Political geography part 2
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Transcript of Political geography part 2
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Why do states break apart?
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The New World Order“Now, we can see a new world coming into view. A world in which there is the very real prospect of a new world order. In the words of Winston Churchill, a "world order" in which "the principles of justice and fair play ... protect the weak against the strong ..." A world where the United Nations, freed from cold war stalemate, is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders. A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations.”
George H. W. Bush (1991)
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Devolution• The process whereby
regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government– Can be caused by
• Suprantionalism• Ethnonationalism• Economics
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Ethno-nationalismEthno-nationalism: when ethnic groups see themselves as distinct nations
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Economic Reasons for Devolution
• Regional Wealth – Catalonia, Spain
• Regional Neglect – Sardinia, Italy
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Geography & Devolution
• Devolution often occurs near the boundaries of nations or on islands– France (Corsica)– Tanzania (Zanzibar)– US (Hawaii; “Cascadia” NW)
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Gateway Theory• Political entities near border zones may become
gateway states that absorb surrounding cultures and become something different.
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Devolution in USSROccurred in 1990’s• Reasons:
– USSR loses Eastern Europe
– economic problems– ethnic diversity
Replaced by the CISRise of ethnic conflict Displaced peoples The “Near Abroad”
The Putin Generation
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Chechnya
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Grozny, Chechnya
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The New World Order• States are still important BUT
– Provinces matter– Influence of non-state entities– Increasing influence of religion– Cross border issues– Growth of supranational organizations
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FRAGMENTATION & COHESION
Centripetal Forces (promote unity)
Federalism LeadershipExternal threatNational education National ideologyMovement within country
Centrifugal Forces (promotes division)
Tribalism Regional inequalitiesIsolationNew forms of communication
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Why do states cooperate and sometimes unite with other states?
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SUPRANATIONALISM3 or more states involving formal
– Political– Economic – Cultural
cooperation is based on shared objectives
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THE UNITED NATIONS (1945)
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL COUNCIL
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE http://whc.unesco.org/
SECRETARIATE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
SECURITY COUNCIL
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UN Peacekeepers • Not a UN force (troops come from member
nations)• Troops commanded by UN general
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MARITIME LAW• UN Conference on Law
of the Sea (UNCLOS)– Territorial seas = 14 miles – Exclusive Economic Zone
= 230 miles• Median Line Principle
– Mineral resources in open seas should be for all humanity (US objection)
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REGIONAL MULTINATIONALISMFirst multinational union:
Benelux (1944)•Belgium•Netherlands•Luxembourg
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ECSC (1952)European Coal & Steel Community
Lifted restrictions governing the flow of coal, iron and steel
1.Germany2.France3.Italy4.Netherlands5.Belgium6.Luxembourg
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Common Market (1958)Elimination of tariffs on other commodities
1.German2.France3.Italy4.Netherlands5.Belgium6.Luxembourg7.Britain8.Ireland9.Denmark10.Spain11.Portugal12.Greece
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1. Austria2. Belgium3. Britain4. Bulgaria5. Cyprus6. Czech Rep.7. Denmark8. Estonia9. Finland10.France11.Germany12.Greece13.Hungary14.Ireland15.Italy16.Latvia17.Lithuania18.Luxembourg19.Malta20.Netherlands21.Poland22.Portugal23.Romania24.Slovakia25.Slovenia26.Spain27.Sweden
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European Union (1992)Objective: • Economic and
POLITICAL union• Common currency
Problems: • uneven economic
development• fear of loss of local
autonomy• dominance of Germany• national rivalries
Can you name the 27 members
of the EU?
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GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 2008
USA $14,440,000,000,000 (14.44 trillion)EU $14,940,000,000,000 (14.94 trillion)
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OTHER SUPRANATIONAL UNIONS
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Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
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Will nation-states be supplanted by
supranational unions?