Pollution Controll

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PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION

ONONPollution control measures taken byPollution control measures taken by

Indian RailwaysIndian Railways

inin

Workshops and Diesel shedsWorkshops and Diesel sheds An Overview An Overview

By

ARVIND LAL

IRIMEE,JAMALPUR.

E-MAIL:- [email protected]


2/84

IR has 16th Zonal Railways,

Metro Railway, Kolkata,

Six production units,

67 Divisions .

4000 DIESEL LOCOS.

FOR ITS SMOOTH FUNCTIONING.

INFRA-STRUCTURE OF IR


3/84

A huge amount of waste (Solids or liquids or

gases) is generated during these operations.

IR deals with the manufacturing of rollingstock components, Manufacturing

/maintenance and repair of Coaches,

wagons, diesel locos and electric locos.

INFRA-STRUCTURE OF IR


4/84

Different types of EFFLUENTS GENERATED in IR premises

1 Coaches ( AC & Non-AC):-

Acid from batteries.

Effluents from phosphating plants

Polymeric materials( Plastics, rubbers, )

Grease, oil and alkaline( during Cleaning of Coaches)

Used composite materials.( Brake blocks, FRP- components etc.)

Paints, Kerosene and waste used metals.


5/84

Wagons.

Petrol, Diesel, Furnace oil, residue from oil tank wagons.

Effluent from Bosch Tank.

( Cleaning of springs), Water oil Mixed

Tempering furnace.

Kerosene oil mixed.

Paints .

Used materials.



6/84


Locos. ( Sheds)

Kerosene oil mixed.

Effluent from Locos.

Cleaning of locos, Water oil Mixed.

Chemicals from coolants water.

Paints, Grease,

Lube oil & fuel oil ( Leakage during transportation & Emmisions)

Polymeric componets

Acids etc.


7/84

Hospitals

Medical waste.

Organic & Inorganic chemicals.

DOMESTIC.

Domestic effluents generated from Canteen and toilets are

Organic wastages, Wash water from utensils.

Food grains, Waste Vegetable oil

Sewage water, Urinals, bathing water.



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Water Pollutants

Air Pollutants.

Solid Waste

There are four type of pollutants generated from the Rly. Workshops and

Diesel Sheds.

These waste or effluents, when enter into the environment ,

disturbs the concentration of air , water , and land or soil,

and may be harmful for the life or

act as a potential health hazards for any living organisms.


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TYPES OF POLLUTION IN IRTYPES OF POLLUTION IN IR

Water Pollution.

Air Pollution.

Noise Pollution.


10/84

WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION

The term Water Pollution meansaddition to water matter in excess,which changes the property viz

Organic Inorganic

Suspended Solid

Sediments Radioactive Elements

that is harmful to Human being, Animals& Aquatic life.


11/84

SIGNS OF WATER POLLUTIONSIGNS OF WATER POLLUTION

Bad taste of drinking water.

Offensive odour from Lakes, Rivers &

Ocean Beaches. Unchecked growth of Aquatic weeds in

water bodies.

Decrease in number of fish. Oil & Grease floating on water surface.


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Organic Pollutants.

Inorganic Pollutants.Suspended Solids and Sediments.

Radioactive Materials.

Thermal Pollutants.

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION


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Source- ENVIRONMENT

WATER SUPPLY AND ITS RENEWAL

Only a fraction of

1% is available for

humans.Most water

is salty, frozen, orinaccessible in the

soil and

atmosphere.


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FOR FRESH WATER --------?


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Railways plan to install waterRailways plan to install water

Recycling Plants.Recycling Plants.

Water recycling plants (WRP) have been planned to be installedat different locations, where there is a water scarcity and heavydemand of water for domestic & non-domestic purposes.

At New Delhi railway station consultancy contact has beenawarded to TATA ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE.

Total 14th Water Recycling plant at different locations likeJabalpur,Katni, Satna, Bhopal, Itarsi, Udaipur,Jodhpur, Puri,Waltier each is proposed to lnstall at the amount of Rs 10.81crores.


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IR have installed Effluents treatments plant in all workshops Diesel &

Electrical sheds & production units.

In designing the ETP plant the following factors were consider.

QUALITY OF EFFLUENTS WATER.

QUANTITY OF EFFLUENTS WATER.

TREATMENT PROCESS.

ETP PLANTS IN IR.


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Quality & quantity of Effluent Water:-

It is essential to find out the quality & quantity of effluent

water passing through different points of the shop & to

design efficient and economical treatment plant.

Following parameters decide the quality of effluent water.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

Total suspended Solids (TSS).

pH.

Oil and Grease content


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BiologicalBiological OxygenOxygen DemandDemand(B(B..OO..D)D)

B. O. D.:- is most widely used parameter of Organic pollution applied both for waste waterand surface water.

It is defined as amount of Oxygen required forthe biological decomposition of biodegradableorganic matter under aerobic condition.

The Oxygen consumed in the process isrelated to the amount of decomposable organicmatter.


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TheThe Chemical Oxygen DemandChemical Oxygen Demand

(C.O.D)(C.O.D)

C.O.D.: is the measure of the Oxygen required for chemicaloxidation of organic matter.

In other words, it is oxygen equivalent to the organic matterthat can be oxidized by using strong chemical oxidizing agentin an acidic media.

C O D is always higher than B O D because of morecompounds can chemically be oxidized than can be

biologically oxidized.


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Parameters of effluent water.

Water released from Industries must

have lower B.O.D, C.O.D and

Suspended Particle. Oil and Grease should be as low as

possible.

pH of the released water should bewithin recommended limit.


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Types Of Treatment ProcessTypes Of Treatment Process::--

Following three options are considered, namely

Aerobic Process.

An Aerobic Process.

Low cost Facultative Process.


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Aerobic ProcessAerobic Process

It is simple in operation and has lower capital cost comparedto other unit process.

No Chemical is used in this process.

Only Aerobic Bacteria and atmospheric Oxygen are involved inthis process.

Organic Matter + Micro-Organism + Oxygen IncreasedMicro Organism + CO2 +H2O + Energy (Oxidised End Product)

IR adopted mostly Aerobic process in workshop and anAerobic process in diesel sheds or all the above process, asper nature of effluents generated.


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TREATMENT PROCESSTREATMENT PROCESS

ADOPTED AT LILUAHADOPTED AT LILUAH

Here we adopted Extended AeratedActivated Sludge Process which is an

AEROBIC ProcessReaction involved

Organic Matter+ Micro organism + Oxygen

Increased Micro-organism

+CO2+H2O+Energy (Oxidised end product)


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SCHEMATIC LAY OUT OF E.T.PSCHEMATIC LAY OUT OF E.T.P

Treated Water DischargedTo North Tank

Return Sludge Pump

Four nos. Sludge Drying Beds

Drain Water

Effluent From East End & West End

77 55 44 33 22 11

88

66

1 Screen chamber.

2 Oil Trap.

3 Sump cum Pumphouse

4 Stilling chambercum Oil removalUnit

5 Aeration Tankfitted with 2 nos.Aerator.

6 Clarifier fittedwith RakeMechanism

7 Guard Pondfitted with hayfilter.


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QUALITY CONTROL OFQUALITY CONTROL OF

EFFLUENT TREATED WATEREFFLUENT TREATED WATER

The monitoring of the ETP is

very much essential to assesproper working of the Plant.

For this Untreated & Treated

Water Samples are analyzed

regularly by ETP Laboratory.


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TREATED EFFLUENT QUALITY AS PER WESTTREATED EFFLUENT QUALITY AS PER WEST

BENGAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDBENGAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Total Suspended Solids (T.S.S.) 100mg / lit. max.

Biological Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) 30 mg / lit. max.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D.) 250 mg / lit. max.

Oil & Grease (O&G) 10 mg / lit.

pH 5.5 9.0


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VIEW OF SUMP CUM PUMP HOUSE


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STILLING CHEMBER


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AERATION TANK


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CLARIFIER


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GUARD POND


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RETURN SLUDGE PUMP


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SLUDGE DRYING BEDS


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ETP LABORATORY


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GraphicalGraphicalRepresentation OfRepresentation Of

Test Results byTest Results by

ETP LaboratoryETP Laboratory


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G

raphicalRepresentation

ofpH

(TakingTworeadingFromEachMonth)

7.46

7.44

7.42

7.40

7.42

7.37

7.41

7.46

7.32

7. 8

7.48

7.48

7 28

7.72

7.70

7.74

7.62

7.60

7.62

7.66

7.72

7.61

7.61

7.76

7.70

7 6

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

0 /01/06

27/01/06

06/02/06

24/02/06

06/03/06

28/03/06

03/04/06

2 /04/06

06/0 /06

26/0 /06

02/06/06

23/06/06

14/07/06

Da

te

pH

UTR

TR

MAX

MIN


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Gra

hcal

e

re

e

a

o

o

To

al

u

e

ded

old(

(Tak

TwoReadingsFromEachMonth)

180

156

118

180

164

170

160

136

146

128

176

108

26

26

22

20

24

22

24

24

24

28

30

34

30

108

020

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

05/01/06

27/01/06

06/02/06

24/02/06

06/03/06

28/03/06

03/04/06

25/04/06

06/05/06

26/05/06

02/06/06

23/06/06

05/07/06

Date

TSS in mg/lt

UTR

TR

MAX


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GraphicalRepresentationofB

iologicalOxygenDem

(T

akingTwoReadin

gsFromEachMo

nth)

84

78

80

56

96

96

104

78

72

86

88

62

74

12.00

10.40

11.60

8.40

14.00

12.40

15.20

14.80

12.80

12.40

15.20

14.40

20.40

020

40

60

80

100

120

05/01/06

27/01/06

06/02/06

24/02/06

06/03/06

28/03/06

03/04/06

25/04/06

06/05/06

26/05/06

02/06/06

23/06/06

05/07/06

Date

BOD in mg/lt

UTR

TR


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G

raphicalRepresentationofCh

emicalOxygen

Deman

(TakingTworeadingF

romEachMonth)

244

2 2

244

224

312

196

244

184

172

216

208

244

176

48

48

56

52

64

48

56

64

52

68

64

60

48

0 0

100

1

0

200

2

0

300

3

0

05/01/06

27/01/06

06/02/06

24/02/06

06/03/06

28/03/06

03/04/06

25/04/06

06/05/06

26/05/06

02/06/06

23/06/06

05/07/06

Da

te

COD in mg/lt

U

TR

TR

M

AX


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GraphicalRepresent

ationOfOil&

G

rease

(

TakingTwoReading

sFromEachMonth

)

1

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0 2 4 6 8 10

12

0 /01/06

27/01/06

06/02/06

24/02/06

06/03/06

28/03/06

03/04/06

2 /04/06

06/0 /06

26/0 /06

02/06/06

23/06/06

Date

Oil & Grease in mg/lt

UTR

TR

M

AX


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AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION


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WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION ?WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION ?

It is defined as change in Atmospheric

Condition in which certain substances

(Solid, Liquid orGaseous) are presentwhich are not naturally present or

which are present in such

concentration that is injurious toHuman being, Plants, Animal Life or

Property.


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T

h

e

The atmosphere is composed of several layers.


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AIR POLLUTION IN IR.AIR POLLUTION IN IR.

Air pollution caused by combustion of Fossil fuels,resulting in production of pollutants like NOX, SOx,COX CO, HC and particulates. Limits laid down forexhaust from automobiles ( Euro norms are in force innational capital Region(NCR) for automobiles.

But No Legislation norms laid down presently forLocomotive Diesel Engines.

The workshop has the foundries for the manufacturingof Aluminium and cast Iron products in furnaces whichare generating gases regularly and are polluting theEnvironment.


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EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTIONEFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION Reduction in Visibility Photochemical smog.

Climate is affected Fog formation decreasesthe solar radiation by 15-20%.

Weather is affectedAmbient temperature

rises. May cause irritation to Eye & Skin.

The respiratory system may be affected.

Rise in concentration of Toxic Chemicals. Aerosols of Fertilizersprays enter the food and

fodder causing several dieses.

Life of buildings & others may be shortenedb Acid rain


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ACCORDING TO ORIGINACCORDING TO ORIGIN


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Particulate Matter:- Tiny divided

solids or droplets (100m down to

0.1m and less). e.g. Dust, Smog.Mist, Aerosols.

Gaseous Pollutants:- These are

mainly emitted by Industries &Automobiles during burning of

fossil fuel. e.g. SO2, NO, CO.

ACCORDING TO STATE OF MATTERACCORDING TO STATE OF MATTER


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1. Organic Pollutants:- Hydrocarbons, Aldehydes, Ketons

and Alcohol.

2. Inorganic Pollutants:-

Sulphur Compounds:- H2S, H2SO4. Nitrogen Compounds :- Oxides of nitrogen,NH3.

Carbon Compounds:- Oxides of Carbon,

Carbonates.

Inorganic Particles:- Silica, Fly Ash, Asbestos.

Halogen Compounds:- HF, HCl.

ACCORDING TO CHEMICALACCORDING TO CHEMICAL

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION


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Natural Sources:- Volcanic Ash, Gas fromForest fire wind blown dust & Pollution.

Anthropogenic Sources:-

Industries & Burning Fuels- SO2,NO,CO.

Chemical & Metallurgical Industries- MetalOxides.

Iron & Steel Industries-Fumes, H2S ,SO

2,Dust.

Petroleum Refineries.

Paper Pulp Industries.

Agricultural & Food Processing Industries.

ACCORDING TO SOURCESACCORDING TO SOURCES


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MAIN POLLUTANTSMAIN POLLUTANTS

Particulate Matter

Oxides of Sulphur.

Oxides of Nitrogen.Oxides of Carbon.

Hydro Carbon.

Chlorine.

Hydrogen Sulphide.


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IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION.


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The respiratory system may be affected.


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Air pollutants.Air pollutants.

Motor vehicles and

industrial fuelcombustion are major

contributors of

pollutants.


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Air pollution due to smoking..Air pollution due to smoking..

An inverse relationship exists

between smoking and education

level.


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Air pollutants.Air pollutants.

How CO2 and the greenhouse effect promote global warming.


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UVR-PENERTRATES THEATMOSPHERE TO THE

EARTH SURFACE,WHEREITS PRESENCE HARMSLIVING THINGS.

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE


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NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITYNATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

STANDARDSTANDARD

(Published By Central Govt. in Gazette on 11th April 1994.)(Published By Central Govt. in Gazette on 11th April 1994.)

A:A:-- Industrial Area.Industrial Area.B:B:-- Residential Area, Rural Area & Others.Residential Area, Rural Area & Others.C:C:-- Sensitive Areas.Sensitive Areas.NOTENOTE::-- Here the annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in an yearHere the annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in an year

taken twice a week 24taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval..hourly at uniform interval..

The 24The 24--hrs/8 hrs. values should be met 98% of the time in a yearhrs/8 hrs. values should be met 98% of the time in a year

Concentration in MicroGram/NM3Pollutant Time Weight

Average

A B C

SO2 Annual

24 Hrs

80

120

60

80

15

30NOx Annual

24 Hrs

80

120

60

80

15

30

SPM Annual

24 Hrs

360

500

140

200

70

100

RPM Annual

24 Hrs

120

150

60

100

50

75

Lead Annual

24 Hrs

1.0

1.5

0.75

1.0

0.50

0.75

CO 8 Hrs

24 Hrs.

5000

10,000

2000

4000

1000

2000


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FURNACE STACK EMISSIONFURNACE STACK EMISSION

STANDARD (as per pollution act)STANDARD (as per pollution act)

Sulphur dioxide

Liquid fuel burning

Solid fuel burning

1200 mg/NM3.

1200 mg/NM3

Carbon Monoxide

Liquid fuel burningSolid fuel burning

175 mg/NM3.250 mg/NM3.

Particulate Matter 150 mg/NM3.


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Solid wastesSolid wastes



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COMPUTERS ARE NOT DESIGNED FOR RECYCLING.


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Recycling of solid wastes.Recycling of solid wastes.


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FROM THE POLLUTING FOSSIL

FUELS OF THE 20TH CENTURY

TO THE

GREEN RENEWABLE ENERGIES OF

THE

21ST CENTURY( BIO-DIESEL)

WELCOME TOWELCOME TO

GREEN ENERGYGREEN ENERGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY


69/84

BIOBIO--DIESEL in IRDIESEL in IR

To reduce the pollution created by theburning of HSD oil in locomotives andvehicles a big plan has been charted out tomanufacture Bio-diesel from Jatropha seed.

Jatropha plantation is also under taken atmass level.

An MOU with IOC have already made tosupply blended bio-diesel to Railways.


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ENVIRONMENTALCONCERNS

Emission Reduction (%)

CO 67

Hydrocarbon 30

Particulate Matter 68

SOOT 50

Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons(PAH)

85

CO2 100

NO +/-2--6

SO2 80-100


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Extraction

Refining

Use in Cars and Trucks

Fossil CO2

Release to Atmosphere

PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE

13 pounds of fossil CO2released per gallon burned

BIODIESEL CO CYCLE N f il CO R l d


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BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE No fossil CO2 Released

Biodiesel Production

Use in Cars and TrucksOil Crops

Renewable CO2


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Indian Railways runs Shatabdi on biodiesel blendIndian Railways runs Shatabdi on biodiesel blend

Shatabdi run from Delhi to Amritsar on 31st

December 2002.

Fuel used 5% blend of bio diesel

Parameters monitored-

Filters

SFC

Fuel Injection Equipment

ResultsResults

No loss of hp, acceleration or any other problem observed

during run.

No unusual deposits observed on fuel filters.


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JATROPHA PLANTJATROPHA PLANT


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Advantages of Biodiesel PM,HC,CO reduction

Analysis from EPA420-P-02-001, October2002

EPA analysis:

data from many

studies

engine models

through 1997

NOxNo change for B5

2% up for B20

10% up for B100

PM

5% down for B5

12% down for B20

48% down for B100


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For the manufacturing of Bio-diesel, several esterificationplants have already been set up at different location likeDiesel Shed Kharagpur, Sakurbasti near New Delhi, TKD-Diesel shed, Loco workshop Perambur, S.Railway.

IRIMEE , for the training of Manufacturing method.

RDSO/LKO has already plan to set up one esterificationplant based on Heterogeneous Catalyst as well as to setup testing facilities at the cost of more than ten crores.


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Some trains & Road vehicle are alredy

run on blended Bio-diesel in IR.

Supported of Bio-diesel.


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Conclusion:Conclusion:--

IR is now fully aware that it is socially, legally and politicallyunacceptable to pollute the IR premises & its surroundings.

The different measures like installation of STP,ETP.

Recycling of waste,( WATER & SOLIDS).

Uses of non polluting items .

Auction of used oils, batteries, sludges to authorized reclaimers have

been adopted at different placesses based on the nature of pollutants.

Over all IR is effectively taking care in controlling theenvironmental pollution responsible for its Industrial effluent.


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TOMORROWS WORLDTOMORROWS WORLD



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FOLLOW THE TIME WATCH.

Acknowledgement:Acknowledgement:


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Acknowledgement:Acknowledgement:--

a) Director/ IRIMEE, Jamalpur, for giving

permission to present the paper.

b) IRIMEE, Faculty.

c) CMT/Liluah.

d) Dy.C.CMT/Charbag/Lucknow

e) Dy.C.CMT/Jamalpur

WISHING INDIAN RAILWAYS A GREENER FUTURE


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WISHING INDIAN RAILWAYS A GREENER FUTURE

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