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79POLLUTION IN THE OPEN OCEANS: A REVIEW OF ASSESSMENTS AND RELATED STUDIES

UN IOCUNEP UNESCOFAO WMO IMO IAEAUnited Nations

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79

POLLUTION IN THE OPEN OCEAN: A REVIEW OF ASSESSMENTS AND RELATED STUDIES August 2009

UNEP and UNESCO-IOC, 2009

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2V[OQ$&7$(WS[QKI$LZ$5QXLKJIb*JWT1QI$KQD1QYQT$c

Topic Ocean Sector

Reviews

Res.

Papers

Templates

completedNA SA NP SP NI SI Global Assessments

Ocean acidification 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 12 0 7 4

CO2 and SO2 from Ships 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 15 1 13 3

Atm. N 13 7 7 2 2 2 6 0 7 23 10

Atm. Fe, P, Co 22 11 10 3 3 2 8 0 9 41 18

Atm. Zn 10 4 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 16 9

Debris 3 3 7 3 2 3 11 0 4 25 13

Heavy metals 28 13 10 3 1 2 8 0 4 46 50

VOCs 7 2 6 3 7 5 8 2 0 26 28

Ship-based inputs- Operational discharges 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 3

- Oilspills 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 1 4

- Chemical spills 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

- Heavy 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 1 4

- PAH 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 1 4

- NOx 0 0 1 1 0 0 8 1 0 9 3

- VOCs 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 3

Shipwrecks 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 1 1

Offshore E & P 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 1 5

Noise 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 3 4

Natural seeps 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 1 5

NA- North Atlantic Ocean; SA- South Atlantic Ocean; NP- North Pacific Ocean; SP- South Pacific Ocean; NI- North Indian Ocean; SI- South Indian Ocean* Where several substances are addressed in the same report, a template may be recorded more than once in this table.

.B__ENAB!(A!(N`*(B.*!(BF*,!T(,(^*aA*I(BD(,++*++-*!N+(,!H(^*_,N*H(+NEHA*+$0(99)*+,-.(^$:"4#(012(+#L2/$%(!(YX

2V[OQ$G7$#XQM$LRQVM$VIIQIISQMJ$OVMTIRVXQ$LDQKD1QY

Topic

Geographic coverage aData

reliability bData

relevance cSampling

regularity dAdequacy of

methodology eKnowledge of effects f

Overallposition gExtent Adequacy

CO2 (inputs) XX XX XXX XXX XX XX XX XX

SO2 X X X X X X XX XX

Heavy metals- Hg

X XX XX XX X XXX XXX XX

- Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Cu X X XX X X XX XXX XX

VOCs X X XX X X XX XXX XX

Debris X XXX XX XXX X X XXX XXX

Nutrients- N

XX XX XXX XXX XX XXX XX XX

- Fe, Co, P XX XX XXX X XX XX XX XX

- Zn X X XXX X X XX XXX XXX

Noise X X XXX X X XX XX X

Oil- spills from ships XXX XXX XX XXX XX XX XXX XXX

- op. discharges XX XX XX XX X XX XXX XX

- exploration and production XX XX XX XX XX XX XXX XX

- shipwrecks XXX XXX XXX XX X XX XXX XXX

- natural seeps XXX XXX XXX XX X XX XXX XXX

- PAHs (exhaust) X X X X X X XXX XX

Chemical, spills X X X X X X XXX XX

Chemical, expl. and prod. XX XX XX XX XX XX XXX XX

Sewage X XXX XX XXX X XXX XXX XXX

Ballast water X XXX XX XX X XX XX XXX

Dumping of waste XX XXX XX XXX - - XXX XXX

POPs and PBTs X X XX XX X XXX XXX XX

CFCs XX XX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX

Rating scheme: Good: XXX; Moderate: XX; Poor: Xa Geographic coverage: Relates a) to the relative distributions of existing information across the 6 ocean basins (Chapter 1) and b) to the adequacy of this coverage

for purposes of regular assessments (levels, impacts, significance) of the substances concerned in the open ocean.b Data reliability: An estimate of the relative accuracy and precision of data published in peer-reviewed scientific literature.c Data relevance: An evaluation of the utility and value of the data for purposes of assessing ocean health. d Sampling regularity: A determination of the adequacy of sampling regimes (frequency, timing, sample replicates etc.) used to date for purposes of decadal

assessments of status &trends.e Adequacy of methodology: An indication of the suitability of currently available methodologies (sampling, analysis, data processing, evaluation and interpretation

etc.), for generating data needed for assessment purposes i.e. the requirement for research and development. f Knowledge of effects: The general level of scientific understanding with regard to the effects of a substance on marine life, marine ecosystems and human

health.g Overall position: An indication of the current state-of-the-art with regard to investigating the substances (and related processes) in the open ocean and thus the

potential for use of these capabilities (and data products) for ocean assessment purposes.

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80°N

40°N

0°

40°S

80°S

50°E 150°E 110°W 10°W

[The Team has examined all the white areas, except those with hatching. Areas within 200m depth contour are indicated in blue]

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Substance Vector

CO2 Atmosphere, Shipping

SO2 Atmosphere, Shipping

VOCs Atmosphere, Shipping

Nutrients Fe, N, P, Zn, Co Atmosphere

POPs, PBTs, CFCs Atmosphere

PAH Atmosphere, Shipping

Heavy metals Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Ni, Cu Atmosphere

Particles Shipping

NOx Shipping

Oil Accidental spillsOperational dischargesWrecksExploration and productionNatural seeps

Shipping etc.

Chemicals Accidental spillsExploration and production

Shipping

Sewage Shipping

Marine debris Mainland sources, Shipping

Ballast water Shipping

Noise Shipping/Military/Research

Dumped waste Shipping

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Locations of Measurements Lead Mercury Cadmium Arsenic Nickel Copper

Total, All Regions 39 (76%) 13 (25%) 25 (49%) 19 (37%) 27 (53%) 29 (57%)

North Atlantic 15 (54%) 6 (21%) 9 (32%) 4 (14%) 9 (32%) 11 (39%)

South Atlantic 10 (77%) 3 (23%) 6 (46%) 1 (8%) 8 (62% 8 (62%)

North Pacific 7 (64%) 0 (0%) 6 (55%) 6 (55%) 4 (36%) 5 (45%)

South Pacific 3 (75%) 0 (0%) 1 (33%) 2 (67%) 2 (67%) 2 (67%)

North Indian 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%)

South Indian 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%)

Global Ocean* 2 (22%) 4 (44%) 2 (22%) 4 (44%) 2 (22%) 2 (22%)

* Most of these papers made estimates for the global ocean but did not give details for specific geographical regions.

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2V[OQ$?7$"VK1MQ$RVOR1ZP1MN$LKNVM1ISI$`VZJQK$5VDQM$QJ$VO7;$:aaC^

Organism Photosynthetic Carbonate form Habitat

Coccolithophores Yes Calcite Planktonic

Macro-algae* Yes Aragonite or calcite Benthic

Foramenifera Some Calcite Benthic

No Calcite Planktonic

Corals: warm water Yes (in symbiosis) Aragonite Benthic

Cold water No Aragonite Benthic

Pteropods No Aragonite Planktonic

Non-pteropod molluscs* No Aragonite or calcite Benthic or planktonic

Echinoderms No Mg-calcite Benthic

Crustaceans* No Calcite Benthic or planktonic

* Not all members of this group are calcified.

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International Assessment Participation POPs

Arctic Marine Assessment Program

Arctic – circumpolar (Arctic Ocean, Arctic marginal seas, Arctic territories of the eight Arctic countries) (north of 60° N but also including relevant marine areas south of this latitude, e.g. Hudson Bay

aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, HCB, PCB and PCDD/PCDF

Background Air Monitoring of POPs in East Asian Countries

Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea (Republic of), Japan, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam

aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, HCB, and PCBs

European Air Pollution Monitoring Programme (EMEP)

Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, Great Britain, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden. European air monitoring program on POPs is support of the 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Some monitoring sites are located in coastal areas.

chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, HCB, PCB

Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling Study

Several sites in Africa (5), South East Asia, Australia (6), Antarctica (1), Central and South America (11), Europe (9), and North America (1)

aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, HCB, PCB and PCDD/PCDF

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State of evaluation Total: 127

Classified as PBT 23

Classified as PBT and POP 3, including DDT

Still under investigation 30

Pending 8

Not PBT not POP 63

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Region1 Estimated Oil Content of Shipwrecks

Minimum Maximum

North Atlantic Ocean 951,000 tonnes 7.5 million tonnes

South Atlantic Ocean 165,000 tonnes 0.5 million tonnes

North Pacific Ocean 221,000 tonnes 1.7 million tonnes

South Pacific Ocean 521,000 tonnes 4.2 million tonnes

Indian Ocean 264,000 tonnes 2.2 million tonnes

1 Regional boundaries, as applied in the Michel et al. (2005) study, were used to estimate the approximate values for the ocean regions established for the Assessment of Assessments.

(Based on Michel et al. 2005)

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Name Expertise Contact details

Dr. R. Boelens (chairman) Marine assessments CastleloughPortroe, NenaghCo. TipperaryIrelandrickboelens@eircom.net

Dr. A. Baker Atmospheric input of nutrients to surface ocean waters School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich NR4 7TJUnited Kingdomalex.baker@uea.ac.uk

Dr. D. C. E. Bakker Marine carbon cycle School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich NR4 7TJUnited KingdomD.Bakker@uea.ac.uk

Dr. C. T. Bowmer Marine toxicology, chemical hazardsVice-chairman of GESAMP

TNO ChemistryPostbus 360NL-3700-AJ ZeistThe NetherlandsTim.bowmer@tno.nl

Prof. R. A. Duce Atmospheric and marine chemistry, air/sea exchange Texas A&M UniversityDepartment of OceanographyRoom 906, O&M BuildingCollege Station, Texas 77843-3146USArduce@ocean.tamu.edu

Mr. F. Haag GESAMP Officer, coordinator International Maritime Organization4 Albert EmbankmentLondon SE1 7SRUnited Kingdomfhaag@imo.org

Mr. N. Perera Junior Scientist 5/5 Huludagoda RoadMount LaviniaSri Lankaboraluwa@gmail.com

Dr. D. Schmidt Etkin Ship-based pollution Environmental Research Consulting41 Croft LaneCortlandt ManorNY 10567-1160 USAetkin@environmental-research.com

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Science for Sustainable Oceans

ISBN: 978-92-807-2996-2 Job No.: DEW/1130/NA

IOC/INF-1228ISSN: 1020–4873