N.R., Milano, Italy Pyda, M. Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA Quirk, R. P. The Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA Riande, E. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, Madrid, Spain Richter, W. J. Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung, Miilheim an der Ruhr, FR Germany Rothe, M. University of UIm, UIm, FR Germany Rule, M. Coca Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Salort, J. F. Madrid, Spain Salom, C. Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Aeronauticos, Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Sanchez, I. C. Chemical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA Santos, A. M. Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica de Lorena - FAENQUIL, Lorena, Sao Paulo, Brazil Schoff, C. K. PPG Industries, Allison Park, Pennsylvania, USA Schuld, N. Institut fur Physikalische Chemie, Universitat Mainz, Mainz, FR Germany

Seferis, J. C. Chemical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Seguchi, T. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Takasaki, Gunma-ken, Japan Schrader, D. The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA Sperati, C. A. Chemical Engineering Department, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Steinmeier, D. G. Physikalische Chemie, Universitat Osnabriick, Osnabruck, FR Germany Tsunashima, Y. Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan Tsvetkov, N. V. Institute of High Molecular Weight Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Tsvetkov, V. N. Institute of High Molecular Weight Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Ueda, A. Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, Japan

Wagener, K. B. Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA Whiteman, N. F. The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas, USA Witenhafer, D. E. Dublin, Ohio, USA Wolf, B. A. Institut fur Physikalische Chemie, Universitat Mainz, Mainz, FR Germany Wu, S. E. I. DuPont de Nemours, Central Research and Development Department, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware Wunderlich, B. Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA Wunderlich, W. ROHM GmbH, Darmstadt, FR Germany Yamada, B. Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan Zhu, L. The Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA

PrefaceThe purpose of the Polymer Handbook is to bring together the data and constants needed in theoretical and experimental polymer research. All polymer researchers have experienced the frustration of searching for data in the everexpanding polymer literature and know the difficulties involved in trying to locate a particular constant that is buried in a long journal article. The contributors to this Handbook have taken on the arduous task of searching the literature and compiling the data and constants that polymer chemists, polymer physicists, and polymer engineers are likely to need. The 520 and odd tables in this Handbook are divided into eight sections. The first lists the IUPAC nomenclature rules for polymers and the International System of Units. Although several naming conventions exist in the technical literature, IUPAC names permit a consistent listing of all polymers. Section II contains data and constants needed for polymer synthesis, kinetic mechanisms, and thermodynamic studies of polymerization and depolymerization reactions. Sections III and IV contain physical constants of monomers, solvents, and oligomers. Section V lists the physical constants of many important commercial polymers. Section VI and VII cover the solid state properties of polymers and the properties of polymer solutions. Section VIII of the Handbook lists the commonly used abbreviations or acronyms for polymers and Chemical Abstract Registry Numbers, and gives suggestions for electronic data searching for polymer information. This section should also be consulted in the few cases where contributors have not used IUPAC nomenclature. As in the previous editions, the Polymer Handbook concentrates on synthetic polymers, poly(saccharides) and derivatives, and oligomers. Few data on biopolymers are included. Spectroscopic data as well as data needed by engineers and designers, such as mechanical and rheological data, are minimized, since many excellent compilations exist elsewhere. Only fundamental constants and parameters that refer to the polymer molecule, that describe the solid state of polymer molecules, or that describe polymer solutions, were compiled. Constants that depend on processing conditions or on sample history were not emphasized, as they can be found in existing plastics handbooks and encyclopedias. A critical evaluation of the values published in the literature was not attempted, since such a task would have required an inordinate amount of time and a sizable staff. Therefore, the users of this Handbook should consult the original literature for details when in doubt about the validity of any data. (The authors of the individual tables were nevertheless requested to eliminate obviously erroneous data from otherwise complete compilations.) The Fourth Edition revisions have focused on data generated in the ten years since the publication of the Third Edition. Therefore, a completely revised Polymer Handbook has been prepared. We have added new tables and incorporated a large amount of new data into existing tables. As a result, the Fourth Edition contains approximately twenty-five percent more data, and the number of pages has increased from about 1850 in the Third Edition to about 2250. We hope that this new edition will be as useful to the polymer research community as the three earlier editions and that many of the Polymer Handbook's previous users will also obtain the Fourth Edition for their laboratory and library. The publisher plans a CD-ROM for the Polymer Handbook in the near future. We would be grateful if our contributors and users send us any new data they accumulate in the course of their research, and any errors, misprints, omissions and other flaws. We will pass on such data to the publisher, for the polymer database, and for future editions of this Handbook. We would like to thank all of the contributors to the Polymer Handbook for their help and continued patience. The staff at John Wiley, especially Carla Fjerstad, Shirley Thomas, and Jacqueline Kroschwitz, have provided excellent help and support in getting all the work done. We hope that the outstanding efforts of all these people will find due appreciation among the users of this Handbook. July, 1998 J. Brandrup E. H. Immergut E. A. Grulke A. Abe D. R. Bloch

Contents

Contributors ............................................................................................................................. Preface .................................................................................................................................... I. Nomenclature Rules Units

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Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. IUPAC Recommendations .................................................................................................. 1. Source-based Nomenclature .................................................................................. 1.1 Homopolymers ........................................................................................ 1.2 Copolymers ............................................................................................. 1.3 Nonlinear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies ................ 2. Structure-based Nomenclature ............................................................................... 2.1 Regular Single-strand Organic Polymers ............................................... 2.2 Regular Double-strand Organic Polymers .............................................. 2.3 Regular Single-strand Inorganic and Coordination Polymers ................. 2.4 Regular Quasi-single-strand Coordination Polymers .............................. 2.5 Irregular Single-strand Organic Polymers ............................................... C. Use of Common and Semisystematic Names ..................................................................... D. Chemical Abstracts (CA) Index Names ............................................................................... E. Polymer Class Names ........................................................................................................ F. References ......................................................................................................................... Units ............................................................................................................................................................. A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. International Units .............................................................................................................. C. SI-prefixes .......................................................................................................................... D. Conversion Factors ............................................................................................................ E. Conversion Table for SI vs. English-american Units ...........................................................

I/1 I/1 I/1 I/2 I/2 I/2 I/3 I/3 I/3 I/6 I/6 I/7 I/7 I/8 I/8 I/11 I/12 I/13 I/13 I/13 I/14 I/14 I/17

II.

Polymerization and DepolymerizationII/1 II/1 II/2 II/2 II/9 A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables of Decomposition Rates of Organic Free Radical Initiators ..................................... Table 1. Azonitriles ............................................................................................................... Table 2. Miscellaneous Azo-derivatives ................................................................................

Decomposition Rates of Organic Free Radical Initiators ............................................................................

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ContentsTable 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Alkyl Peroxides ....................................................................................................... Acyl Peroxides ........................................................................................................ Hydroperoxides and Ketone Peroxides .................................................................. Peresters and Peroxycarbonates ............................................................................ Miscellaneous Initiators ........................................................................................... II/23 II/29 II/43 II/48 II/67 II/69 II/70 II/77 II/77 II/79 II/79 II/79 II/80 II/82 II/85 II/87 II/87 II/87 II/88 II/88 II/90 II/90 II/90 II/91 II/97 II/97 II/98 II/98 II/103 II/106 II/110 II/150 II/157 II/159 II/169 II/169 II/170 II/170 II/173

C. Notes .................................................................................................................................. D. References ......................................................................................................................... Propagation and Termination Constants in Free Radical Polymerization .................................................. A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables of Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Table 12. Table 13. Propagation and Termination Constants ............................................................. Dienes ..................................................................................................................... Olefins ..................................................................................................................... Acrylic Derivatives ................................................................................................... Methacrylic Derivatives ........................................................................................... Itaconic Derivatives ................................................................................................. Fumaric Derivatives ................................................................................................ Vinyl Halides ........................................................................................................... Vinyl Esters ............................................................................................................. Vinyl Ethers ............................................................................................................. Styrene Derivatives ................................................................................................. Vinyl Heteroaromatics ............................................................................................. Aldehydes ............................................................................................................... Others .....................................................................................................................

C. References ......................................................................................................................... Transfer Constants to Monomers, Polymers, Catalysts and Initiators, Solvents and Additives, and Sulfur Compounds in Free Radical Polymerization ........................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables of Transfer Constants ............................................................................................. Table 1. Transfer Constants to Monomers ........................................................................... Table 2. Transfer Constants to Polymers ............................................................................. Table 3. Transfer Constants to Catalysts and Initiators ........................................................ Table 4. Transfer Constants to Solvents and Additives ........................................................ Table 5. Transfer Constants to Sulfur Compounds ............................................................... C. Remarks ............................................................................................................................. D. References ......................................................................................................................... Photopolymerization Reactions ................................................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables ................................................................................................................................ Table 1. Rate Constants of Cleavage, Electron Transfer and Monomer Quenching in Radical Photoinitiators ............................................................................................ Annex to Table 1. Photoinitiator Compound Chemistries ......................................


ContentsTable 2. Bimolecular Rate Constants for the Reaction of Phosphonyl Radicals with Various Monomers in Cyclohexane at Room Temperature .................................... Table 3. Bimolecular Rate Constants for the Reaction of Various Radicals with Various Olefinic Monomers at Room Temperature ................................................. Table 4. Bimolecular Rate Constants for the Reaction of Ph2P = O and Ph2P = S with Various Monomers .................................................................................................. Table 5. Electron Transfer Reaction of Radicals with Diphenyliodonium Salts .................... Table 6. Electron Transfer Rate Constants (ke) between Photosensitizers and Cationic Photoinitiators and Quenching Rate Constants (kq) for Cyclohexene Oxide in Methanol (M) and Acetonitrile (AN) .......................................................... Table 7. Excitation Transfer Rate Constants (kT) for Thioxanthones and Photoinitiators ......................................................................................................... Annex to Table 7. Compound Chemistries ............................................................ Table 8. Triplet State Lifetimes (T) of the Sensitizer (TXI) in Different Media, and Rate Constant (kT) of the Interaction between TXI and TPMK ............................... Table 9. Some Values of the Triplet State Energy Levels of Photoinitiators and Monomers ............................................................................................................... Table 10. Values of 0T, T, and kba in Solution ........................................................................ Table 11. Rate Constant of Interaction of Ketones and Light Stabilizers in Solution .............. Annex to Table 11 ................................................................................................... C. References ......................................................................................................................... Free Radical Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios ....................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables ................................................................................................................................ Table 1. Copolymer Reactivity Ratios ................................................................................... Acenaphthalene to Fumarate, bis(3-chloro-2-butyl) ................................................ Fumarate, di-(2-chloroethyl) to N-N-divinylaniline ................................................... N-vinylimidazole to Styrene, p-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)- ............................................... Styrene, p-4-methoxyphenyl ketone to Vinylbenzoate, p-, sodium ......................... Vinylbenzoic acid, p- to Xanthate, S-methacryloyl O-ethyl ..................................... Table 2. Listing of Quick Basic (Microsoft) Program for Calculating Reactivity Ratios ......... C. References ......................................................................................................................... Q and e Values for Free Radical Copolymerizations of Vinyl Monomers and Telogens ........................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Q and e Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Values for Free Radical Copolymerizations .......................................................... Monomers ............................................................................................................... Telogens ................................................................................................................. Monomers Arranged by Q Values ........................................................................... Monomers Arranged by e Values ...........................................................................

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II/177 II/178 II/178 II/179 II/179 II/179 II/179 II/179 II/180 II/181 II/181 II/182 II/182 II/182 II/212 II/241 II/268 II/285 II/288 II/290 II/309 II/309 II/310 II/310 II/314 II/314 II/317 II/319 II/321 II/321

C. References ......................................................................................................................... Patterns of Reactivity (U,V) Parameters for the Prediction of Monomer Reactivity Ratios and Transfer Constants in Radical Polymerization ................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

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ContentsB. Example ............................................................................................................................. C. Transfer Constants ............................................................................................................. D. Tables of Parameters ......................................................................................................... Table 1. Monomers ............................................................................................................... Table 2. Transfer Agent ........................................................................................................ E. References ......................................................................................................................... II/322 II/322 II/323 II/323 II/326 II/327 II/329 II/329 II/329 II/330 II/330 II/331 II/331 II/331 II/331 II/332 II/332 II/333 II/336 II/336 II/339 II/339

Copolymerization Parameters of Metallocene-catalyzed Copolymerizations ............................................ A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. A Brief Theoretical Outline of Copolymerization Reactions ................................................. 1. First-order Markov Model ........................................................................................ 2. Second-order Markov Model ................................................................................... C. Calculation of the Copolymerization Parameters ................................................................ 1. First-order Markov Model ........................................................................................ 1.1. Copolymerization Parameters Deduced from the Mayo-lewis Equation .................................................................................................. 1.2. Determination of Copolymerization Parameters from the Sequence Distribution (Triad Distribution) .............................................. 2. Second-order Markov Model ................................................................................... 3. Example .................................................................................................................. D. Table of Copolymerization Parameters ............................................................................... E. List of Catalysts/Cocatalysts Used ..................................................................................... F. References ......................................................................................................................... Rates of Polymerization and Depolymerization, Average Molecular Weights, and Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers ......................................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Reference Tables for the Calculation of Rates of Polymerization, Average Molecular Weights, and Molecular Weight Distributions of Polymers for Various Types of Polymerization .................................................................................................................... Table 1. Addition Polymerization with Termination ............................................................... Table 2. Addition Polymerization - "Living" Polymers with Partial Deactivation .................... Table 3. Linear Condensation Polymerization without Ring Formation ................................ Table 4. Equilibrium Polymerization ...................................................................................... Table 5. Nonlinear Polymerization Systems ......................................................................... Table 6. Degradation of Polymers - May Be Accompanied by Crosslinking ......................... Table 7. Influence of Reactor Conditions and Design on the Molecular Weight Distribution .............................................................................................................. C. Some Distribution Functions and Their Properties .............................................................. 1. Normal Distribution Function (Gaussian Distribution) ............................................. 2. Logarithmic Normal Distribution Function ............................................................... 3. Generalized Exponential Distribution ...................................................................... 4. Poisson Distribution ................................................................................................

II/340 II/341 II/344 II/346 II/347 II/348 II/350 II/352 II/352 II/353 II/353 II/354 II/354


ContentsD. Molecular Weight Distribution in Condensation Polymers: the Stockmayer Distribution Function ........................................................................................................... E. References ......................................................................................................................... Heats and Entropies of Polymerization, Ceiling Temperatures, Equilibrium Monomer Concentrations, and Polymerizability of Heterocyclic Compounds ................................................... A. Heats of Polymerization ...................................................................................................... Table 1. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Carbon Atoms Only in the Main Chain ....................................................................................................................... 1.1 With Acyclic Carbons Only in the Main Chain ........................................ 1.1.1 Dienes .............................................................................................. 1.1.2 Monomers Giving Polymers with or without Aliphatic Side Chains That Contain Only C, H ........................................................ 1.1.3 Monomers Giving Polymers with Aliphatic Side Chains That Contain Heteroatoms ....................................................................... 1.1.4 Monomers Giving Polymers with Aromatic Side Chains That Contain Only C, H ............................................................................ 1.1.5 Monomers Giving Polymers with Aromatic Side Chains and That Contain Heteroatoms ............................................................... 1.2 With Aromatic or Cyclic Carbons in the Main Chain ............................... Table 2. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Heteroatoms in the Main Chain ............... 2.1 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Carbon Only .......................................................................... 2.1.1 Ethers and Acetals ........................................................................... 2.1.2 Cyclic Esters ..................................................................................... 2.2 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Other Heteroatoms (S, Si, P) ................................................ 2.3 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing S in the Main Chain, Bonded in the Chain to Carbon Only ...................................................... 2.4 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing N in the Main Chain, Bonded in the Chain to Carbon Only ...................................................... 2.5 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing N in the Main Chain, Bonded to Other Heteroatoms (P) .......................................................... 2.6 Other Monomers Giving Polymers Not Listed Above ............................. Table 3. Copolymers ............................................................................................................. B. Entropies of Polymerization ................................................................................................ Table 4. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Main Chain Carbon Only ......................... 4.1 Main Chain Acyclic Carbon Only ............................................................ 4.1.1 Dienes .............................................................................................. 4.1.2 Monomers Giving Polymers without or with Aliphatic Side Chains That Contain Only C, H ........................................................ 4.1.3 Monomers Giving Polymers with Aliphatic Side Chains That Contain Heteroatoms .......................................................................

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Contents4.1.4 Monomers Giving Polymers with Aromatic Side Chains That Contain Only C, H ............................................................................ 4.1.5 Monomers Giving Polymers with Aromatic Side Chains That Contain Heteroatoms ....................................................................... 4.1.6 Other Monomers Giving Polymers Not Listed Above ...................... 4.2 With Aromatic or Cyclic Carbons in the Main Chain ............................... Table 5. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Heteroatoms in the Main Chain ............... 5.1 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Carbon Only .......................................................................... 5.1.1 Ethers and Acetals ........................................................................... 5.1.2 Cyclic Esters ..................................................................................... 5.2 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Other Heteroatoms (S, Si, P) ................................................ 5.3 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing N in the Main Chain, Bonded in the Chain to Carbon Only ...................................................... 5.4 Other Monomers Giving Polymers Not Listed Above ............................. Table 6. Copolymers ............................................................................................................. C. Ceiling Temperatures and Equilibrium Monomer Concentrations ....................................... 1. Equilibria Involving Pure Liquid Monomers ............................................................. Table 7. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Main Chain Acyclic Carbon Only ............................................................................................ Table 8. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Heteroatoms in the Main Chain ...................................................................................................... 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Carbon Only .................................................................... Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Other Heteroatoms (S, P, Si) ......................................... Monomers Giving Polymers Containing S in the Main Chain, Bonded in the Chain to Carbon Only ............................................... Monomers Giving Polymers Containing N in the Main Chain, Bonded in the Chain to Carbon Only ............................................... II/385 II/385 II/386 II/386 II/387 II/387 II/387 II/390 II/391 II/391 II/392 II/392 II/393 II/394 II/394 II/395 II/395 II/396 II/396 II/397 II/397 II/397 II/398 II/398 II/398 II/399 II/399 II/399

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8.5 Other Monomers Giving Polymers Not Listed Above ...................... Equilibria Involving Gaseous Monomers ................................................................. Equilibria Involving Monomers in Solution .............................................................. Table 9. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Main Chain Carbon Only ......... 9.1 9.2 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Main Chain Acyclic Carbon Only .....................................................................................

Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Main Chain Cyclic Carbon .............................................................................................. Table 10. Monomers Giving Polymers Containing Heteroatoms in the Main Chain ...................................................................................................... 10.1 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Carbon Only ....................................................................This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Contents10.2 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing O in the Main Chain, Bonded to Other Heteroatoms (Si, P) .............................................. 10.3 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing S in the Main Chain, Bonded in the Chain to Carbon Only ............................................... 10.4 Monomers Giving Polymers Containing N in the Main Chain, Bonded in the Chain to Carbon Only ............................................... Table 11. Copolymers ............................................................................................. 11.1 1:1 Copolymers ................................................................................ 11.2 General Copolymers ........................................................................ D. Polymerizability of 5-, 6-, and 7-membered Heterocyclic Ring Compounds ........................ Table 12. 5-membered Ring Compounds ............................................................................... Table 13. 6-membered Ring Compounds ............................................................................... Table 14. 7-membered Ring Compounds ............................................................................... Table 15. Comparison of Polymerizability (+ or -)of Unsubstituted 5-, 6- and 7-membered Ring Compounds ............................................................................... E. Notes .................................................................................................................................. F. References ......................................................................................................................... Activation Energies of Propagation and Termination in Free Radical Polymerization ............................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables ................................................................................................................................ Table 1. Dienes ..................................................................................................................... Table 2. Olefins ..................................................................................................................... Table 3. Acrylic Derivatives ................................................................................................... Table 4. Methacrylic Derivatives ........................................................................................... Table 5. Vinyl Halogens ........................................................................................................ Table 6. Vinyl Ethers and Vinyl Esters .................................................................................. Table 7. Styrene and Derivatives .......................................................................................... Table 8. Vinyl Heteroaromatics ............................................................................................. Table 9. Miscellaneous Compounds ..................................................................................... C. References ......................................................................................................................... Activation Volumes of Polymerization Reactions ........................................................................................ A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Activation Volumes (sm /mol) of Some Polymerization Reactions ...................................... C. Activation Volumes of Initiator Decomposition .................................................................... D. Activation Volumes of Chain Propagation ........................................................................... E. Activation Volumes of Chain Termination ........................................................................... F. Activation Volumes of Chain Transfer Reactions ................................................................ G. Influence of Pressure on Copolymerization ........................................................................ Table 1. Copolymerization Parameters ................................................................................. Table 2. Reactivity Ratios of Terpolymerization .................................................................... Table 3. Activation Volumes ................................................................................................. Table 4. Q, e Values .............................................................................................................This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.3

xviiII/400 II/400 II/400 II/401 II/401 II/401 II/401 II/402 II/403 II/404 II/405 II/406 II/407 II/415 II/415 II/416 II/416 II/416 II/417 II/418 II/420 II/421 II/421 II/422 II/423 II/424 II/429 II/429 II/432 II/435 II/435 II/436 II/436 II/437 II/437 II/438 II/439 II/440

xviii

ContentsH. References ......................................................................................................................... II/440 II/445 II/445 II/446 II/446 II/446 II/447 II/448 II/449

Activation Enthalpies and Entropies of Stereocontrol in Free Radical Polymerizations ............................. A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables ................................................................................................................................ Table 1. Ratios of Some i-ADS for Different Mechanisms .................................................... Table 2. Ratios of Rate Constants for Markov First Order Mechanisms ............................... Table 3. H++s/i - H++i/s and S++s/i - S++i/s of Free Radical Polymerizations in Different Solvents .................................................................................................... Table 4. Activation Enthalpy Differences (H++A - H++B) Calculated from Various Literature Data ........................................................................................................ Table 5. Activation Entropy Differences (S++A - S++B) Calculated from Various Literature Data ........................................................................................................ Table 6. Calculated Compensation Temperatures T0 and Compensation Enthalpies H++0 for Various Monomers and Modes of Addition, Assuming Markov First Order Trials ..................................................................................................... C. References ......................................................................................................................... Products of Thermal Degradation of Polymers ........................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables ................................................................................................................................ Table 1. Main-chain Acyclic Carbon Polymers ..................................................................... Table 2. Main-chain Carbocyclic Polymers ........................................................................... Table 3. Main-chain Heteroatom Polymers ........................................................................... Table 4. Main-chain Heterocyclic Polymers .......................................................................... Table 5. Cellulose and Its Derivatives ................................................................................... C. References ......................................................................................................................... Radiation Chemical Yields: G Values .......................................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables of G Values ............................................................................................................. Table 1. Homopolymers ........................................................................................................ 1.1 Polydienes .............................................................................................. 1.2 Polyolefins .............................................................................................. 1.3 Polyacrylates .......................................................................................... 1.4 Poly(methacrylates) ................................................................................ 1.5 Poly(styrenes) ......................................................................................... 1.6 Poly(vinyls) ............................................................................................. 1.6.1 Acrylamides and Nitriles ................................................................... 1.7 1.6.2 Vinyl Monomers ................................................................................ Miscellaneous Polymers ......................................................................... 1.7.1 Cellulose and Derivatives ................................................................. 1.7.2 Poly(siloxanes) ................................................................................. 1.7.3 Poly(amino Acids) ............................................................................ 1.7.4 Polyesters .........................................................................................This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

II/449 II/450 II/451 II/451 II/451 II/451 II/464 II/465 II/473 II/475 II/475 II/481 II/481 II/481 II/482 II/482 II/482 II/483 II/484 II/485 II/486 II/486 II/486 II/487 II/487 II/487 II/487 II/488

Contents1.7.5 Polysulfones ..................................................................................... 1.7.6 Polyketones ...................................................................................... 1.7.7 Fluoropolymers ................................................................................. 1.7.8 Others ............................................................................................... Table 2. Copolymers ............................................................................................................. 2.1 Copolymers with Ethylene ...................................................................... 2.2 Copolymers with Methyl Methacrylate .................................................... 2.3 Copolymers with Styrene ........................................................................ 2.4 Copolymers with Sulfur Dioxide .............................................................. 2.5 Other Copolymers ................................................................................... Table 3. Polymers Blends ..................................................................................................... Table 4. Composites ............................................................................................................. C. References .........................................................................................................................

xixII/488 II/488 II/488 II/489 II/490 II/490 II/490 II/491 II/491 II/492 II/493 II/493 II/493

III.

Physical Properties of Monomers and SolventsIII/1 III/1 III/4 III/4 III/4 III/4 III/4 III/4 III/6 III/8 III/8 III/12 III/16 III/16 III/18 III/18 III/20 III/20 III/20 III/24 III/24 III/24 III/24 III/26 III/26 III/26 A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables of Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Physical Properties ............................................................................................. Acetylenes .............................................................................................................. Acid Dichlorides ...................................................................................................... Acroleins ................................................................................................................. Acrylamides/Methacrylamides ................................................................................ 4.1 Acrylamides ............................................................................................ 4.2 Methacrylamide ...................................................................................... Acrylates/Methacrylates .......................................................................................... 5.1 Acrylate, Acids/Esters ............................................................................. 5.2 Methacrylate, Acids/Esters ..................................................................... Alcohols .................................................................................................................. 6.1 Alkanediols ............................................................................................. 6.2 Ether Diols .............................................................................................. Allyl Functional ........................................................................................................ Amines, Difunctional ............................................................................................... Anhydrides .............................................................................................................. 9.1 Monoanhydrides ..................................................................................... 9.2 Dianhydrides ........................................................................................... Butadienes .............................................................................................................. 10.1 1,2-butadienes ........................................................................................ 10.2 1,3-butadienes ........................................................................................ Butenes ................................................................................................................... 11.1 1-butenes ................................................................................................ 11.2 2-butenes ................................................................................................

Physical Properties of Monomers ................................................................................................................

Table 5.

Table 6.

Table 7. Table 8. Table 9.

Table 10.

Table 11.


xx

ContentsTable 12. Epoxides ................................................................................................................. 12.1 Monoepoxides ........................................................................................ 12.2 Diepoxides .............................................................................................. Table 13. Ethylene Halides ..................................................................................................... Table 14. Fumaric, Acids/Esters ............................................................................................. Table 15. lsocyanates ............................................................................................................. Table 16. Lactams .................................................................................................................. Table 17. Lactones ................................................................................................................. Table 18. Maleate, Acids/Esters ............................................................................................. Table 19. Propenes ................................................................................................................. Table 20. Styrenes .................................................................................................................. Table 21. Vinyl Functional ....................................................................................................... 21.1 Aryl .......................................................................................................... 21.2 Esters ...................................................................................................... 21.3 Ethers ..................................................................................................... 21.4 N-substituted ........................................................................................... 21.5 Sulfonates ............................................................................................... III/26 III/26 III/28 III/28 III/30 III/30 III/32 III/32 III/32 III/32 III/34 III/36 III/36 III/36 III/38 III/38 III/40 III/43 III/43 III/43 III/55 III/55 III/55 III/59

Isorefractive and Isopycnic Solvent Pairs .................................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Table of Isorefractive and Isopycnic Solvent Pairs .............................................................. Refractive Indices of Common Solvents ..................................................................................................... A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Table of Refractive Indices of Common Solvents ............................................................... Physical Constants of the Most Common Solvents for Polymers ...............................................................

IV.

Physical Data of OligomersIV/1 IV/2 IV/3 IV/3 IV/3 IV/6 IV/8 IV/9 IV/9 IV/14 IV/14 IV/15 IV/16 IV/16 IV/17 A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Oligomers Containing Main Chain Acyclic Carbon Only ..................................................... Table 1. Oligo(olefins) ........................................................................................................... 1.1. Oligo(methylenes) and Oligo(ethylenes) ................................................ 1.2. Oligo(perfluoromethylenes) and Oligo(perfluoroethylenes) .................... 1.3. Oligo(isobutenes) .................................................................................... 1.4. Oligo(1-alkenylenes) ............................................................................... References .............................................................................................................. Table 2. Oligo(dienes) ........................................................................................................... 2.1. Oligomers of 1,3-butadiene .................................................................... 2.2. Oligomers of lsoprene ............................................................................. 2.3. Oligomers of 1,3-butadiene Derivatives .................................................. 2.4. 1,4-oligo(alkadienes) .............................................................................. 2.5. Oligomers of Cyclopentadiene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene .........................

Physical Data of Oligomers .........................................................................................................................


Contents2.6. Oligomers of Allene ................................................................................ References .............................................................................................................. Table 3. Oligo(acetylenes) .................................................................................................... 3.1. Linear Oligomers of Acetylene ................................................................ 3.2. Polyenyne Oligomers .............................................................................. 3.3. Oligomeric --diynes ............................................................................ 3.4. Oligo(alkynes) ......................................................................................... 3.5. Cyclic Oligo(alkynes) .............................................................................. 3.6. Pericyclynes ............................................................................................ References .............................................................................................................. Table 4. Oligomers with Aliphatic Side Chains Which in Addition Contain Heteroatoms ........................................................................................................... 4.1. Oligomeric Acrylic Derivatives ................................................................ 4.2. Oligomeric Methacrylic Derivatives ......................................................... 4.3. Oligomers of -alkyl Substituted Vinyl Derivatives ................................. 4.4. Oligo(vinyl) Derivatives ........................................................................... References .............................................................................................................. Table 5. Oligo(styrenes) ........................................................................................................ References .............................................................................................................. C. Oligomers Contaning Heteroatoms in the Main Chain ........................................................ Table 6. Oligomers Containing O in the Main Chain ............................................................. 6.1. Oligo(ethers) and Oligo(acetals) ............................................................. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. References .................................................................................................. Oligo(carbonates) ................................................................................... References .................................................................................................. Oligo(esters) ........................................................................................... References .................................................................................................. Oligo(urethanes) .....................................................................................

xxiIV/17 IV/18 IV/19 IV/19 IV/20 IV/20 IV/20 IV/20 IV/21 IV/21 IV/22 IV/22 IV/24 IV/26 IV/27 IV/28 IV/30 IV/32 IV/33 IV/33 IV/33 IV/43 IV/47 IV/47 IV/48 IV/56 IV/58 IV/61 IV/62 IV/62 IV/62 IV/62 IV/62 IV/63 IV/63 IV/63 IV/64 IV/64 IV/70 IV/72 IV/84

References .................................................................................................. Table 7. Oligo(sulfides) and Oligo(selenides) ....................................................................... 7.1. Cyclic Oligo(thiomethylenes) and Oligo(Selenomethylenes) .................. 7.2. Cyclic Oligo(thioalkylenes) ...................................................................... 7.3. Substituted Cyclic(thioethylenes) ............................................................ 7.4. Cyclic Co-oligomers of Formaldehyde and Thioformaldehyde ............... 7.5. Cyclic Oligo(ether Sulfides) .................................................................... 7.6. Thiacyclophanes ..................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................. Table 8. Oligomers Containing N in the Main Chain ............................................................. 8.1. Oligo(amides) ......................................................................................... 8.2. References .................................................................................................. Oligo(peptides) ....................................................................................... References ..................................................................................................


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Contents8.3. 8.4. Oligo(imines) ........................................................................................... References .................................................................................................. Oligo(ureas) ............................................................................................ References .................................................................................................. D. Carbon Chain Oligomers Containing Main Chain Cyclic Units ............................................ Table 9. Oligo(cyclopentylenes) ............................................................................................ Table 10. Oligo(spiranes) ........................................................................................................ Table 11. Oligo(xylylenes) ...................................................................................................... 11.1. Linear Oligo(xylenes) .............................................................................. 11.2. Cyclic Oligo(xylylenes) ............................................................................ Table 12. Oligo(stilbenes) ....................................................................................................... Table 13. Oligo(benzyls) ......................................................................................................... Table 14. Oigo(2,5-dimethyl-benzyls) ..................................................................................... Table 15. Oligo(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-benzyls) .......................................................................... Table 16. Oligo(p-phenylene Oxides) ..................................................................................... Table 17. Oligo(p-phenylene Sulfides) .................................................................................... Table 18. Oligo(p-phenoxyphenylmethanes) .......................................................................... Table 19. Oligo(diphenylmethanes) ........................................................................................ References .............................................................................................................. Table 20. Phenol-formaldehyde and Related Oligomers ........................................................ 20.1. Linear Phenol-formaldehyde Oligomers ................................................. 20.2. Oligomeric Phenol Alcohols .................................................................... 20.3. Cyclic Phenol-formaldehyde Oligomers .................................................. 20.4. Branched Phenol-formaldehyde Oligomers ............................................ 20.5. Hydroquinone Oligomers ........................................................................ References .............................................................................................................. Table 21. Oligo(phenylenes) ................................................................................................... 21.1. o-oligo(phenylenes) ................................................................................ 21.2. m-oligo(phenylenes) ............................................................................... 21.3. p-oligo(phenylenes) ................................................................................ 21.4. Oligo(p-quinones) ................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................. E. Oligomers Containing Heterocyclic Rings in the Main Chain .............................................. Table 22. Heterocyclic Oligomers ........................................................................................... 22.1 Oligo(furan) Derivatives .......................................................................... 22.2. Oligo(thiophene) Derivatives .................................................................. 22.3. Oligo(pyrrole) Derivatives ....................................................................... 22.4. Oligo(pyridine) Derivatives ...................................................................... 22.5. Cyclic Oligo(heterocyclics) ...................................................................... References .............................................................................................................. Table 23. Oligo(saccharides) .................................................................................................. 23.1. Oligomeric Pentoses ............................................................................... IV/88 IV/89 IV/89 IV/90 IV/90 IV/90 IV/90 IV/90 IV/90 IV/90 IV/91 IV/91 IV/91 IV/91 IV/91 IV/91 IV/91 IV/91 IV/91 IV/92 IV/92 IV/93 IV/94 IV/94 IV/95 IV/95 IV/96 IV/96 IV/96 IV/97 IV/98 IV/98 IV/99 IV/99 IV/99 IV/100 IV/100 IV/100 IV/101 IV/101 IV/102 IV/102


Contents

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23.2. Oligomeric Hexoses ................................................................................ IV/102 23.3. Oligomeric Amino Sugars ....................................................................... IV/103 References .............................................................................................................. IV/104

V.

Physical Constants of Some Important PolymersV/1 V/1 V/1 V/1 V/2 V/3 V/3 V/4 V/5 V/6 V/6 V/9 V/9 V/9 V/10 V/11 V/12 V/15 V/16 V/17 V/17 V/21 V/21 V/21 V/22 V/22 V/23 V/24 V/26 V/26 V/27 V/28 V/28 V/28 V/31 V/31 A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Tables ................................................................................................................................ Table 1. 1,4-cis(96-98%)Poly(butadiene) ............................................................................. Table 2. Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) .............................................................................. Table 3. Poly(butadiene-co-styrene) ..................................................................................... Table 4. Poly(chloroprene)(CR Neoprene) ........................................................................... Table 5. Poly(isobutene)-co-isoprene) Butyl Rubber (IIR) .................................................... Table 6. Polyisoprene, Natural Rubber ................................................................................. Table 7. Ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer (EPDM) ....................................................... C. References .........................................................................................................................

Physical Constants of Rubbery Polymers ...................................................................................................

Physical Constants of Poly(ethylene) .......................................................................................................... A. Crystallographic Data and Crystallographic Modifications .................................................. B. Molecular Parameters and Solution Properties ................................................................... C. Crystallinity, Crystal Size and Crystallization Kinetics ......................................................... D. Equilibrium Thermodynamic Properties .............................................................................. E. Other General Physical Properties ..................................................................................... F. Effect of Chain Branching (Short) on Physical Properties ................................................... G. Properties of a Series of Selected Poly(ethylene) Samples ................................................ H. Properties of Typical Poly(ethylenes) ................................................................................. I. References ......................................................................................................................... Physical Constants of Poly(propylene) ........................................................................................................ A. Crystallographic Data and Modifications of Isotactic Polypropylenes .................................. B. Crystallographic Data and Modifications of Syndiotactic Polypropylenes ............................ C. Dimensions of Poly(propylene) Molecules .......................................................................... D. Crystallinity and Crystallization Kinetics .............................................................................. E. Equilibrium Thermodynamic Properties .............................................................................. F. Other General Properties ................................................................................................... G. Properties of Typical Mainly Isotactic Poly(propylenes) ...................................................... H. Properties of Some Commercial Poly(propylene) Grades ................................................... I. Mechanical Properties of Poly(propylene) Homopolymers .................................................. J. Mechanical Properties of Poly(propylene) Random Copolymers ........................................ K. Mechanical Properties of Poly(propylene) Impact Copolymers ........................................... L. References ......................................................................................................................... Physical Constants of Fluoropolymers ........................................................................................................ A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................


xxiv

ContentsB. Physical Constants of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) ................................................................. Notes ....................................................................................................................................... Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) ..................................................... References .............................................................................................................................. C. Physical Constants of Melt Processible Fluorocarbon Polymers PFA and FEP .................. Notes ....................................................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................................. D. Physical Constants of Modified Poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) ................................ Notes ....................................................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................................. E. Physical Constants of Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) ................................................................. Notes ....................................................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................................. F. Physical Constants of Amorphous Fluoropolymers ............................................................. Notes ....................................................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................................. G. Physical Constants of Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) ............................................................ Notes ....................................................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................................. V/31 V/37 V/38 V/39 V/41 V/44 V/45 V/45 V/48 V/48 V/48 V/51 V/52 V/52 V/54 V/54 V/55 V/57 V/58 V/59 V/59 V/59 V/60 V/61 V/61 V/61 V/62 V/62 V/63 V/64 V/64 V/67 V/77 V/87 V/91 V/97 V/113 V/119

Physical Constants of Poly(acrylonitrile) ..................................................................................................... A. Tables of Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Physical Constants ............................................................................................. Crystallinity/Crystallization Behavior ....................................................................... Electric and Electronic Properties ........................................................................... Fiber Properties ...................................................................................................... Further Properties of Acrylic Fibers ........................................................................ Optical Properties ................................................................................................... Polymerization: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Data ................................................. Solubility/Solution Properties .................................................................................. Special Solid State Properties ................................................................................ Thermal and Thermodynamic Data ........................................................................

B. References ......................................................................................................................... Physical Constants of Poly(vinyl Chloride) .................................................................................................. Physical Constants of Poly(vinyl Acetate) ................................................................................................... Physical Constants of Poly(methyl Methacrylate) ....................................................................................... Physical Constants of Poly(styrene) ............................................................................................................ Physical Constants of Poly(oxymethylene) ................................................................................................. Physical Constants of Poly(oxyethylene-oxyterephthaloyl), (Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)) ..................... Physical Constants of Poly(oxytetramethylene-oxyterephthaloyl) and Copolymers with Tetramethylene Oxide Thermoplastic Elastomers ............................................................................. Physical Constants of Various Polyamides: Poly[imino(1-oxohexamethylene)], (Polyamide 6) Poly(iminoadipoyl-iminohexamethylene), (Polyamide 66), Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosebacoyl), (Polyamide 610), Poly[imino(1-oxododecamethylene)], Poly(amide 12) ................This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

V/121

ContentsPhysical Constants of Cellulose .................................................................................................................. A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Solid State Properties ......................................................................................................... Table 1. Unit Cell Dimensions ............................................................................................... Table 2. Density .................................................................................................................... Table 3. Average Ordered Fraction of Cotton and Linters Measured by Various Techniques ............................................................................................................. Table 4. Average Ordered Fraction Measured by Various Techniques ................................ Table 5. Degree of Crystallinity ............................................................................................. Table 6. Crystallite Sizes ...................................................................................................... Table 7. X-ray Orientation of Cellulose Fibers ...................................................................... Table 8. Heat Capacity ......................................................................................................... Table 9. Thermal Expansion Coefficient ............................................................................... Table 10. Other Thermal Properties ....................................................................................... Table 11. Refractive Index and Birefringence ......................................................................... Table 12. Resistivity ................................................................................................................ Table 13. Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor at 1 kHz ......................................................... Table 14. Other Electrical Properties ...................................................................................... Table 15. Crystal Elastic Modulus E1 in Chain Direction ......................................................... Table 16. Fiber Strength, Elongation and Modulus ................................................................. C. Solution Properties ............................................................................................................. Table 17. Typical Non-aqueous Cellulose Solvents ............................................................... Table 18. Other Solvents ........................................................................................................ Table 19. Viscosity - Molecular Weight Relationships ............................................................ Table 20. Second Virial Coefficients ....................................................................................... Table 21. Sedimentation and Diffusion Coefficients ............................................................... Table 22. Partial Specific Volumes, 2 .................................................................................... Table 23. Geometrical Chain Characteristics ......................................................................... Table 24. Polymer-solvent Interaction Parameters ................................................................. D. References ......................................................................................................................... Physical and Mechanical Properties of Some Important Polymers ............................................................ A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ B. Narrative Descriptions ........................................................................................................ 1. Multipurpose Polymers ........................................................................................... 2. Polyolefins and Barrier Polymers ............................................................................ 3. Styrenics and Engineering Thermoplastics ............................................................. 4. Elastomers .............................................................................................................. C. Properties of Commercial Polymers ................................................................................... Table 1. Multipurpose Thermoplastics .................................................................................. Table 2. Polyolefins and Barrier Polymers ............................................................................ Table 3. Styrenics and Engineering Thermoplastics ............................................................. Table 4. Elastomers ..............................................................................................................

xxvV/135 V/135 V/136 V/136 V/136 V/136 V/137 V/137 V/138 V/140 V/140 V/141 V/141 V/144 V/144 V/145 V/146 V/146 V/147 V/147 V/147 V/148 V/148 V/150 V/150 V/151 V/151 V/152 V/152 V/159 V/159 V/159 V/159 V/160 V/160 V/161 V/162 V/162 V/164 V/166 V/168


xxvi VI.

Contents Solid State PropertiesVI/1 VI/1 VI/1 VI/2 VI/2 VI/3 VI/5 VI/5 VI/6 VI/13 VI/15 VI/22 VI/26 VI/33 VI/40 VI/49 VI/51 VI/52 VI/57 VI/59 VI/64 VI/71 VI/71 VI/94 A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1. Nomenclature .......................................................................................................... 2. Examples of Polymer Names .................................................................................. 2.1. Polymer Names Based on Source .......................................................... 2.2. Polymer Names Based on Structure ...................................................... References for Introduction ..................................................................................... B. Crystallographic Data for Various Polymers ....................................................................... Table 1. Poly(olefins) ............................................................................................................ Table 2. Poly(vinyls) and Poly(vinylidenes) .......................................................................... Table 3. Poly(aromatics) and Poly(imides) ........................................................................... Table 4. Poly(dienes) and Poly(diynes) ................................................................................ Table 5. Poly(peptides) ......................................................................................................... Table 6. Poly(amides) ........................................................................................................... Table 7. Poly(esters) ............................................................................................................. Table 8. Poly(urethanes) and Poly(ureas) ............................................................................ Table 9. Poly(ethers) ............................................................................................................. Table 10.

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