POLITICAL PARTIES
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POLITICAL PARTIES
Chapter 11O’Connor and Sabato
American Government:
Continuity and Change
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In this chapter we will cover…
• What is a Political Party?• The Evolution of American Party Democracy• The Roles of American Parties• One-Partyism and Third-Partyism• The Basic Structure of American Political Parties• The Party in Government• The Party-In-The-Electorate
POLITICAL PARTIES
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A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders who identify with a party label and seek to elect individuals to public office.
What is a Political Party?
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The Evolution of American Party Democracy
• Hamilton and Jefferson, as heads of the Federalist and Anti-Federalist groups respectively, are often considered 'fathers' of the modern party system.
• By 1800, this country had a party system with two major parties that has remained relatively stable ever since.
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Democrats and Republicans: The Golden Age
• From the presidential elections of 1860 to the present, the same two major parties have contested elections in the United States: Democrats and Republicans.– Reconstruction -- Republican dominance– 1876-1896 -- closely competitive– 1896-1929 -- Republican dominance– 1930s and 1940s -- Democratic dominance– 1950s and 1960s -- closely competitive– 1970-present -- neither party dominant
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The Roles of American Parties
• The two party system has been used to resolve political and social conflicts.– Mobilizing Support and Gathering Power
– A Force for Stability
– Unity, Linkage, Accountability
– The Electioneering Function
– Party as a Voting and Issue Cue
– Policy Formulation and Promotion
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One-Partyism
• A significant trend of recent times is the demise of one-partyism (one party dominance of elections in a given region).
• The formerly "Solid South" is no longer only Democratic.
• There are no Republican or Democratic states at this time.
• Many individuals split their vote between the parties, and sometimes vote for third parties.
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Minor Parties: Third-Partyism• Minor parties are not a threat to the two major
parties.
• Only eight third parties have won any electoral votes in a presidential contest.
• The third parties that have had some success are:– 1996 and 1992: Ross Perot’s Reform Party– 1968: George Wallace’s American Independent Party– 1924: Robert LaFollette’s Progressive Party– 1912: Teddy Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party– 1856: Millard Fillmore's American Party
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The Basic Structure of American Political Parties
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The Party in Government
• The Congressional Party
• The Presidential Party
• The Parties and the Judiciary
• The Parties and State Government
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The Party-In-The-Electorate
• The party-in-the-electorate is the mass of potential voters who identify with specific party.
• American voters often identify with a specific party, but rarely formally belong to it.
• Party identification is often a voter's central political reference symbol.
• Party identification generally come from one's parents. • However party id can be affected by a number of factors
such as education, peers, charismatic personalities, cataclysmic events, and intense social issues.
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Declining Party Loyalty?
• The number of independents in the U.S. rose from 19% in 1958 to 37% twenty years later.
• Identification with the two major parties today is in the mid 80% range.
• Pollsters often find that many self declared independents often 'lean' quite strongly to either the Democrat or Republican party.
• “Leaners” do feel party affiliations, but choose not to self-identify with a party.
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Loyalty Trends - Democratic• Labor union members tend to vote Democratic• Democrats have a lead in garnering the women's
votes• Over 80% of African Americans and Hispanics
vote 3 to 1 Democratic• Young people are again more Democratic• Most blue collar workers and unemployed are
Democrats• Catholics and Jews are mostly Democrats• The widowed are mostly Democrats• Liberals tend to be Democrats
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• Chambers of Commerce tend to vote Republican• The West tends to be more Republican• Men tend to split fairly evenly between the two parties• Cuban Americans are generally Republicans (anti-Castro) • Professionals, executives, and white collar workers
tend to be Republican• High status Protestants tend to be Republican• Married couples tend to be Republican • Conservatives tend to be Republican
Loyalty Trends - Republican
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WebsitesMajor Parties• Democratic National Committee
– www.democrats.org
• Republican National Committee– www.rnc.org
Third Parties• Third Party Central
– www.3pc.net/index.html
• Libertarian Party– www.lp.org
• Reform Party.– www.reformparty.org