Pollination and pollinators
description
Transcript of Pollination and pollinators
![Page 1: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pollination and pollinators
![Page 2: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Many types of pollinators
![Page 3: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Pollinators
• Free ecosystem service• Links wild ecosystems
with farming• Ag chemicals kill many
pollinators• Not all crops have
honeybee pollinators
![Page 4: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Basic Flower Structures
![Page 5: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pollination is not an accident• Plants manipulate animal pollination
at the cost of pollen, nectar, oils and waxes offered
• Adult bees drink nectar for sugar• Pollen is high in protein which bees feed to larvae
![Page 6: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Skunk cabbage is a native wetland plant
with beetle pollinators
![Page 7: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Weevils Pollinate Oil Palms
red palm weevil larvae are eaten as a delicacy in New Guinea and
Southeast Asia; Photo by Hegariz
![Page 8: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Palm Weevil + Coconut Palm disease
•Its not a simple story though.
•Red ring fungus disease has already killed up to 80% of coconut palms in parts of the Colombia.
• The disease, on a nematode brought by the palm weevil causes the trees to wither and die.
![Page 9: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Eggplants in Africa• Eggplants in Kenya are bumblebee “buzz”
pollinated (honeybees can’t do it!)• Two species of solitary forest bees do pollinate
the eggplants.• As forests are cleared for farming, these
pollinators are lost.Hand pollination in Africa
![Page 10: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Watermelons in California• Native bees on organic farms provide 100%
pollination for organic watermelon crops.• “Conventional” farms had greatly reduced native
bee populations + needed additional pollination.• Conservation and restoration of native bee
habitats can be a successful strategy
![Page 11: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Wild bees + Honeybees affect each other
The wild bumble bee + a honey bee collecting pollen on a sunflower.
Honey bees that interact with wild, native bees are up to five times more efficient in pollinating sunflowers. (Sarah Greenleaf photos)
![Page 12: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Seeds grow next years crop!• Amaranthus greens are a traditional food
in Africa, and must be grown from seed (hence) must be pollinated !
![Page 13: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Valuing Pollination in $• Foods high in vitamins and minerals like fruits
and vegetables are mostly animal pollinated• Estimates of the value of pollination range from
$120 - $200 billion / year• The wide range in estimated values results from
the limited tools and focus appreciating the “free” service of pollination
• Many honeybee pollinated crops benefit greatly from the addition of native pollinators
![Page 14: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Estimates of crop pollination• Bees pollinated 71 – 103 of 107 crops
worldwide (Prescott-Allan 1990)• Bees pollinate 75% of 1330 cultivated crops
(Roubik 1995)• Bees, birds + bats pollinate 35% world crops +
increase outputs of 87 foodcrops (Klein 2006)
![Page 15: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Apple PollinationApple varieties used as good
cross - pollinators.
![Page 16: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hedgerows are barriers + boundaries made up of trees, shrubs and herbs
Wind breaks, any small areas and idle fields on farms can be critical habitat for pollinators
![Page 17: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Honeybee Monocultures
• Corporate agriculture depends on only a few species and varieties of pollinators – mostly european honeybees
• Trucking honeybees nationwide spreads pests + disease to native pollinators, and reduces genetic diversity
• Many crops are better pollinated by non-honeybees
![Page 18: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Pyrethrum insecticide• The Pyrethrum, an insecticide from
Chrysanthemum flowers, is stronger if insect pollinate the flower
![Page 19: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Research Studies are Needed on the Diversity of Native Pollinators
• To understand what is missing or declining, you need to know what species exist and what the interactions are!
• Most information on taxonomy is in museums …• A single database to share information needed• Native crops usually havelocal native pollinators – but little is know about them
![Page 20: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Pollinator Matrix• Native flowers may have different pollinators over
time (years)• As each species flowering is limited to a specific
part of a season, pollinators need many different species of flowers (and hence different species of plants) to survive over the year/season.
• Pollinator populations may vary due to many environmental variables – parasites, habitat changes, climate
• So, pollinator diversity depends on plant diversity
![Page 21: Pollination and pollinators](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56816405550346895dd5adcc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Human Ecosystem Disturbance • So, a variety of flowers and pollinator types help
to keep ecosystems functioning… until…• Humans disturb habitats with large monocultures
and chemicals impacting native pollinators… so pollination service is lost
• So….Humans turned to European + Asian honeybees to fill the loss