Political Unity

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• After the War of 1812, Americans had a sense of national pride.

• Americans felt loyalty toward the United States, rather than toward their state or region.

• The Monroe presidency is described by the phrase an Era of Good Feelings.

• Only one major political party–the Republicans–had any power.

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Political Unity (cont.)

How did the War of 1812 affect Americans and their leaders?

Americans had a sense of national pride. Their loyalty to the United States was stronger than loyalty toward a state or region. Republican leaders realized that a stronger federal government had advantages.

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• Congress prepared an ambitious economic program.

• Their program included creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers from foreign competition, and improving transportation in order to link the country together.

Economic Nationalism

• Since the United States did not have a national bank during the War of 1812, it had to pay high interest rates on the money it borrowed to pay for the war.

• In 1816 John C. Calhoun introduced a bill to create the Second Bank of the United States.

• Congress passed the bill.

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Economic Nationalism (cont.)

• Congress passed the Tariff of 1816to protect manufacturers from foreign competition.

• Earlier, revenue tariffs provided income for the federal government.

• The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff that helped American manufacturers by taxing importsto drive up their prices.

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Economic Nationalism (cont.)

• In 1816 John C. Calhoun proposed a plan to improve the nation’s transportation system.

• It was vetoed by President Madison. • Instead, private businesses and state

and local governments paid for road and canal construction.

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Economic Nationalism (cont.)

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Economic Nationalism (cont.)

Why did American leaders want to create the Second Bank of the United States, impose a protective tariff, and improve the nation’s transportation system?

They wanted to improve the economy of the nation.

• Between 1816 and 1824, Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall ruled in several cases that established the power of the federal government over the states.

Judicial Nationalism

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Judicial Nationalism (cont.)

• In the 1819 decision of McCulloch v. Maryland, Marshall said that the Second Bank was constitutional because the “necessary and proper” clause meant that the federal government could use any method for carrying out its powers, as long as the method was not expressly forbidden in the Constitution.

• He also ruled that state governments could not interfere with an agency of the federal government exercising its specific constitutional powers within a state.

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Judicial Nationalism (cont.)

• In the 1824 decision of Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution granted the federal government control over interstate commerce.

• The court interpreted this to include all trade along the coast or on waterways dividing states.

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Judicial Nationalism (cont.)

How did the Supreme Court decisions establish the power of the federal government over state governments?

McCulloch v. Maryland said that the federal government could use the “necessary and proper” clause for carrying out its powers. The decision in this case also said that state governments could not interfere with an agency of the federal government exercising its specific constitutional powers within a state. Gibbons v. Ogden ruled that the Constitution granted the federal government control over interstate commerce, including all trade along the coast or waterways dividing states.

Judicial Nationalism (cont.)

Nationalist Diplomacy• Nationalism in the United States

influenced the nation to expand its borders and assert itself in world affairs.

• In the early 1800s, Spanish-held Florida angered many Southerners because runaway slaves fled there and because the Seminoles, led by Kinache, often clashed with American settlers across the border in Georgia.

Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)

• In 1818 General Andrew Jackson seized Spanish settlements in Florida.

• In the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States.

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• Many of Spain’s colonies on the American mainland were declaring independence.

• Some European monarchies proposed helping Spain regain control of its overseas colonies.

• In response, President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine.

Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)

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Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)

• This policy declared that the United States would prevent other countries from interfering in Latin American political affairs.

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Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)

What were the effects of the Adams-Onís Treaty and the Monroe Doctrine?

These two acts strengthened the government of the United States in foreign affairs.