Political Philosophy Report1
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Transcript of Political Philosophy Report1
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Political Schools of
Thought
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LiberalismConservatism
Socialism
Communism
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LiberalismThe word "liberal" derives from
the Latin "liber" (meaning"free" or "not a slave"). Ineveryday use, it meansgenerous and open-minded, aswell as free from restraint andfrom prejudice.
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Liberalism
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John Locke (1632-1704)English philosopher who isoften called the father ofliberalism
In his writings he argued infavor of limited governmentand protection for individual
rights.
Rejected the populardoctrine of the divine right
of kings.
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Liberalism
John Stuart Mill
popularized and
expanded liberalideas in the mid-19th Century
utilitarianliberalism
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http://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_mill.htmlhttp://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_mill.html -
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Types of Liberalism
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ClassicalLiberalism
Freedom fromcoercion
laissez-faireeconomic policy
opposes thewelfare state
Social Liberalism
freedom of citizens right to an
education, healthcare and a livingwage
provision ofwelfare
progressive
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What Makes A Liberal?
Liberals stressequality ofopportunity, reject
special treatmentfor those withprivilege
Equality beforethe law
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What Makes A Liberal?
Freedom is a leading valueand it is pluralistic:freedom of association,
freedom of religion,freedom of assembly
Liberals are thought to bemore permissive and opento change thanConservatives (e.g. same-
sex marriage)04/28/12 Gina Lee M. Santos 8
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Different Kinds of Liberals
Egalitarian liberalism welfarestate, progressive taxation,
equalization payments, stateintervention
Libertarian liberalism rejects
attempts of state to achievesocial equality by manipulatingthe economy
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Key Liberal Principles
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Responsible Government Civil Liberties
Constitutionalism
Individualism Rule of Law
Majority Rule
Popular Sovereignty
International Co-operation
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Conservatism
From the Latin word conservare tokeep, guard, observe; a commitment topreserve tradition while recognizingthere needs to be gradual improvement
Favors tradition (in the sense ofvarious religious, cultural, or nationally-
defined beliefs and customs) in the faceof external forces for change, and iscritical of proposals for radical socialchange
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Founder of TraditionalConservative Ideology
Edmund Burke
-Anglo-Irish Philosopher
-British writer & Member
of Parliament in
Late 18th century
-the father of Conservatism in Anglo
American circles
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Wrote Reflection on theRevolution in France.
Advocated conservingtradition, authority, andmoral values.
Asserts:
That because of theprofound humantendency towardirrational behavior,humans needguidance anddirection fromtraditional authoritiesfor society to enjoy
peace and stability.
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Types of Conservatism
Cultural
Religious
Fiscal
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http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2008/07/22/karadzicdouble5214676.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/07/22/f-vp-off.html&h=253&w=392&sz=34&hl=en&start=2&usg=__fFGh9geV5OJCBSIidqzlhmBJt2g=&tbnid=CVDeV_gfeBZWHM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3DRadovan%2BKaradic%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG -
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Key ConservativePrinciples
Reverence for the past
Constitutionalcontinuity
Opposition to
RevolutionThe Religious Basis of
the State
The priority of dutiesover rights
Loyalty
Common Sense and
Pragmatism04/28/12 Gina Lee M. Santos 15
S i li
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Socialism
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It is the transitional stage between
capitalism and communism.
Karl Marx (Father of Socialism)
American socialists favor an expanded role of govt.and share the following views:
Public ownership of key industries Vast public job programs all who want to work
will be put to work (Build jobs, not jails)
High taxes for wealthy
Cut in defense spending against war Social and economic equality is goal
Against capitalist free market economy
Healthcare and childcare provided for all
Free post secondary education (college)
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Socialism
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A reaction to the Industrial Revolution,
characterized by:rejection of the idea that the wealthy deservetheir wealth because they created it - butinstead an argument that wealthy exploit
working classesvision of society based on economic equality
belief in cooperation, production for benefit ofall
idea of public ownership of means of production
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Socialisms principles
Egalitarianism (equality)
Humankind will be unified and cooperative
Wealth owned in common, used for the commongood
Capitalism exploits the very people who createsocietys wealth.
Moralism
Division of rich and poor is evil
Capitalism is fundamentally unjust
The ideal future = peace, social justice and trueliberty for all.
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SOCIALISM PRINCIPLES
man is naturally good
a bad environmentmakes people bad
govt should regulateeconomy publicownership
equality is important,but the common goodis the ultimate goal
people give govt
authority, and can takeit away changehappens throughREFORM
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Communism Marx and Engels studied the history of the worlds economies.
This means the way that power, industry and finance arecontrolled.
They saw the way countries developed in stages.
Primitive
Communism
Feudalism
Capitalism
Socialism
Communism
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