METHODICAL GUIDANCE

for students’ self-directed work when preparing and during the practical session

Academic Subject Medical Information Science

Module No 1 Fundamentals of Information Technology in the Health Care

System. Treatment and analysis of medical and biological

data.

Topic Information transfer. Network technologies. Bases of

telemedicine.

Year of study 2

Faculty Foreign Student Training (Medcine/Dentisty)

Number of academic

hours

2

Poltava – 2019

Ministry of public health of Ukraine

Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy

“APPROVED”

at the meeting of the Department

of Medical Informatics, Medical Biophysics

and Bases of vital activity safety

«_27_» _august_ 2019

Minutes No. _1_

Acting Head of department,

Е.V.Silkova

__________

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1. Relevance of the topic:

Modern information streams between public institutions, banks, enterprises and organizations are

impossible without modern computer technologies and computer networks. The most potent global

network is Internet. It ensures to users fast access to the majority of information resources of all world.

Telemedicine is using computer technologies in medicine, especially such sing as computer networks.

The most potent global network is Internet. It ensures to users fast access to the majority of information

resources of all world.

2. The specific aims:

To know main computer network types, them features and assignment;

To be able to carry out information search in Internet correctly;

To understand, to remember and to use the knowledge received;

To form the professional experience by reviewing, training and authorizing it.

To study assignment of menu commands of Outlook Express program.

To know correct notation of electron address.

To master the skills of information search using retrieval server.

To know correct choice of keywords.

3. Basic knowledge and skills necessary to study the topic (inter-disciplinary integration).

Previous (providing disciplines) Obtainable skills

Previous (providing disciplines):

Informatics bases

To study concepts: local, territorial, global network.

To study main regulations of search in Google, AltaVista,

Yandex.

The subsequent disciplines:

Social medicine

To know concepts: local, territorial, global network. To

describe them.

To know rules of information search using search server.

To be able to define keywords for certain search.

To know main regulations of search in Google, AltaVista,

Yandex.

To know how to use e-mail (password choice, spam

protection).

To know correct notation of electron address and rules of e-

mail use.

To know how to search information using retrieval server

and correct choice of keywords.

4. The tasks for students’ individual work

4.1. The list of basic term, parameters, characteristics, which student should master while

preparin for the class.

Term Definition

Electronic mail

program

Outlook Express, Microsoft Outlook allow to communicate with other

people and to subscribe for news groups.

Telemedicine Usage of modern computer resources of processing and transmission of the

information between "centre" and "peripherals" of public health services

Store-and-forward

telemedicine

Store-and-forward telemedicine involves acquiring medical data (like

medical images, biosignals etc) and then transmitting this data to a doctor or

medical specialist at a convenient time for assessment offline.

Remote monitoring Self-monitoring or testing, enables medical professionals to monitor a

patient remotely using various technological devices.

Interactive Interactive telemedicine services provide real-time interactions between

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telemedicine patient and provider, to include phone conversations, online communication

and home visits.

Computer networks There are computers, communication lines between them and the programs

providing information interchange between computers on communication

lines.

Local network It consolidates computers located of one work room (for example, school

class), one organization or one building.

Intranet Intranet is a network within the frames of the organization, using

technologies and protocols of the Internet, but accessible only for the certain

users, such as employees of the organization. Intranets also name private

networks.

Territorial network Territorial network consolidates computers and controlled systems of one

organization or group of organizations, which supply, such as government

telecommunication networks, regional medical telecommunication networks.

Internet Internet – the world information computer network that join very large

quantity (thousands) of computer networks, cooperating by uniform rules.

The Internet is not commercial organization, belongs to nobody. Access in the

Internet have tens millions users worldwide.

Backbon Backbon ("ridge") of the network, i.e. the system of the computer centres

located in different parts the USA and other states.

Server The server is a computer on which programs providing access to network

resources work.

Provider Services of the Internet are given by organizations-suppliers (providers).

Firewall Fireproof wall, firewall is the combination of the program and hardware

means forming system of protection, as a rule, from non-authorized access

from an external global network in an internal network (intranet).

4.2 Theoretical questions for the class (to the topic):

1. Network concept: assignment, realization, types.

2. Method of information transfer in global network. Modem functions.

3. E-mail. Address of e-mail.

4. Internet history. Principles of Internet work.

5. Hypertext features and assignment.

6. Services on the Internet

7. Teleconferences: assignment, principles of work.

8. InterNet medical reasources. Rules of information search.

4.3 Practical tasks pertaining to the topic and to be completed during the class:

Test

1. WHAT IS PROTOCOL?

a) the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they

communicate

b) logical communication channels for transferring data

c) physical communication channels sued for transferring data

d) all above

e) none of above

2. WHICH TYPE OF NETWORK IS NETWORK OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS?

a) regional

b) corporate

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c) global

d) federal

e) local

3. WHAT DOES THE DNS-SERVER?

a) converting domain names into IP-addresses;

b) search for information on the Internet;

c) store information on the Internet;

d) preserve the IP-addresses of companies and organizations;

e) validation of domain names in the queries.

4. WHAT SERVICE ENABLES YOU TO SEND ONE MESSAGE TO A LARGE GROUP OF

USERS?

a) cloud technology

b) teleconference

c) web navigation

d) old phone

e) IP-Telephony

5. HOW MANY BITS HAVE 2 BYTES?

a) 4

b) 8

c) 16

d) 32

e) 2

Practical work:

Formatting text in HTML documents

I. Prepare a form for the HTML of your resume.

For this purpose, you should:

1) execute the command Пуск Программы Стандартные Блокнот Файл

Сохранить как ...;

2) in the Save document window, open the folder Рабочий стол. In the Name field, enter –

Surname.html, click the button Сохранить.

If everything you have done correctly, then on your desktop will appear the browser's icon,

otherwise, a notepad icon. If there is a notepad icon then you should delete the created file and repeat

everything again.

II. Enter the standard tags in the created document:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

</ HEAD>

<BODY>

</ BODY>

</ HTML>

III. Inside the container <BODY> type your resume according to this plan, in the

total complexity of 4 to 5 lines, instead of points and explanations in the brackets

insert your data):

I, ... (name), was born ... (date and year of birth) in the city ... (the city where you were born).

In ... year I graduated from ... school (lyceum, gymnasium) with in-depth study ..., middle point

of the certificate ... In ... year I entered the faculty ... UMSA. In my spare time I admire ... (list at least

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three hobbies in addition to studying). My friends in the group: ... (list at least three surnames from the

group).

Run the command Файл Сохранить.

IV. See how the typed text looks like. To do this, open the created file (two times

click).

V. Do the first code correction. To do this, follow:

1) insert into the <HEAD> ... </ HEAD> container: <TITLE> Summary Name </ TITLE>

Сохранить. See how the <TITLE> tag affected.

VI. Do the second code correction. To do this, follow:

1) In the <BODY> tag insert the attributes TEXT and BGCOLOR, select the color values

yourself.

<body bgcolor="?"> - Sets the color of the document background using the color value in the form RRGGBB - for example: FF0000 is red.

<body text="?"> - Sets the color of the document text using the color meaning in the RRGGBB example:

000000 is black.

2) do Файл Сохранить.

See how the look of the information in the Explorer window changed. If any attribute “did not

work”, it means that there are errors in the spelling of English words or spaces between attributes. You

should find errors and repeat the code correction cycle.

VII. Run the third code correction. To do this, follow:

1) after the section “Name, where and when you was born”, put the tag of the paragraph <P>;

2) after the section “what school has graduated, the middle point of the certificate” – the line

breaks tag <BR>;

3) before the section “seizure besides training” insert in the code the horizontal line of the line

<HR>.

Look through Explorer, what is the difference between the <P> and <BR> tags, how the <HR> tag

works with the default attribute values.

VIII. Change the font type in different parts of the resume.

With <H1> container select your surname, the container <I> - where you were born, container

<H6> - school information, container <FONT> with attributes SIZE = 7 COLOR = RED - information

about the faculty, Container <FONT> with attributes SIZE = 1 COLOR = GREEN - information about

friends, container <B> select a hobby.

IX. Make a part of the text as a list.

To do this, the <OL> container should select the capture block; break it into items with the tags

<LI>. Similarly to the container <UL> and the tags <LI> draw up a list of your friends in the form of a

marked list.

<OL>

<LI> element’s list 1 </LI>

<LI> element’s list 2</LI>

<LI> element’s list 3</LI>

</OL>

Content of the topic:

The concept of a medical image

Information – is collection of data about the world around us and about the phenomena that occur in

it. Information is that which informs. In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It has

such properties as: accuracy, timelines relevance and others (Fig. 2.1).

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Accuracy

Timelines

Relevance

Reliability

Economy

Completeness

Simplicity

Verifiability

Informa

tion

Fig 2.1 Properties of information

We perceive information through the senses:

Hearing

Sight

Smell

Touch

Taste

INFORMATION ENTROPY

Information entropy is a concept from information theory. It tells how much information there is

in an event. In general, the more uncertain or random the event is, the more information it will contain.

The concept of information entropy was created by mathematician Claude Shannon.

It has applications in many areas, including lossless data compression, statistical inference,

cryptography, and sometimes in other disciplines as biology, physics or machine learning.

The information gain is a measure of the probability with which a certain result is expected to

happen. Now consider the example of a coin toss. Assuming the probability of heads is the same as the

probability of tails, then the entropy of the coin toss is as high as it could be. This is because there is no

way to predict the outcome of the coin toss ahead of time: if we have to choose, the best we can do is

predict that the coin will come up heads, and our prediction will be correct with probability 1/2. Such a

coin toss has one shannon of entropy since there are two possible outcomes that occur with equal

probability, and learning the actual outcome contains one shannon of information. Contrarily, a coin

toss with a coin that has two heads and no tails has zero entropy since the coin will always come up

heads, and the outcome can be predicted perfectly. Analogously, one binary bit with equiprobable

values has a Shannon entropy of 12log 2 shannon. Similarly, one trit with equiprobable values

contains 3log 2 (about 1.58496) shannons of information because it can have one of three values.

English text, treated as a string of characters, has fairly low entropy, i.e., is fairly predictable. Even

if we do not know exactly what is going to come next, we can be fairly certain that, for example, 'e' will

be far more common than 'z', that the combination 'qu' will be much more common than any other

combination with a 'q' in it, and that the combination 'th' will be more common than 'z', 'q', or 'qu'. After

the first few letters one can often guess the rest of the word. English text has between 0.6 and 1.3

shannons of entropy for each character of message.

If a compression scheme is lossless – that is, you can always recover the entire original message by

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decompressing – then a compressed message has the same quantity of information as the original, but

communicated in fewer characters. That is, it has more information, or a higher entropy, per character.

This means a compressed message has less redundancy.

If the message does not carry useful information, it is called noise. Information can be converted

into sound and vice versa, the noise can be converted to information.

Informational processes include: search, storage, processing, transmitting and receiving data.

INFORMATION UNITS

People were always looking for ways to quickly exchange messages. Many years ago for this aim

they sent messengers, used pigeons.

The famous German scientist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz proposed in the XVII century, unique and

simple system of numbers’ representation. “Calculations using twos” and it is for basic science and

generates new discoveries in the construction to simple numbers, which are 0 and 1. Today, this way of

presenting information through language contains two symbols 0 and 1, widely used in technical

devices.

These two symbols 0 and 1 are called bits. Bit – is the smallest unit of measurement information

and indicated binary number. Also the bit is a basic unit of information in computing and digital

communications. A bit can have only one of two values, and may therefore be physically implemented

with a two-state device. These values are most commonly represented as either a 0 or 1. Other units of

information, you can see on the Fig. 2.2.

The term bit is a portmanteau of binary digit. In information theory, the bit is equivalent to the unit

Shannon, named after Claude Shannon.

Roughly speaking, Shannon's source coding theorem says that a lossless compression scheme

cannot compress messages, on average, to have more than one bit of information per bit of message, but

that any value less than one bit of information per bit of message can be attained by employing a

suitable coding scheme. The entropy of a message per bit multiplied by the length of that message is a

measure of how much total information the message contains.

Example: information in one “fair” coin flip: log2 (2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log2 (4/1)

= 2 bits. The word “Informatics” contains 11 symbols, 11 symbols = 11 bytes (11×8=88 bits).

Units of information Size examples

1 byte = 8 bits

1 Кbyte = 1024 byte = 210

1 Мbyte = 1024 Кbyte = 220

1 Gbyte = 1024 Мbyte = 230

1 Тbyte = 1024 Gbyte=240

1 bit – answer to a yes/no question

1 byte – a number from 0 to 255

90 bytes: enough to store a typical line of text from a

book

512 bytes = ½ KB: the typical sector of a hard disk

1024 bytes = 1 KB: the classical block size in UNIX file

systems

2048 bytes = 2 KB: a CD-ROM sector

4096 bytes = 4 KB: a memory page in x86 (since Intel

80386)

4 KB: about one page of text from a novel.

Fig 2.2 Units of information

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SUBMITTING AND TRANSFER THE INFORMATION

Information can be transmitted by means of communications. Messages are oral and written. Also,

messages can be in the form of drawings, gestures, and special characters. Examples of messages:

thermometer's dates, text prescription, oral narrative, student response, video of lecturer, and so on.

Oral messages shall be submitted using sounds and writing messages uses text, pictures, images,

charts.

There are six ways of submitting messages:

1. Text: it can be presented in the form of letters, telegrams, textbook chapter, scrolling text on a

news channel, SMS messages.

2. Graphic: photos, drawings, maps, charts, graphs in magazines.

3. Sound: the roar of the machine, whistling kettle, purring cat, dog barking – all this audio

message.

4. Video: is advertising on television, messages on screens, etc.

5. The signals and gestures: gestures regulator allow the pilot correctly and safely to land the plane.

6. Combined: it follows the notice, which uses several ways. For example, advertising on television

we see and read the comments of it.

In telecommunications, information transfer is the process of moving messages containing user

information from a source to a sink via a Communication channel. In this sense, information transfer is

equivalent to data transmission which highlights more practical, technical aspects.

Communication can best be summarized as the transmission of a message from a sender to a

receiver in an understandable manner. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with

the receiver (Fig 2.3).

The sender is an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication. This source is

initially responsible for the success of the message.

The first step the sender is faced with involves the encoding process. In order to convey meaning,

the sender must begin encoding, which means translating information into a message in the form of

symbols that represent ideas or concepts. This process translates the ideas or concepts into the coded

message that will be communicated. The symbols can take on numerous forms such as, languages,

words, or gestures. These symbols are used to encode ideas into messages that others can understand.

To begin transmitting the message, the sender uses some kind of channel (also called a medium).

The channel is the means used to convey the message. Most channels are either oral or written, but

currently visual channels are becoming more common as technology expands. Common channels

include the telephone and a variety of written forms such as memos, letters, and reports. The

effectiveness of the various channels fluctuates depending on the characteristics of the communication.

If a sender relays a message through an inappropriate channel, its message may not reach the right

receivers. That is why senders need to keep in mind that selecting the appropriate channel will greatly

assist in the effectiveness of the receiver's understanding.

After the appropriate channel or channels are selected, the message enters the decoding stage of the

communication process. Decoding is conducted by the receiver. Once the message is received and

examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain for interpreting, in order to assign some type of meaning to it.

It is this processing stage that constitutes decoding.

The receiver (recipient) is the individual or individuals to whom the message is directed.

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Fig 2.3 Message-transmission scheme

E-MAIL

Electronic mail, or email, is a method of exchanging digital messages between people using digital

devices such as computers, mobile phones and other electronics. Email first entered substantial use in

the 1960s and by the mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email. Email operates across

computer networks, which today is primarily the Internet. Some early email systems required the author

and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email

systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store

messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to

connect only briefly, typically to a mail server or a webmail interface, for as long as it takes to send or

receive messages.

E-mail address breakdown (support@computerhope.com)

The first portion all e-mail addresses, the part before the @ symbol, contains the alias, user,

group, or department of a company. In our above example support is the Technical Support department

at Computer Hope.

Next, the @ (at sign) is used as a divider in the e-mail address; it is required for all SMTP e-

mail addresses since the first message was sent by Ray Tomlinson.

Finally, computerhope.com is the domain name to which the user belongs.

How to send and receive e-mail

E-mail Program

To send and receive e-mail messages, you can use an e-mail program, also known as an e-mail

client, such as Microsoft Outlook Express or Mozilla Thunderbird. When using an e-mail client, you

must have a server that stores and delivers your messages, which is provided by your ISP or in some

cases, another company. An e-mail client needs to connect to a server to download new e-mail, whereas

email stored online (see next section) updates automatically when you visit the site.

E-mail Online

An alternative way of sending and receiving e-mail (and the more popular solution for most people)

is an online e-mail service or webmail. Examples include Hotmail (now Outlook.com), Gmail, and

Yahoo Mail. Many of the online e-mail services, including the ones we just mentioned, are free or have

a free account option.

Writing an e-mail

When writing an e-mail message, it should look something like the Fig. 2.3. As you can see, several

s

Recipient

m n

Noise source

Information

output

device

Information

input device

Sender

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fields are required when sending an e-mail:

The “To field” is where you type the e-mail address of the person who is the recipient of your

message.

The “From field” should contain

your e-mail address.

If you are replying to a message,

the To and From fields are

automatically filled out; if it's a new

message, you'll need to enter them

manually.

The “CC” or “Carbon Copy” field

allows you to send a copy of the

message to another e-mail address, but

is not mandatory.

The “Subject Line”, although not

required, should consist of a few words

describing the e-mail's contents.

Finally, the Message Body is the

location you type your main message. It

often contains your signature at the

bottom; similar to a hand-written letter.

NETWORK

A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows nodes to

share resources. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other

using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless

media.

Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes.

Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as networking hardware.

Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one device is able to exchange information

with the other device, whether or not they have a direct connection to each other.

Computer networks differ in the transmission medium used to carry their signals, communications

protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size, topology and organizational intent.

History: In 1965, Thomas Marill and Lawrence G. Roberts created the first wide area network

(WAN). This was an immediate precursor to the ARPANET, of which Roberts became program

manager.

In 1969, the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University

of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah became connected as the beginning of the

ARPANET network using 50 kbit/s circuits.

In 1972, commercial services using X.25 were deployed, and later used as an underlying

infrastructure for expanding TCP/IP networks.

Computer networks support an enormous number of applications and services such as access to the

World Wide Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of application and storage servers, printers,

and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications as well as many others. In most

Fig. 2.3 Basics of an e-mail massage

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cases, application-specific communications protocols are layered (i.e. carried as payload) over other

more general communications protocols.

Computer networks can be local, distributed (other name – territorial) and global. Local network

(LAN) consolidates computers located of one work room (for example, computer class), one

organization or one building.

Territorial network consolidates computers and controlled systems of one organization or group

of organizations, which supply, such as government telecommunication networks, regional medical

telecommunication networks.

Internet (WAN) – the world information computer network that join very large quantity

(thousands) of computer networks, cooperating by uniform rules. The Internet is not commercial

organization, belongs to nobody. Access in the Internet have tens millions users worldwide.

Intranet is a network within the frames of the organization, using technologies and protocols of the

Internet, but accessible only for the certain users, such as employees of the organization. Intranets also

name private networks.

Communication lines can be cables, phone lines (the medium the electrical signal is), fiber optic

lines (the information is transferred with the help of light signals), a radio communication, including

satellite. Conversion of the information from a computer for transmission on a communication circuit

(and on the contrary) is made with the help of special devices - network cards, network adapters,

modems, etc. Communication circuits can be allocated, intended only for operation of the network, or

switched (the phone lines providing temporary link through automatic telephone exchange). The transfer

rate of the information on different lines differs: below all on phone lines; but they are the most

accessible and cheap. Connection of a computer to a telephone system is carried out through the

modem.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Network topology is the layout or organizational hierarchy of interconnected nodes of a computer

network. Different network topologies can affect throughput, but reliability is often more critical. With

many technologies, such as bus networks, a single failure can cause the network to fail entirely. In

general the more interconnections there are, the more robust the network is; but the more expensive it is

to install.

Common layouts are ring, star and bus. But sometimes you can see other classification (Fig.2.4).

Fig 2.4 Layout geometry of local network (Topology)

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A bus network: all nodes are connected to a common medium along this medium.

A star network: all nodes are connected to a special central node. This is the typical layout found

in a Wireless LAN, where each wireless client connects to the central Wireless access point.

A ring network: each node is connected to its left and right neighbor node, such that all nodes are

connected and that each node can reach each other node by traversing nodes left- or rightwards.

A mesh network: each node is connected to an arbitrary number of neighbors in such a way that

there is at least one traversal from any node to any other.

A fully connected network: each node is connected to every other node in the network.

A tree network: nodes are arranged hierarchically.

Note that the physical layout of the nodes in a network may not necessarily reflect the network

topology. As an example, with FDDI, the network topology is a ring (actually two counter-rotating

rings), but the physical topology is often a star, because all neighboring connections can be routed via a

central physical location.

NETWORK DEVICES

Modems (MOdulator-DEModulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally

designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this one or more carrier signals are modulated

by the digital signal to produce an analog signal that can be tailored to give the required properties for

transmission. Modems are commonly used for telephone lines, using a Digital Subscriber Line

technology. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a network signal, cleans it of unnecessary

noise and regenerates it. The signal is retransmitted at a higher power level, or to the other side of an

obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted pair

Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. With fiber

optics, repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart.

A repeater with multiple ports is known as a hub. Repeaters work on the physical layer of the OSI

model. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a propagation

delay that affects network performance. As a result, many network architectures limit the number of

repeaters that can be used in a row, e.g., the Ethernet 5-4-3 rule.

Hubs have been mostly obsoleted by modern switches; but repeaters are used for long distance

links, notably undersea cabling.

A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams (frames) between

ports based on the destination MAC address in each frame. A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only

forwards the frames to the physical ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected.

It can be thought of as a multi-port bridge. It learns to associate physical ports to MAC addresses by

examining the source addresses of received frames. If an unknown destination is targeted, the switch

broadcasts to all ports but the source. Switches normally have numerous ports, facilitating a star

topology for devices, and cascading additional switches.

A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing the

routing information included in the packet or datagram (Internet protocol information from layer 3). The

routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table (or forwarding table). A

router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets. A destination in a routing table can

include a “null” interface, also known as the “black hole” interface because data can go into it, however,

no further processing is done for said data, i.e. the packets are dropped.

A firewall is a network device for controlling network security and access rules. Firewalls are

typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from

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recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant

increase in cyber-attacks.

INTERNET

Services of the Internet are given by organizations-suppliers (providers); users are connected

through their computers (servers). To the network can be connected both a separate computer, and a

local network. Though only one computer of a local network connects to the Internet by the

communication line, all other computers of the given local network also are connected to the

Internet through it.

Providers have many lines for connection of users and high-speed lines for link with other part of

the Internet. The maximum transfer rate of the information is provided with the suppliers on-line

directly to “backbone” of the network.

The computers connected to the Internet are named as sites or nodes of the Internet. Nodes can

differ on services which they give: access to the Internet (sites of suppliers) or allocation of the

information (for example, sites of corporations – the information on the goods and services).

There are also the search sites, providing to user’s possibility of information retrieval in the

Internet. There are the national search sites working in a narrow segment of the Internet with one–two

users’ languages, and powerful systems, such, as Google, providing search and in an English-speaking

segment, and in national segments.

Transmission of the information in the Internet

Transmission of the information in the Internet is carried out by rigidly stipulated rules. Two main

used concepts – the address and the protocol. Any computer connected to the Internet, has the unique

address, without dependence on, whether it is connected permanently, as the server, or temporarily.

This address is used for the information transfer on a computer and in process of information

interchange during each session in the network. Special organizations are engaged in output and check

of addresses, guaranteeing uniqueness of each name. Addresses are represented by the name constructed

by defined rules, and the digital code. Names are used by users in an operating time with the Internet;

digital codes are used by computers at information transfer. Conversion of character names into digital

names is made automatically for what the computer of the user accesses to DNS servers which store

DNS (Domain Name System – the domain system of names) databases.

Names are formed on the domain system. Thus names are made of parts of a different level, is

sequential clarification layout of a computer. Each level is named as the domain; domains are separated

from each other by points, for example: www.netspace.org (the organization giving the information on

educational resources) or ezumsa.bsmu.edu.ua. The domain of a top level allocates in a name more to

the right, a lower layer – more to the left.

Domain is the group of the computers forming a part of a network and using the common catalogue

database. The domain is administered as uniform object with the certain rules and procedures. Each

domain has a unique name.

Domains of a highest level correspond to the agreement on which two-letter codes designate the

countries, trigram – a sphere of activity (are usually specified in the USA, the name of the country thus

is absent). For example, ua - the denotation of Ukraine, ru or su - Russia, uk - the Great Britain, fr -

France, de - Germany. The domain com - commercial organizations, net - network organizations, edu -

educational and scientific, gov - government agencies, mil - militaries, org - other organizations.

Similar trigram denotations in domains of the second level (in front of the domain of the country) have

the same sense, but inside the indicated country.

URL address is the address unequivocally determining a resource in the Internet. URL addresses

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for websites begin with a prefix http://. URL address can be more detailed, for example, specify a name

of the hypertext page usually determined on expansion .html or .htm. URL address usually begins with

a name of the protocol; then the name of the organization owning in node follows (a suffix follows

designates type of the organization).

The extreme left domain can designate the type of the information stored to the indicated address.

So, www.evms.edu address is a page of East-Virgine medical school in the World Wide Web.

The majority of large firms have the pages in the World Wide Web, which have the addresses

including a name of the company more often, before which there is a name www (the type of the

information - WEB-page), and after a name of the company - a name com.

MAIN INTERNET PROTOCOLS

TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the

assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received

by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet

Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway

computer on the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some

packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the

destination.

TCP/IP uses the client/server model of communication in which a computer user (a client) requests

and is provided a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the network.

TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning each communication is from one point (or

host computer) in the network to another point or host computer.

Many Internet users are familiar with the even higher layer application protocols that use TCP/IP to

get to the Internet. These include the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File

Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet (Telnet) which lets you logon to remote computers, and the Simple

Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These and other protocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as

a “suite”.

Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet usually get to the

Internet through the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These

protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an

access provider's modem.

Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used instead of

TCP for special purposes. Other protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging router

information. These include the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), the Interior Gateway

Protocol (IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

IP ADDRESS

An IP address is a fascinating product of modern computer technology designed to allow one

computer (or other digital device) to communicate with another via the Internet. IP addresses allow the

location of literally billions of digital devices that are connected to the Internet to be pinpointed and

differentiated from other devices. In the same sense that someone needs your mailing address to send

you a letter, a remote computer needs your IP address to communicate with your computer.

“IP” stands for Internet Protocol, so an IP address is an Internet Protocol address. What does that

mean? An Internet Protocol is a set of rules that govern Internet activity and facilitate completion of a

variety of actions on the World Wide Web. Therefore an Internet Protocol address is part of the

systematically laid out interconnected grid that governs online communication by identifying both

initiating devices and various Internet destinations, thereby making two-way communication possible.

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An IPv4 address consists of four numbers, each of which contains one to three digits, with a single

dot (.) separating each number or set of digits. Each of the four numbers can range from 0 to 255. Here's

an example of what an IP address might look like: 78.125.0.209. This innocuous-looking group of four

numbers is the key that empowers to send and retrieve data over Internet connections, ensuring that

messages, as well as requests for data and the data we've requested, will reach their correct Internet

destinations. Without this numeric protocol, sending and receiving data over the World Wide Web

would be impossible.

An IPv6 address consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits. If a group consists of four

zeros, the notation can be shortened using a colon to replace the zeros.

Dynamic or Static

IP addresses can be either static or dynamic. Static IP addresses never change. They serve as a

permanent Internet address and provide a simple and reliable way for remote computers to contact you.

Static IP addresses reveal such information as the continent, country, region, and city in which a

computer is located; the ISP (Internet Service Provider) that services that particular computer; and such

technical information as the precise latitude and longitude of the country, as well as the locale, of the

computer.

Dynamic IP addresses are temporary and are assigned (via DHCP) each time a computer joins a

network. They are, in effect, borrowed from a pool of IP addresses that are shared among various

computers. Since a limited number of static IP addresses are available, many ISPs reserve a portion of

their assigned addresses for sharing among their subscribers in this way. This lowers costs and allows

them to service far more subscribers than they otherwise could.

Static IP addresses are generally preferable for such uses as VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol),

online gaming, or any other purpose where users need to make it easy for other computers to locate and

connect to them. Easy access can also be facilitated when using a dynamic IP address through the use of

a dynamic DNS service, which enables other computers to find you even though you may be using a

temporary, one-time IP address.

Static IP addresses are considered somewhat less secure than dynamic IP addresses, since they are

easier to track for data mining purposes. However, following safe Internet practices can help mitigate

this potential problem and keep your computer secure no matter what type of IP address you use.

INTERNET AND WEB-BASED MEDICAL COMMUNICATION

Despite the tremendous growth of the Internet and the vast amount of information available to

medical practitioners, busy physicians (especially those in clinical practice) have little time to spend

exploring the Internet. In some cases, physicians simply do not know how to access required medical

information in the best and fastest possible way. Many physicians do not know how beneficial the

Internet can be for their medical careers, especially in such areas as patient care, academic work, or

research.

More-informed patients often have a more favorable prognosis, and doctors can help make patients

better informed by supplying reliable Internet sites. Researchers at University of Iowa tested the benefits

of an “Internet prescription”, or a list of Web addresses containing information relevant to patients'

medical conditions. In the study, patients and their families that received such information were more

likely to use the Internet to find health information than patients who were not. One of every 3 parents

receiving Internet prescriptions for their child's health said they used it. Also, 66% of the health-related

Web sites used by parents in the prescription group were sites recommended by the physicians.

In conclusion, the Internet and Web has had important impact in the practice of medicine.

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Physicians need to know the importance of this media and how to use it in a pragmatic and efficient

way. Many physicians believe that they save personal time by using the Internet and that they can use

the Internet for better practice of medicine. Also they can have easy access to clinical guidelines, journal

contents, and reference textbooks and even provide patients with educational materials. Physicians will

be able to obtain information on state-of-the-art conferences and have direct communication with other

physicians and specialists or practice telemedicine, thereby expanding the depth and extent of medical

knowledge and providing better diagnosis and patient care.

International information networks

Computer local information systems are united with the help of the Internet.

Now there are readily available databases POISINDEX, TOXNET, MEDLINE, EUROTXNET, etc.

c the most detailed accompanying information on application. Especially the Internet is useful to

patients who can to address, practically, to all world community behind the help. Statistics shows, that

the majority of patients access on questions of oncology.

EDUCATION

Creation of a wide-area network the Internet has created completely new possibilities in an

education system.

“Virtual” education is the modern form of instruction by correspondence. The pupils, who are not

having possibilities to visit occupation because of remoteness from school or physical inability, are

trained through the Internet, not quitting from a house. After graduation examination they receive valid

certificates.

Since 1983 in the USA reform of an education system began. At university of state Colorado

(400000 students), at the Californian university (500000 students) and at a number of other educational

institutions students communicate with teachers and faculties with the help of communication networks.

Since September, 1, 1999 in Russia the official virtual high school began to work. Its pupils can

receive the certificate about the finished secondary education. In Moscow state university of economy,

statistics and computer science about 40000 students are trained remotely.

In Ukraine one of leaders – is the Kharkov University of Radio Electronics. Teachers communicate

with students on e-mail and in on-line mode. For this purpose, there are electronic textbooks.

The remote form of training – is obtaining of educational services without visiting to higher

educational institution, with the help of modern informational-educational technologies and systems of

telecommunication, such as the e-mail, a television and the Internet. Thus testing also can be remotely.

It allows the modern specialist to study practically all life, without special business trips, holidays,

combining study with base activity. It is possible to study, being practically in any point of globe where

there is a computer and the Internet. Cost of remote training makes 50-60 % from cost of resident

instruction.

The remote form of education demands from the student of the large independent load.

Remote training is used actively in training to computer science and in adjacent areas. In medicine

integrate virtual and remote training is impossible, therefore it is used as addition to main – classical –

the form of training and for post-graduate educations, advanced training of professional skill of doctors.

Other Education resources for self-work:

1) FutureLearn https://www.futurelearn.com

2) edX https://www.edx.org/

3) Coursera https://ru.coursera.org

The Dark Side of Telemedicine – Hacking into Medical Data

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People worry that the string of numbers that identify their credit card accounts, if sent via the Net,

could be intercepted by hackers to finance the purchases of strangers.

In a telemedicine a worse problem is the potential for illegal access and misuse of online medical or

psychiatric data, whether in transit or stored.

People with long-term diseases like diabetes, or even those only genetically predisposed to them,

could lose job opportunities and be rebuffed for insurance if information stolen from data banks were

sold to corporate bidders.

Politicians and celebrities would be particularly susceptible to scandals and blackmail arising from

intercepted data. More distant in time, patients relying upon intravenously delivered medicine, remotely

controlled via the Net, could have their lives threatened by a cyber-attacker who altered their medicinal

flow rate.

Benefits of online medicine (telemedicine)

Telemedicine uses technology to provide an alternative to traditional, in-person physician visits,

and provide medical care at a patient's location, regardless of the location of the medical team.

Computer scientists familiar with the medical field believe that within the next five years,

computers at remote locations will control vital sign monitoring and limited types of medical treatment.

Medical care will travel with patients, whether they are in the home, the office, or on travel, so their

electronic medical records must be accessible from any location.

Sensors attached to patients will transmit signals to computers, either in the home or at a remote

location, for state-of-health analysis. Because these vital-signs sensors will be non-invasive and

comfortable to wear, they will acquire medical information from the patient around the clock instead of

a few times a day. This approach to continuous physiological monitoring and trend analysis will lead to

a preventive health care model where the future health of an individual will be predicted based on

information acquired from these sensors. This differs from the primary care delivery model employed

today, where a patient visits a physician only after suffering discomfort or experiencing a health

emergency.

TELEMEDICINE

Telemedicine – is usage of modern computer resources of processing and transmission of the

information between “center” and “peripherals” of public health services.

The primary goals of a telemedicine - to enable doctors of small cities and settlements to consult for

experts at medical centers of capitals and regional centers, to transfer case histories from one clinic in

another, to carry out nation-wide and international medical computer conferences, courses of

improvement of qualification of doctors “on the job”.

The potential advantages are obvious in dispersed communities, or when patient transportation is a

problem.

Telemedicine is distance consultation among health professionals or between health professionals

and patients by use of telecommunications technology such as real-time audio or visual systems, most

notably video conferencing. The potential advantages are obvious in dispersed communities, where

expertise is thinly spread, and when traveling is difficult or inconvenient for doctor or patient. Uses are

wide and varied and include direct interview and history taking, observation of physical signs, and

distance reporting of imaging procedures. The location of consultation varies from hospital inpatient and

outpatient settings, to broader residential and home settings, and even outer space.

Some hospitals in the United States are using broadband technology to improve patient care and

cope with a national shortage of physicians in certain specialties. For example, in one hospital in

California, patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are monitored by doctors a mile away in a control

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room called the ICU. With advancing communications protocols, neurologists can view their patients'

radiology images and diagnose their diseases from remote locations. Even computer-assisted

neurosurgery is possible.

Types of telemedicine

Telemedicine can be broken into three main categories: store-and-forward, remote monitoring

and interactive services.

Tasks for self-check:

Task 1:

1. WHICH TYPE OF NETWORK IS NETWORK OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS?

a) local

b) regional

c) corporate

d) global

e) federal

2. WHAT PROTOCOL DETERMINES WHICH ROUTE SHOULD BE SENT A SPECIFIC

PACKAGE OF INFORMATION TO?

a) FTP

b) TCP

c) UDP

d) Web

e) IP

3. WHAT IS THE STANDARD LANGUAGE OF WEB PAGES IN THE INTERNET (MOST

WEB PAGES ARE CREATED USING THIS LANGUAGE)?

a) URL

b) DELPHI

c) JAVA

d) HTML

e) FTP

4. WHAT VARIANT DESCRIBES THE RIGHT E-MAIL ADDRESS IN THE INTERNET?

a) xizOI23@DDOHR.uk

b) nT@@mgpu.nisk.ni

c) 192.168.0.214

d) www.psu.ru

e) bot.mail.ru

5. WHAT IS SPAM?

a) messages infected with a virus

b) threatening image

c) posts advertising

d) messages with attachments

e) special analyzes

Task 2: Conduct an information search on the Internet for the term "computer technologies in

medicine", using the electronic catalog of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (http://www.irbis-

nbuv.gov.ua) and the Google search engine (https://www.google.com/) or Yandex (https://yandex.ua).

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Answer the question: Which search system most satisfied you in solving the problem, why? What

problems did you encounter while searching for the necessary information?

Task 3: Using any Internet search engine, find three sites that have a destination: the first one for

medical students, the second one for practitioners, the third one for patients, and the article on the

identified problem proposed teacher. For example, "Stroke, Rehab after Stroke"

References:

Basic.

1. Olenets S.Yu. Medical informatics [Text]:Tutorial guide / Olenets S.Yu.: HSEE of Ukraine

“UMSA”. – Poltava: TOV “ASMI”, 2017. – 160 p.:im.

2. Handbook of Medical Informatics. Editors: J.H. van Bemmel, M.A. Musen. –

http://www.mieur.nl/mihandbook; http://www.mihandbook.stanford.edu

3. Mark A. Musen B. Handbook of Medical Informatics // Електронний ресурс

ftp://46.101.84.92/pdf12/handbook-of-medical-informatics.pdf

4. Edward H., Shortliffe J., Cimino J. Biomedical Informatics, 2014 // Електронний ресурс:

http://www.rhc.ac.ir/Files/Download/pdf/nursingbooks/Biomedical%20Informatics%20Computer%20A

pplications%20in%20Health%20Care%20and%20Biomedicine-2014%20-%20CD.pdf

5. Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine, 2011 //

6. Коровіна Л.Д. Медична інформатика : навчальний посібник для студентів вищих медичних

навчальних закладів / Л. Д. Коровіна - Полтава : РВВ УМСА, 2008. 144 с. англ. мовою.

7. Marzeniuk, V.P. Biophysics and medical informatics : Manual for Students of the Higher Medical

Schools of the III-IV Degree of Accreditation / V.P. Marzeniuk, V.D. Didukh, D.V. Vakulenko at al.

Ternopil : Ukrmedknyha, 2004. Vol. 1: 479 с. :

Additional.

1. www.imia.org (Міжнародна Асоціація Медичної Інформатики)

2. www.mihandbook.stanford.edu (Медична інформатика, Стенфордський університет)

3. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Національна бібліотека медицини США)

4. www.cochrane.ru (Розділ Кохранівського співтовариства)

5. www.mednavigator.net (Медична пошукова система)

The methodical guidance has been completed by S.Y. Olenets