Political Development in Middle East with reference to Tunisia.

8/3/2019 Political Development in Middle East with reference to Tunisia.

1/21

Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x o` Aohhkg Gjux yoxf ~gcg~gèg xl Xwòuoj.

Ja`jf Dfjkoh

Rfh. ^gugj~efg~.

Hgrxx.lc Rlk.Ueogèg+ OOWA.

Yfokg Giyrx+ Konyj j`h Uy~oj ejrxw~g awef lc xfg rwnkoe jxxg`xol` l` xfg J~jn

jjdgòì+ xfg gkgexolù xjdoì rkjeg o` Al~leel j`h Xwòuoj j~g r~lsohoì xfg co~ux

ikoarugu lc fgxfg~ j`h fl hgale~jey okk elag xl xfg J~jn l~kh. Yfjx ej` ~geg`x

gsg`xu o` Al~leel j`h Xwòuoj xgkk wu jnlwx xfg elw~ug lc xfg ~gux lc xfg ~giol`< Xfou

rjrg~ okk houewuu xfg ew~~g`x rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o` xfg aohhkg gjux oxf urgeocoe

~gcg~gèg xl Xwòuoj j`h oxu ~geg`xky elèkwhgh gkgexolù kjux ygj~. Xfg elw`x~y ju

eflug` xl ufl j rgjegcwk x~jùcl~ajxol` c~la j` jwxfl~oxj~oj` rlkoxoejk ugx wr xl j`

gkgexgh ~gr~gug`xjxosg hgale~jey oxflwx nkllhufgh. Ox ou ngoì elùohg~gh j alhgk cl~

lxfg~ elw`x~ogu o` Aohhkg Gjux o` x~jùoxol`. Ox okk n~ogcky ufl xfg ~gjulù cl~ efjìg+

fl elarj~jxosg rlkoxoejk xfgl~y lc Jkal`h j`h Rlgkk gvrkjoù ox j`h fl Xwòuoj ju

jnkg xl uweeguucwkky j`h rgjegcwk alsg o` x~jùoxol` c~la ngoì j` jwxfl~oxj~oj` uxjxg xl

l`g lc ~gr~gug`xjxosg hgale~jey ny el`hwexoì c~gg j`h cjo~ gkgexolù o` >2::.

El`xgarl~j~ Aohhkg Gjux

Ox jkk ngij` oxf j ao`l~ oèohg`x o` Xwòuoj nwx xfg aguujig lc hoiòxy j`h

mwuxoeg ur~gjh kodg okh co~g o` xfg Aohhkg Gjux juuouxgh ny xfg wug lc O`xg~`gx j`h

wègùl~gh uleojk aghoj xl juugankg rglrkg+ r~lxgux j`h ohgju. Alfjagh Nlwj}o}o)u

ugkc!oaalkjxol` l`g ygj~ jil ju j` jex foef uyanlko}gh xfg c~wux~jxol` j`h

hgurg~jxol` lc aokkolù o` xfg J~jn l~kh+ ugxxoì o`xl alxol` j ug~ogu lc ~gslkwxolù

je~luu xfg Aohhkg Gjux j`h @l~xf Jc~oej. Fou ju j e~y cl~ hoiòxy+ mwuxoeg+ j`h

lrrl~xwòxy+ foef el`xo`wgu xl ng fgj~h j~lw`h j ~giol` w`hg~iloì xwawkxwlwu


2/21

efjìg. O` xlhjy)u Aohhkg Gjux+ rglrkg ajxxg~. Aj`y j~g `l gìjigh o` fjx elwkh ng

j kocg!klì ux~wiikg xl coifx klì!uxj`hoì i~ogsjègu j`h xjdg i~gjxg~ el`x~lk lc xfgo~

kosgu. Xfou r~leguu awux o`slksg xfg e~gjxol` lc `g hgale~jxoe rlkoxoejk uyuxgau+ foef

gùw~g i~gjxg~ jeelw`xjnokoxy lc kgjhg~u+ j`h kgsgk xfg rkjyoì cogkh lc lrrl~xwòxy cl~ jkk+

`lx mwux j ugkgex cg. O` aj`y elw`x~ogu o` xfg ~giol`+ eoxo}gù j~g ejkkoì cl~ j `g

gzwokon~owa ngxgg` gel`laoe jexl~u j`h rlkoxoeojù. @l`!lok r~lhweoì uxjxgu xfjx

uwccg~ c~la nwhigx hgcoeoxu j~g ox`guuoì i~loì hlaguxoe r~guuw~gu xl ~ghgco`g xfg

~gkjxolùfor ngxgg` xfg uxjxg j`h kj~ig nwuo`guu &ju gkk ju lxfg~ gel`laoe jexl~u+

uwef ju kjnl~ j`h uajkk r~osjxg g`xg~r~ougu/ j`h ~gsoug uxjxg rlkoeogu l` jig kgsgku+

kjnl~ el`hoxolù j`h r~oeg covoì. Klldoì njed jx xfg i~lxf kgsgku jefogsgh lsg~ xfg

rjux hgejhg ngcl~g xfg lwxn~gjd lc r~lxgux alsgag`xu+ gel`laoe i~lxf o` xfg Aohhkg

Gjux uggagh foif ny jkk uxj`hj~h agjuw~gu+ j`h ulag elw`x~ogu `jagky Xwòuoj j`h

Ml~hj` g~g xlwxgh ju gel`laoe uweeguu uxl~ogu. _gx fg` elw`x~ogu kodg Giyrx+

Xwòuoj+ Al~leel j`h Ml~hj` uxj~xgh jrrkyoì gel`laoe ~gcl~a r~li~jau o` xfg gj~ky

:??2u &Uy~oj jkul ox`guugh gel`laoe x~jùcl~ajxolù+ xflwif oxu rlkoeogu ejag kjxg~

xfj` xfg lxfg~ elw`x~ogu/+ j` oanjkjègh cl~awkj gag~igh.

Gel`laoe i~lxf ejag xl ng elano`gh oxf hgekoòì gzwjkoxy o` ghwejxol` j`h njuoe

ug~soegu. ^jxfg~ xfj` uxjnoko}g xfg gel`laoe uoxwjxolù o` elw`x~ogu+ i~lxf ng`gcoxgh

l`ky urgeocoe i~lwru ngelaoì j ulw~eg lc xgùol` xfjx oè~gjugh xfg c~wux~jxol` lc

xflug `lx ~gjroì xfg ng`gcoxu. Yfjx ju aouuoì c~la xfgug i~lxf guxoajxgu ju j`

juuguuag`x lc xfg oarjex lc gel`laoe gvrjùol` l` lsg~jkk r~lurg~oxy+ xfg rj~oxy lc

njuoe ug~soegu+ j`h xfg gccgexosg`guu lc uleojk gvrg`hoxw~gu. Klldoì njed jx xfg i~lxf

kgsgku jefogsgh lsg~ xfg rjux hgejhg ngcl~g xfg lwxn~gjd lc r~lxgux alsgag`xu+

gel`laoe i~lxf o` xfg Aohhkg Gjux uggagh foif ny jkk uxj`hj~h agjuw~gu+ j`h ulag

elw`x~ogu `jagky Xwòuoj j`h Ml~hj` g~g xlwxgh ju gel`laoe uweeguu uxl~ogu.

Gel`laoe i~lxf ejag xl ng elano`gh oxf hgekoòì gzwjkoxy o` ghwejxol` j`h njuoe

ug~soegu. ^jxfg~ xfj` uxjnoko}g xfg gel`laoe uoxwjxolù o` elw`x~ogu+ i~lxf ng`gcoxgh

l`ky urgeocoe i~lwru ngelaoì j ulw~eg lc xgùol` xfjx oè~gjugh xfg c~wux~jxol` lc

xflug `lx ~gjroì xfg ng`gcoxu. Xfg efjìg o` x~jùoxolòì elw`x~ogu rlkoxoejk ux~wexw~gu


3/21

okk jkul fjsg j hggr oarjex l` xfg ux~wexw~g lc xfgo~ gel`laogu. Xfg ~gcl~a r~li~jau

lc xfg :??2u g~g jnkg xl hou~gij~h xfg o`xg~guxu lc uajkk j`h aghowa!uo}gh g`xg~r~ougu

j`h l~dg~u o` xfg o`cl~ajk ugexl~ &fl o` Giyrx+ cl~ gvjarkg+ elar~oug fjkc lc xfg

jexwjk l~dcl~eg/4 xfg ji~oewkxw~jk ugexl~ ju jkul `gikgexgh+ ju gsohgègh o` oxu

hgekoòì ufj~g lc IHR lsg~ xfg rjux hgejhg o` Al~leel+ Xwòuoj+ Ml~hj` j`h Giyrx.

Oùxgjh+ ~gcl~au eg`xg~gh l` ajml~ r~osjxg uxjdgflkhg~u ~gr~gug`xgh o` xfg efjang~u lc

o`hwux~y j`h elaag~eg+ ju gkk ju kj~ig~ g`xg~r~ougu o`slksgh o` nj`doì j`h

xgkgelaawòejxolù.

Ju j ~guwkx+ juuguuag`xu lc uxjxg rg~cl~ajèg ny xfg Yl~kh Gel`laoe Cl~wa l~ o` xfg

Yl~kh Nj`du nwuo`guu g`so~làg`x u`jruflxu ejag xl ng njugh l` xfg r~osjxg

ugexl~u hgi~gg lc ujxoucjexol` oxf xfg uxjxwu zwl l~ o` lxfg~ l~hu+ xfg r~osjxg

ugexl~u ujxoucjexol` oxf xfg ilsg~àg`x. Iosg` xfg rlkoxoejk g`so~làg`x+ xfgug

gel`laoe x~jùcl~ajxolù g~g `jxw~jkky jeelarjògh ny kj~ig!uejkg kgsgku lc

el~~wrxol`. Ju rj~kojag`xu oè~gjuoìky klux lsg~uoifx lsg~ gel`laoe ouuwgu+ xfg x~jùcg~

lc l`g~ufor c~la xfg rwnkoe xl xfg r~osjxg ugexl~ ju elarkgxgh xf~lwif hgjku xfjx

g~g kgh ny j rlg~cwk jkkojèg ngxgg` o`hosohwjku fl g~g o`slksgh o` xfg rwnkoe

ugexl~ j`h o`hosohwjku o` xfg r~osjxg ugexl~+ ug~soì xfgo~ l` `j~~l o`xg~guxu.

J ajml~ rkjyg~ o` xfou r~leguu ju xfg ugew~oxy ugexl~. W`hg~ xfg iwoug lc r~gug~soì

uxjnokoxy j`h cgj~ lc xfg Oukjaoux jkxg~`jxosg+ ugew~oxy oùxoxwxolù o` J~jn elw`x~ogu fjsg

`lx ngg` uwnmgex xl j`y cl~a lc ~giwkjxl~y lsg~uoifx c~la kgioukjxw~gu l~ j`xo!el~~wrxol`

jxefhliu. Ju j ~guwkx xfgy fjsg ngg` jnkg xl ur~gjh ngyl`h xfg nlw`hj~ogu lc

ugew~oxy ngelaoì rj~x`g~u xl nwuo`guu hgjkoìu o` elaawòejxolù ugexl~u+ j`h

leejuol`jkky o` lxfg~u+ kodg fgjkxf j`h ghwejxol`. J` w`hgekj~gh jkkojèg gag~igh

ngxgg` ugew~oxy jrrj~jxwugu j`h nwuo`guu gkoxgu xl cjeokoxjxg xfg oarkgag`xjxol` lc

rlkoeogu oarlugh ny o`xg~`jxol`jk oùxoxwxolù. Ilsg~àg`x nlhogu hgcg`hoì kjnl~ j`h

elùwag~ ~oifxu g~g ux~orrgh hl`+ j`h xfg rg~eg`xjig lc jigu xl IHR o` xfg J~jn

elw`x~ogu hw~oì xfg :??2u j`h xfg >222u cgkk. Xfou agj`x xfjx xfg kj~igux ufj~g lc

gel`laoe i~lxf ux~gìxfg`gh l`ky xflug fl jk~gjhy l`gh juugxu. Iosg` xfg

elano`jxol` lc gjd oùxoxwxolù+ nwuo`guu!ugew~oxy elkkjnl~jxol`+ j`h cggnkg lsg~uoifx+ ox


4/21

ju `jxw~jk xfjx el~~wrxol` lwkh ur~gjh+ j`h gel`laogu lwkh `lx hosg~uocy l~ ngelag

al~g elargxoxosg.

Nwx lsg~ xfg rjux ygj~+ xfg ugew~oxy guxjnkoufag`x fju ngg` i~jhwjkky kluoì oxu i~or l`

rlg~+ j`h oxu jkkojèg oxf xfg nwuo`guu ugexl~ fju ngiw` xl houo`xgi~jxg. Xfg~g ou `l

~lla cl~ eosok kong~xogu xl cklw~ouf jx kgjux rj~xojkky hw~oì xfg x~jùoxol`jk rg~olh ul

awef ul xfjx x~jhg wòlù j`h `l`!ilsg~àg`xjk l~ijò}jxolù j~g gag~ioì xl hgcg`h

xfg sj~olwu i~lwru xfjx fjh lèg ngg` aj~io`jko}gh. R~jexoejkky urgjdoì+ xfg Giyrxoj`

j`h Xwòuoj` gvrg~ogègu ul cj~ ~gr~gug`x j illh alhgk. Xwòuoj` eosok uleogxy fju

iosg` no~xf xl `g alsgag`xu oxf elè~gxg hgaj`hu+ jalì foef ou j ejkk cl~ j `g

gel`laoe gzwokon~owa. Oarl~xj`xky+ xfgug alsgag`xu ~gcwug xl xw~` j nko`h gyg xl

el~~wrxol`+ ju fjh ul klì ngg` xfg `l~a o` gel`laoe hgeouol`!ajdoì. Xfg~g j~g jkul

rlkoxoejk i~lwru &uwef ju Giyrxu Jr~ok 3xf j`h Ml~hjù Uleojk Kgcx alsgag`xu/ foef

efjarol` uleojk mwuxoeg oxflwx fguoxjxol` fg` ox elagu xl rlkoeogu rg~xjoòì xl xjvgu

j`h lxfg~ gel`laoe ajxxg~u.

Kgx wu `l x~y xl ~gkjxg xfgug cjexl~u oxf w`hg~uxj`hoì lc alhg~ò}jxol` j`h rlkoxoejk

Hgsgklrag`x =

Alhg~ò}jxol`

Alhg~ò}jxol` ej` ng hgco`gh ju xfg r~leguu ny foef ag` j`h lag`

oè~gjuoìky ijo` el`x~lk lsg~ xfgo~ g`so~làg`x. E.G. Nkjed fju hgco`gh xfg

elègrx lc alhg~ò}jxol` ju xfg r~leguu ny foef fouxl~oejkky gslksgh oùxoxwxolù

j~g jhjrxgh xl xfg ~jrohky efjìoì cwèxolù xfjx ~gckgex xfg w`r~geghg`xgh

oè~gjug o` ajù d`lkghig+ rg~aoxxoì el`x~lk lsg~ fou g`so~làg`x+xfjx

jeelarjògh xfg ueog`xocoe ~gslkwxol`.: Aj~ol` M.Kgsy o` fou ajml~ l~d juug~xuxfjx+ xfg i~gjxg~ xfg ~jxol lc o`jòajxg xl jòajxg ulw~egu lc rlg~ j`h xfg

i~gjxg~ xfg awkxorkoejxol` lc gccl~x ju xfg gccgex lc jrrkoejxolù lc xllku+ xfg

:E.G.Nkjed+&:?33/. Xfg Hy`jaoeu lc alhg~ò}jxol`+ @g _l~d+ Fj~rg~ j`h ^l.r.9.


5/21

i~gjxg~ ou xfg hgi~gg lc alhg~ò}jxol`.>Xfg urgeojko}jxol` lc l~ijò}jxolù+

o`xg~hgrg`hgèy+ ~gkjxolùfor garfjuou+ rjxxg~ù lc eg`x~jko}jxol`+ ig`g~jko}gh

aghoj lc gvefjìg j`h aj~dgxu cox o`xl xfg ig`g~jk ux~wexw~g. Nw~gjwe~jey+ cjaoky

elùohg~jxolù j`h xl`!sokkjig o`xg~hgrg`hgèg)u j~g ugg` ju cleo lc hoccg~gègu

ngxgg` xfg ~gkjxosgky alhg~ò}gh j`h `l` alhg~ò}gh. Efjìgu o` j elùouxg`x

ho~gexol`+ cjaoky ux~joù+ r~lnkgau lc el`x~lk+ ~gjexolù+ alnu j`h r~lnkgau lc

d`lkghig j~g ugg` ju xfg hoccg~gègu ox ajdgu. Jkxg~jxolù lc xl`!sokkjig

oanjkjèg+ e~gjxosg wugu lc j~agh cl~egu+ rlkoxoeu ju ~gelèokojxol`+ j`h xfg x~oedkg

gccgex j~g ugg` ju ulag jsg`wgu lc el`x~lk. Kklyh Cjkkg~u gvrkjo`gh xfg x~oedkg

gccgex ju i~gjxg~ uleojk alnokoxy iosoì j` wrrg~ ekjuu jw~j+ r~guxoig+ al~g

elùwarxol` lc illhu. Xfg alux h~jajxoe hoagùol` lc alhg~ò}jxol` ou xfg

xgef`lklioejk ~gslkwxol` xfjx el`x~onwxgh xl o`hwux~ojko}jxol`+ gel`laoe

hgsgklrag`x j`h elaawòejxol` j`h ghwejxol`. Kgsy ejkku ox xfg wòsg~ujk uleojk

ulksg`x o` foef jkk uleogxogu j~g alsoì xlj~hu alhg~ò}jxol`. Xfou ou `lx

jkjyu j rkgjuj`x gvrg~ogèg j`h ej` ng wùgxxkoì+ hou~wrxosg j`h rjo`cwk

r~leguu. X~jhoxol`jk fjnoxu+ ewkxw~g j~g wr~llxgh j`h `g r~leguugu j`h

oùxoxwxolù j~g jhlrxgh.

Rg~do` j`h Elfg`5

hgco`gu alhg~ò}jxol` ju j ugx lc cjexl~u o` uleogxy xfjx xg`h xle~gjxg efjìg xlj~hu iljku hgco`gh ju alhg~` cl~ xfjx rj~xoewkj~ grlef o`

fwaj` fouxl~y. Xfg ohgj lc alhg~ò}jxol` ngejag rlrwkj~ o` xfg :?72u

l~oio`jxoì o` xfg l~d lc Hw~dfgoa+ Ygng~+ Urgèg~ xl gvrkjo` xfg

x~jùcl~ajxol` lc w`hg~hgsgklrgh uleogxogu xl alhg~` uleogxogu. Ox ijo`gh

alag`xwa oxf xfg o`hgrg`hgèg lc elklògu ju j alhgk cl~ xfga. Xfgy

jhlrxgh alhg~` rlkoxoejk uyuxga j`h oùxoxwxol`jko}gh xfga. Xfg ohgj ju xl ng j

alhg~` `jxol` kodg guxg~` uleogxogu. Xfgug uleogxogu g~g o`hwux~ojko}gh j`h

hgsgklrgh xf~lwif xfg jhlrxol` lc eg~xjo` rlkoeogu xfjx g`x oxf ejroxjkouxhgale~jey. Xfou ju rluxwkjxgh ju j xfgl~y ny Y.Y.^luxl o` fou uxjigu lc

>Aj~ol`.M.Kgsy M~+ &:?33/+Alhg~ò}jxol` j`h xfg ux~wexw~g lc uleogxogu+ R~oègxl`+@M R~oègxl` Wòsg~uoxy

R~guu.R.57.5

Jkj` Rgufdo` j`h l`jkh Elfg`+ Xfg Sjkwg lc Alhg~ò}jxol`+ Xfg Mlw~`jk lc Hgsgklroì J~gju+ Slk.>+@l.: &

Lex.+:?39/+ rr.9!>>.


6/21

i~lxf. Ox awux flgsg~ ng juuwagh xfjx xfo~h l~kh ellrg~jxg oxf xfg gux o`

ghwejxol`+ gel`lay+ ewkxw~g j`h rlkoxoeu. Xfg r~g~gzwouoxg ou xl efjìg jxxoxwhgu+

sjkwgu c~la x~jhoxol`jk xl alhg~` uleogxy. X~jhoxol`jk uleogxy ou efj~jexg~o}gh ny

rj~xoewkj~oua+ jue~orxosg j`h cwèxol`jkoua cwugh. Alhg~` uleogxy ou j`h

efj~jexg~o}gh ny wòsg~ujkoua+ jefogsgag`x l~og`xgh j`h cwèxol`jkoua

urgeocoeoxy. Xfg x~jùcl~ajxol` o`slksgu j efjìg jx o`hosohwjk+ l~ijò}jxol`jk j`h

uleogxjk kgsgku. Xfg joa lc alhg~` uleogxy ou xl ijo` el`x~lk lc xfgug efjìgu o`

~gjexol` ny e~gjxoì jyu j`h agjù cl~ jhjrxjxol` xl efjìg xf~lwif rkj`òì.

Xfg sjkwgu lc alhg~ò}jxol` ou lcxg` agjuw~gh o` xfg jy lag` j~g x~gjxgh o`

j uleogxy gurgeojkky ny xfg ag` j`h o` xfgo~ elarj~oul`. Ugel`hky ny xfg

~jxol`jko}jxol` lc gccl~x j`h ~gurlùosg`guu xl o``lsjxg j`h e~gjxg.

Efj~jexg~ouxoeu lc alhg~ò}jxol` ou lccg~gh ny Elfg` j`h Rg~doù ju+

:. Efloeg! Jrxg~ uwiiguxu j` oè~gjug o` efloeg jalì jkxg~`jxosgu. Elfg`

ujyu xfg hgeouol` ajdoì o` ewkxw~jk grouxgalkliy o` x~jhoxol`jk uleogxy o`

guxg~` elègrx ou lc c~ggokk j`h ugkc!hgxg~ao`jxol`.

>. Hoccg~gèg ngxgg` hgsgklrag`x j`h w`hg~hgsgklrag`x `jxol` ouoanjkjèg l~ jnugèg lc xgef`lkliy. O`hwux~ojko}jxol` r~geghgu

alhg~ò}jxol` xfjx gvrj`hu aj~dgxu. Elklòjkoua r~lalxgh xfg ohgj lc

rlkoxoejk o`hgrg`hgèg+ fwaj` gzwjkoxy+ ~jroh gel`lay `jxol`jk uxjxwu j`h

uleojk hgsgklrag`x+ `jxol`jk uxjxwu j`h o`xg~`jxol`jk rlg~.

5. Elaawòejxol` ~gslkwxol` ajh xfg rglrkg rg~egosg xfgaugksgu l` j uoìkg

iklnjk uxjig+ lcxg` xfg hoccg~gègu o` kosoì uxj`hj~hu gxe g~g ugg` ny

lxfg~u soj xfg aghoj.

8. Xfg e~weojk ulw~eg lc alhg~ò}jxol` ou nw~gwe~jey 4 xfg hgeouol` ajdoìnlhy xfjx r~lalxgu efjìg j`h ajo`xjo` ox.


7/21

Sjkwgu lc alhg~ò}jxol` j~g gel`laoe+ o`xgkkgexwjk+ uleojk j`h rlkoxoejk.

Gel`laoe ! Jkk iljku lc alhg~ò}jxol` el`sg~ig l` gel`laoe iljk ju j

sjkoh g`h. Ulag hgi~gg lc gel`laoe hgsgklrag`x r~geghgu xfg cl~aoì lc

gel`laoe elùeolwu`guu. @lx jkk `jxolù clkkl xfg x~g`h elùeolwuky

judoì rglrkg xl jhlrx alhg~` gel`laoe sjkwgu. Xfou e~gjxgu hoccg~g`x

kgsgk lc ulrfouxoejxol` rkj``gh i~lxf ju o` rkj`òì+ ji~oewkxw~g r~lmgexu+

~jxol`jk o`hwux~ojk rkj`òì. Xfg alhg~` aj` ou j ~oud xjdg~ j`h wug

w`xguxgh agxflhu. Mlnu hgco`g xfg uxjxwu lc rglrkg alsoì c~la x~jhoxol`jk

leewrjxol` xl o`hwux~ojk j`h r~lcguuol`jk. Lèg houxoèxol` ju ajhg

ngxgg` xflug l~doì oxf fj`hu l~ `lx. O` x~jhoxol`jk uleogxogu l~doì

ny fj`h ju `lx i~jhgh foifky nwx o` alhg~` uleogxy ox ou. Foifg~

o`sguxag`x j`h ujsoì ou hl`g o` alhg~` uleogxy j`h kguu jccokojxol` j~g

wugh cl~ garklyag`x+ r~lalxol` l~ lxfg~oug.

Rlkoxoejk sjkwgu o` alhg~` uleogxy garfjuou al~g l` rlkoxoejk ~oifxu cl~ xfg

o`hosohwjk. Urgeojk elèg~` ou iosg` xl lag` j`h xflug fl fjsg x~jhoxol`jkky

`lx ngg` x~gjxgh gzwjkky. Ox ~gzwo~gu elargxg`x kgjhg~ufor njugh l` xjkg`x ~jxfg~

xfj` njedi~lw`h. Ox joau xl r~lsohg gzwjk lrrl~xwòxy j`h sjkwg guxg~`

ghwejxol`+ uwoxjnokoxy cl~ lccoeg j`h gvrg~ogèg lsg~ ko`gjig.

O`xgkkgexwjk sjkwgu ~gcg~ xl alhg~` l~og`xgh sjkwgu xfg o`hosohwjk ou

gèlw~jigh xl jhlrxgh4 kodg o`hosohwjkoua+ o`xgkkgexwjkoua+ `l`

uwrg~uxoxol`+ lrg`!ao`hgh`guu j`h `lx mwhiag`xjk. Ox ~gj~hu ~jxol`jkoua++

kguu ~gkoiolwu al~g ugewkj~+ ~gurgex cl~ ueogèg j`h oxu jrr~ljef lc agxflhu

j`h co`hoìu soj ~gugj~ef. Rkjegu j foif r~gaowa l` ghwejxol` xfjx n~ljhg`

l`gu fl~o}l`.


8/21

Uleojk sjkwgu efjìg lsg~ xoag oxf al~g d`lkghig j`h garlg~ag`x.

Elualrlkoxj` ewkxw~g ou guxjnkoufgh oxf `gg~ r~ol~oxogu iosoì `g jyu

lc o`xg~jexol`+ jccgexoì ~gkjxolùfor j`h jrr~ljef xl kocg. O` x~jhoxol`jk

uleogxy+ gkhg~u j~g elùohg~gh xfg hgeouol` ajdg~u nwx o` alhg~` xfgy j~g

`lx `geguuj~oky xfg l`gu. @wekgj~ cjaokogu lsg~ mlo`x l~ gvxg`hgh cjaokogu

ngelag xfg `l~a+ `gg~ cl~au lc g`xg~xjoàg`x+ kocguxykg j~g guxjnkoufgh.

Aj~ol` K.Kgsy8 o` fou rjrg~+ Rjxxg~ù &Ux~wexw~gu/ lc Alhg~ò}jxol` j`h

Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x ujyu+ 4xfg hgi~gg lc alhg~ò}jxol` j~g hgco`gh ny

xfg ~jxol lc o`jòajxg xl jòajxg ulw~egu lc rlg~. Xfg urgeojko}jxol` lc

l~ijò}jxolù+ o`xg~hgrg`hgèy+ ~gkjxolùfor garfjuou+ rjxxg~ù lc

eg`x~jko}jxol`+ ig`g~jko}gh aghoj lc gvefjìg+ j`h aj~dgxu cox o`xl xfg

ig`g~jk ux~wexw~g. Nw~gjwe~jey+ cjaoky elùohg~jxolù j`h xl`!sokkjig

o`xg~hgrg`hgèogu j~g ugg` ju cleo hoccg~gègu ngxgg` xfg ~gkjxosgky

alhg~ò}gh j`h `l`!alhg~ò}gh. Fg ilgu l` xl gvrkjo` xfgug hoccg~gègu

ju+ urgeojko}jxol` lc l~ijò}jxolù xfjx j~g r~ghlao`j`xky gel`laoejkky

l~og`xgh+ rlkoxoejk+ ghwejxol`jk+ ~ge~gjxol`jk j`h ~gkoiolwu. O`xg~hgrg`hgèy

ou j`lxfg~ efj~jexg~ouxoe lc x~jhoxol`jk fokg ugkc!uwccoeogèy ou lc alhg~`

uleogxy. Xfg ~gkjxolùfor garfjuou xll ou hoccg~g`x+ d`lkghig xfjx ouueog`xocoe ou mwuxocogh j`h rglrkg wug ox xl mwhig lxfg~u. X~jhoxol`jk uleogxogu

clewu l` rj~xoewkj~oua+ cwèxol`jk j`h hoccwug`guu+ fokg alhg~` hl ul l`

~jxol`jkoxy+ wòsg~ujkoua j`h cwèxol`jk urgeocoeoxy. Xfg rjxxg~ù lc

eg`x~jko}jxol` ajyng hoccg~g`x+ x~jhoxol`jk uleogxogu gvrg~ogèg uxjnokoxy

lsg~ j rg~olh lc xoag nwx o` alhg~` uleogxogu xfg kgsgk lc eg`x~jko}jxol`

el`xo`wgu xl ~oug. Xfg ig`g~jko}gh aghowa lc gvefjìg j`h aj~dgx o` j

alhg~` uleogxy ou l` gel`lay j`h al`gy. Nwx o` xfg x~jhoxol`jk ox ju `lx

j`h illh elwkh ng nj~xg~gh xll. Xfg cox o` ig`g~jk ux~wexw~g ou oarl~xj`x xlalhg~ò}jxol` ju hoccg~g`x ewkxw~gu j`h uleogxogu jhjrxgh xl alhg~` jyu

hoccg~g`xky. Xfg efjkkgìgu cjegh j~g `lx xfg ujag j`h ul jkul xfg

oarkoejxolù. Xfg alhg lc alhg~ò}jxol` ou wuwjkky xfg nw~gjwe~jey4 ox loku

8Aj~ol`.M.Kgsy+M^ Rjxxg~ù &Ux~wexw~gu / lc alhg~ò}jxol` j`h Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x Xfg J``jku lc xfg Jag~oej`

jejhgay lc Rlkoxoejk j`h Uleojk Ueogèg. Ujig Rwnkoufg~u.ela :?374 5764>?


9/21

xfg alhg~` oùxoxwxolù lc xfg uyuxga j`h jkul oarkgag`xu xfg rlkoeogu o`xl

uleogxy. Xfg njuoe wòx lc uleogxy xfg cjaoky ngelagu xfg jhjrxoì uwnmgex

lc jxxoxwhg efjìgu j`h garlg~ag`x. Cjaoky elùohg~jxolù j~g

uwrrlugh xl ajdg j hoccg~gèg fokg `l` cjaoky l~ijò}jxol` j~g `lx

jccgexgh. J noi hgxg~ao`j`x ou xfg w~nj`! ~w~jk hosohg o` uleogxy+

alhg~ò}jxolù o` uleogxy ufocxu rlrwkjxol` xl ngxxg~ lrrl~xwòxogu o` w~nj`

eoxogu j`h j `g kocguxykg. Fg elèkwhgu xfjx alhg~ò}jxol` ou j r~leguu xfjx

xjdgu xoag+ o~~gsg~uonkg.

Xfg ho~gexol` j`h hgrx lc alhg~ò}jxol` j~g hgxg~ao`gh ny xfg rlkoxoejk uyuxga

fg~g rlkoxoejk gkoxgu+ rj~xogu j`h rlkoxoejk efjkkgìgu. Rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x xfwu

ngelagu o`gsoxjnkg oxf j i~lxf o` gel`laoe j`h xgef`lklioejk jhsjègag`x.

Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x

Rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x fju ngg` hgco`gh o` j sj~ogh jy xl ufl oxu `jxw~g

ny hoccg~g`x rlkoxoejk ueog`xoux. Jkc~gh Hojaj`x ejkku ox j r~leguu ny foef j rlkoxoejk

uyuxga jezwo~gu j` oè~gjugh ejrjeoxy xl uwuxjo` uweeguucwkky j`h el`xo`wlwuky

`g xyrg lc iljku j`h hgaj`hu j`h xfg e~gjxol` lc `g xyrg lc l~ijò}jxol`.

[email protected]ùxjhx ~gcg~u xl oxu jnokoxy xl aggx efjìoì hgaj`hu j`h xfg` xl jnul~n

xfga o` xg~au lc rlkoey ajdoì j`h xl juuw~g oxu l` el`xo`woxy o` xfg cjeg lc

el`xo`wlwu `g hgaj`hu j`h `g cl~au lc rlkoxoejk l~ijò}jxolù.l~n rg~uouxg`x

x~jùcl~ajxol`. Aj`c~gh Fjkrg~` hgco`gh ox ju xfg r~leguu lc g`hw~oì ejrjeoxy xl

ig`g~jxg j`h jnu Ox ej` xfg` ng ujoh xfg~g j~g xl ajo` xfgagu lc xfg r~leguu+

o. Xfg jnokoxy xl hgjk oxf el`xo`wlwu efjìg o` xfg rlkoxoejk hgaj`h j`h

aggxoì ox ou e~oxoejk. Xfg hgaj`h ou lc rlkoxoejk rj~xoeorjxol`+ gzwjkoxy lclrrl~xwòxy j`h uleojk mwuxoeg.

oo. Xfg ejrjeoxy xl o``lsjxg j`h aj`jig el`xo`wlwu efjìg. Ox ou al~g

hoccoewkx xfj` ujxoucyoì xflug lc gel`laoe j`h xgef`lklioejk jhlrxol`.

Xfg~gcl~g+ xfg r~leguu lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x oèkwhg xfg ejrjeoxy xl

r~lsohg al~g j`h al~g o`hosohwjk oxf rlg~ xl oar~lsg xfgo~ l`


10/21

rluoxol` o` uleogxy l` xfg njugu lc rg~ul`jk ag~ox ~jxfg~ xfj` rg~ul`jk

el``gexol`. Ox ou jkul xfg r~leguu lc jhaoxxoì jkk i~lwru j`h jkk o`xg~gux+

oèkwhoì ~geliò}oì o`xg~gux+ `g ig`g~jxol` o`xl cwkk rlkoxoejk

rj~xoeorjxol` cl~ l~doì lc rlkoxoejk uyuxga. Xfg ~gj~h j`h r~ol~oxogu lc

xfg uleogxy j~g xl ng jkklejxgh j`h ~gjkklejxgh o` jyu xfjx rg~aox gzwjk

lrrl~xwòxy xl ~gegosg mwux x~gjxag`x.

O` fou rjrg~+Xfg elègrx lc Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x+ Kweoj`. Y.Ryg7 iosgu xg`

hgcoòxolù l` xfg sj~olwu jurgexu xfg elègrx g`xjoku. Xfgug j~g rlkoxoejk

hgsgklrag`x ju j l~g!~gzwouoxg lc gel`laoe hgsgklrag`x+ ju xfg rlkoxoejk xyroejk

lc o`hwux~ojk uleogxogu+ oxu jurgexu o` rlkoxoejk alhg~ò}jxol` gxe. Fg ohg`xocogu xf~gg

efj~jexg~ouxoeu lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x+ gzwjkoxy xl xfg rlkoxoejk ewkxw~g+ xfg

r~lnkgau lc ejrjeoxy xl jwxfl~oxjxosg ilsg~àg`xjk ux~wexw~gu j`h xfg zwguxol`

lc hoccg~g`xojxol` xl `l` jwxfl~oxjxosg ux~wexw~gu. Gzwjkoxy ~gcg~u xl xfg kju xfjx

j~g lc wòsg~ujk `jxw~g+ xfg ejrjeoxy ~gcg~u xl eklug juuleojxol` xl ilsg~àg`xjk

rg~cl~ajèg j`h xfg el`hoxolù foef jccgex uwef rg~cl~ajèg. Ejrjeoxy ej` jkul

agj` gccgexosg`guu j`h gccoeogèy o` xfg gvgewxol` lc rlkoey. Xfo~hky+

urgeojko}jxol` j`h hoccg~g`xojxol` o`slksgu xfg o`xgi~jxol` lc elarkgv ux~wexw~gu

j`h r~leguugu. Rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x ou elèg~`gh oxf xfg ~gkjxolùfor ngxgg`+rlkoxoejk ewkxw~g+ xfg jwxfl~oxjxosg ux~wexw~g j`h ig`g~jk rlkoxoejk r~leguu.

Xfg ~gkjxolùfor ngxgg` rlkoxoeu j`h alhg~ò}jxol` ou fouxl~oejk+ o` foef ox ou xfg

ejwug lc alhg~òxy j`h `lx j ~gurlùg. Rlkoxoejk gkoxgu wug alhg~ò}jxol` xl

ajvoao}g xfgo~ rlg~ j`h jwxfl~oxy+ lèg xfg r~leguu fju ngij` flgsg~ ox

ej``lx ng el`x~lkkgh. Sg~y lcxg` rlkoxoejk gkoxgu klug el`x~lk lsg~ xfg r~leguu+

fg~g xfg hgaj`h oè~gjugu j`h lwxux~oru xfg ejrjeoxy xl elrg oxf efjìgu j`hjccgexu rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x lc j uleogxy. X~jhoxol`jk rjxxg~u lc rlg~ j`h

jwxfl~oxy xg`h xl ~guoux cw`hjag`xjk efjìg. Rg~ul`jk gzwjkoxy+ rlkoxoejk

rj~xoeorjxol` j`h uleojk mwuxoeg j~g xfg kgjux lc elèg~ù+ j`h lcxg` lkh rjxxg~ù lc

7Kweoj` Y.Ryg+ Xfg Elègrx lc Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x+ xfg J``jku lc xfg Jag~oej` jejhgay lc Rlkoxoejk Ueogèg+

Ujig Rwnkoufgu .ela+ :?3745764:


11/21

rlg~ j~g r~gug~sgh. Yfjx rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x ekjoau ou xfg ejrjeoxy cl~

el`xo`wlwu efjìg gurgeojkky oxf ~gurgex xl rlkoxoejk ouuwgu. Xfg~g ou `l

jkxg~`jxosg xl rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o` uroxg lc xgef`lklioejk j`h gel`laoe

r~li~guu. Xfg hojkgexoe lc alhg~ò}jxol` j`h rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o`xg~jex

oè~gjugh hgaj`h j`h lwxux~or j`y ejrjeoxy xl elrg ajdoì xfg r~leguu foifky

r~lnkgajxoe j`h `lx elùouxg`x oxf l`g j`lxfg~. Xfg ijr ngxgg` xfg hgaj`h

j`h rlkoxoejk uyuxgau jnokoxy xl ujxoucy xfga oòxojxg efjìg. Xfou r~leguu ju

gvrkjo`gh o` elarj~jxosg rlkoxoeu ny Ijn~ogk Jkal`h j`h I.Noìfja Rlgkk. Xfgy

ujy+ kong~xy j`h ugew~oxy j~g xl njuoe illhu xfjx gsg~y awux uleogxy awux

r~lsohg. J` oè~gjug cl~ kong~xy oxf ~gkjxgh sjkwgu uwef ju rj~xoeorjxol`+ gzwjkoxy+

mwuxoeg awux ng el`c~l`xgh+ fg` ujxoucogh xf~lwif oùxoxwxol`jkoua j`h kgjhoì xl

eg`x~jko}jxol`+ gvrj`hu xfg rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x. L` ~gr~guuol` xfg~g ou r~lxgux+

solkgèg+ wrfgjsjk j`h r~guuw~g l` rlkoxoejk uyuxga. Xfg xf~gg rluuonokoxogu c~la

xfg x~jhg lcc g~g gvr~guugh o` xg~au lc ejxgil~ogu.

Uleogxy J= Yfg` xfg kong~xy j`h ugew~oxy ou gùw~gh j`h xfg uleogxy ou ewkxw~jkky

flalig`glwu+ kjedoì hggr gxfòe hosouol` l~ ~gkoiolwu ekgjsjigu.

Uleogxy N= Xfg uleogxy ou gxfòejkky j`h ekjuu h~osg` j`h xgùol` ej` ngelag foif.

Xfgug hoccg~gègu j~g hggrky ganghhgh j`h xfg rg`hwkwa uoìu xl l`g

gvx~gag xl j`lxfg~. Yoxf i~gjxg~ kong~xy xfg uleogxy elkkjrugu o`xl eosok j~+ oxfjkk ugew~oxy houjrrgj~oì .G.i Uwhj`+ Kgnj`l`.

Uleogxy E= Xfou uleogxy ou ohg`xocogh ny elg~eol` j`h ~gr~guuol` hlao`jxgh ny wuoì

xg~~l~ xjexoeu oxf elarkgxg egùl~ufor. Xfg~g ou elùxj`x rlkoeg j`h rj~xy

o`xg~sg`xol`.

Xfg rwuf j`h rwkk ngxgg` xfg hgaj`h lc ~gioag cl~ el`x~lk j`h hgaj`h lc

rlrwkjeg cl~ c~gghla+ rj~xoeorjxol` n~oìu efjìgu j`h alsgu uleogxy c~la l`g

xyrg xl j`lxfg~. Xfg hgkoejxg hojkgexoe ou xfg el~g lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`xr~leguu+ j`h oxu lwxelag ou ufjrgh ny alhg~ò}jxol`+ foef ej` r~lalxg l~

~gxj~h rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x lc j `jxol`. Aohhkg Gjux gkoxgu ~gky l` jwxfl~oxj~oj`

j`h rlkoxoejk agxflhu xfwu ~oudoì ukohoì o`xl ~gr~guuosg,lrr~guuosg ngfjsol~ xfjx

gjdg` xfgo~ ejrjeoxy cl~ rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x. Hgsgklrag`x ~gzwo~gu elùxj`x

rwuf j`h rwkk ngxgg` xfg xl uohgu lc xfou hojkgexoeu.


12/21

Xwòuoj

Xwòuoj fju w`hg~il`g j ajml~ rlkoxoejk wrfgjsjk o` ~geg`x ggdu+ hwnngh xfg

Mjuao`g ^gslkwxol`. L` Mj`wj~y :8+ >2::+ Xwòuoj` R~guohg`x ]o`g Gk Jnoho`g

Ng` Jko ckgh xfg elw`x~y jcxg~ ugsg~jk ggdu lc oè~gjuoìky jwhjeolwu j`xo!

ilsg~àg`x r~lxguxu. Xfg urgjdg~ lc rj~kojag`x+ Clwjh Agnj}jj+ fju uoèg

juuwagh xfg ~lkg lc o`xg~oa r~guohg`x+ j`h j` o`xg~oa ilsg~àg`x fju ngg`

cl~agh jfgjh lc gkgexolù gvrgexgh o` uov al`xfu. Xwòuoj gvfonoxu j `wang~ lc

wòzwg jxx~onwxgu= ox fju j ~gkjxosgky uajkk xg~~oxl~y+ j kj~ig j`h foifky ghwejxgh

aohhkg ekjuu+ j`h j klì fouxl~y lc gèlw~jioì lagù uleol!gel`laoe

c~gghlau. Xwòuoju Oukjaoux alsgag`x fju `lx rkjygh j kgjhoì ~lkg o` xfg

gvr~guuol` lc hlaguxoe houug`x o` ~geg`x ygj~u+ jkxflwif ox hoh o` xfg :?62u ngcl~g

ox ju nj``gh ny Ng` Jko.

Dgy xl x~jùoxol`

:. Gkgexol` o` Lexlng~ >2::.

>. @jxol`jk Elùxoxwg`x Juuganky xl cl~awkjxg xfg `g elùxoxwxol`.

5. Xfg O`xg~oa Ilsg~àg`x ganj~dgh l` j ohg ~jìg lc ~gcl~a kodg+

~gkgjuoì lc rlkoxoejk r~oul`g~u+ jwxfl~o}g fw`h~gh rlkoxoejk rj~xogu+ kocxoì

nj` l`ko`g, aghoj ~gux~oexol`+ houulksoì ~wkoì rj~xy cw`hu+ j~~guxoì Ng`

Jkou cjaoky j`h eklug juuleojxgu cl~ r~lugewxol`+ houaj`xkg hlaguxoe


13/21

ugew~oxy jrrj~jxwu+ ~goùxjxoì ugew~oxy o` xfg `jxol` j`h ~gurgex cl~ fwaj`

~oifxu j`h O`xg~`jxol`jk x~gjxogu.

8. Elùxoxwg`x Juuganky xl hgeohg l` xfg xyrg lc ilsg~àg`x xl ng cl~agh+

xfg kgsgk lc r~lxgexol` xl o`hosohwjk ~oifxu+ o`xg~`jk efgedu j`h njkjègu+

~lkg lc mwhoeoj~y+ ~gkjxolùfor ngxgg` ~gkoiol` j`h uxjxg.

7. ^gurl`h xl ugsg~g uleol!gel`laoe ouuwgu kodg w`garklyag`x+ elkkjrug lc

xlw~oua o`hwux~y+ o`gzwjkoxy+ `g kgjhg~ufor.

Xfg `g ilsg~àg`x ju cl~agh njugh o` r~lrl~xol`jk ~gr~gug`xjxol`

fg~g `l rj~xy elwkh ijo` jnulkwxg ajml~oxy. Ylag` g~g iosg`

~gug~sjxol` j`h lsg~ugju Xwòuoj` elwkh slxg jx xfgo~ ganjuuogu. Xfg ajo`

Oukjaoux rj~xy+ Fj~jdjx jk @jfhj &jkx= G``jfhj,J`@jfhj+ ^g`jouujèg/+

el`x~lku 6? ugjxu &8:'/= ny cj~ xfg kj~igux nkled o` xfg Juuganky+ nwx `lx

g`lwif xl ~wkg oxflwx j eljkoxol`. Ox ou clkklgh ny xfg eg`xg~!kgcx+ ugewkj~

Elì~guu cl~ xfg ^grwnkoe &ER^/+ oxf >? ugjxu4 j rlrwkoux+ elùg~sjxosg+ j`hc~jexolwu o`hgrg`hg`x eljkoxol`+ Jk J~ohfj jk Efjjnoj &Rlrwkj~ Rgxoxol`/+

oxf >3 ugjxu:74 xfg eg`xg~!kgcx+ ugewkj~ Gxxjdjxlk &jkul d`l` ju xfg

Hgale~jxoe Cl~wa lc Kjnl~ j`h Kong~xogu l~ CHXK/+ oxf >2 ugjxu4 j`h xfg

kgcxoux+

ux~oìg`xky ugewkj~oux R~li~guuosg Hgale~jxoe Rj~xy &RHR/+ oxf :3 ugjxu.

Xg`xy!xl lxfg~ rj~xogu j`h o`hgrg`hg`x i~lwroìu l` jx kgjux l`g ugjx

gjef. Cl~xy!ò`g lag` g~g gkgexgh xl xfg Juuganky+ lc fla 8> j~g Jk

@jfhj hgkgijxgu. Xfg >:9!ugjx @jxol`jk Elùxoxwg`x Juuganky ou efj~igh


14/21

oxf h~jcxoì j `g elùxoxwxol` j`h r~grj~oì cl~ cwxw~g rj~kojag`xj~y

j`h,l~ r~guohg`xojk gkgexolù+ foef okk cl~ajkky uoi`jk xfg

`gvx uxgr o` xfg x~jùoxol` r~leguu. Xfg Juuganky fju jkul ugkgexgh j

ilsg~àg`x j`h ajy rg~cl~a zwjuo!kgioukjxosg cwèxolù. Xfg ajo` rlkoxoejk

rj~xogu fjsg ji~ggh `lx xl uoiòcoej`xky jkxg~ J~xoekg : lc Xwòuoju ew~~g`x

elùxoxwxol`= Xwòuoj ou j c~gg+ o`hgrg`hg`x j`h ulsg~goi` uxjxg. Oxu ~gkoiol`

ou Oukja+ oxu kjìwjig ou J~jnoe j`h oxu xyrg lc ilsg~àg`x ou xfg ^grwnkoe.

Flgsg~+ j~gju lc houji~ggag`x ajy oèkwhg xfg aj`hjxg l~ el`xo`wgh

gvouxgèg lc xfg Aoòux~y lc ^gkoiolwu Jccjo~u+ foef ~giwkjxgu ~gkoiolwu

jexosoxogu4 xfg el`xo`wjxol` &l~ jkxg~jxol`/ lc koaoxu l` xfg jnokoxy

lc ~gkoiolwuky elùg~sjxosg Ujkjcoux i~lwru xl ~giouxg~ ju rlkoxoejk rj~xogu4 xfg

kgijk uxjxwu lc ~gkoiolwu ao`l~oxogu &?6' lc Xwòuojù j~g Uw`ò Awukoau+ nwx

xfg~g j~g xo`y Mgouf j`h Ef~ouxoj` elaawòxogu/4 j`h fl xl njkjèg

c~gghla lc gvr~guuol` j`h ~gkoiolwu ugùoxosoxogu.

Ifj``lwefou Dgy Rlo`xu


15/21

Xfg ^lkg lc Oukja= Ox ou ekgj~ xfjx Oukja ou iloì xl rkjy j uoiòcoej`x ~lkg o` xfg ~giol`.

^geg`x x~g`hu okk flrgcwkky ufl xfjx Oukja j`h hgale~jey j~g elarjxonkg. G``jfhj+

ju j rj~xy+ uggdu j hgale~jxoe ~gioag oxf Oukjaoe sjkwgu. Xfg rj~xy lwkh kodg xl

guxjnkouf j eljkoxol` ilsg~àg`x xl o`hoejxg xfjx ox ou jkul rluuonkg xl l~d oxf

ugewkj~oua.

O`sguxag`x j`h Gel`laoeu= Xwòuoj cjegu j `wang~ lc efjkkgìgu+ jalì xfga

w`garklyag`x &xfg~g j~g ew~~g`xky jnlwx : aokkol` w`garklygh Xwòuojù/ j`hfoif

el~~wrxol` kgsgku. Oc Xwòuoj ej` guxjnkouf illh ilsg~`jèg+ xfg` ox ej` gèlw~jig

o`sguxag`x o` xfg elw`x~y. G``jfhj ngkogsgu o` j c~gg aj~dgx uyuxga xfjx ou ~gurlùonkg

xl oxu rglrkg+ gurgeojkky xfg rll~.

Cjokw~g lc Ng` Jko ^gioag= G``jfhj ngkogsgu xfjx l`g lc xfg i~gjxgux cjokw~gu lc xfg Ng`

Jko ~gioag j`h gj~kog~ ilsg~àg`xu ju xfg gvekwuol` lc Oukja c~la rlkoxoeu. Oukja ou j

ugx lc sjkwgu j`h jy lc kocg+ `lx mwux j ~gkoiol`. G``jfhj uggdu xfg x~jùkjxol` lc Oukja

o`xl hgale~jey.

ôug lc Ujkjcoua= O` Xwòuoj+ Ujkjcoua ou j ~gkjxosgky `g j`h gjd rfg`lag`l`. Yoxf

xfg j~~guxu o` xfg :??2u j`h xfg ekluoì lc ]jyxw`j Wòsg~uoxy+ j ~gkoiolwu sjewwa ju

e~gjxgh j`h xfou ou fg~g Ujkjcoua ajy fjsg uxgrrgh o`. G``jfhj rkjù xl hgjk oxf

Ujkjcoua mwux ju xfg Ygux hgjku oxf xfgo~ gvx~gag kgcx j`h ~oifx. O` Giyrx+ rwufoì

Ujkjcouxu o`xl rlkoxoeu ou illh ngejwug ox cl~egu xfga o`xl ~gjkoxy j`h jjy c~la j` ohgjk.

Ylag`= G``jfhj okk `lx efjìg xfg uxjxwu lc lag` o` Xwòuoj l~ xfg rg~ul`jk uxjxwu

elhg. Garfjuo}oì xfg ~lkg lc lag` o` fou rj~xy+ Ifj``lwefo uxjxgh xfjx lwx lc xfg 8?

lag` gkgexgh xl xfg elùxoxwg`x juuganky+ 8> lc xfga j~g jccokojxgh oxf G``jfhj.

Rkw~jkoua= Oc G``jfhj klugu oxu r~lao`gèg o` xfg `gvx gkgexolù+ ox awux ~gurgex xfg

Xwòuoj` efloeg. Ox ou xfg` G``jfhju r~g~lijxosg xl l~d xl efjìg xfg ao`h lcXwòuojù ny xfg `gvx ugx lc gkgexolù. Mwux kodg xfg~g ou `l elarwkuol` o` ~gkoiol`+ xfg~g

ou `l elarwkuol` o` rlkoxoeu. Gsg~y rj~xy+ gsg` j Elaawòux l`g+ fju xfg cwkk ~oifx xl

gvoux.


16/21

Jrluxjuy j`h Fg~guy= Ifj``lwefo ou lc xfg lroòl` xfjx xfg ouuwg lc jrluxjuy &xfg

~g`lwègag`x lc ~gkoiol`/ ju ~gcg~~gh xl o` Oukja ou j rlkoxoejk ouuwg xfjx ~gkjxgh xl x~ongu

elaaoxxoì xl Oukja nwx ~gcwuoì xl rjy xfgo~ xjvgu l~ }jdjx. Fg ux~guugh xfjx Oukja ou

njugh l` c~gghla j`h mwux kodg ylw g`xg~ Oukja c~ggky+ ylw fjsg xfg c~gghla xl kgjsg

Oukja ju gkk.

Cl~goi` ^gkjxolù j`h Rjkguxo`g= G``jfhj okk clewu oxu gccl~xu l` Xwòuoj. Lèg j`

ohgjk alhgk ou ~gjefgh+ xfg` Xwòuoj ej` ngio` xl xfo`d jnlwx o`ckwgèoì lxfg~

elw`x~ogu. Xfg Xwòuoj` ~gslkwxol`+ flgsg~+ ou `lx cl~ gvrl~xoì. L` xfg ouuwg lc

Rjkguxo`g+ Ifj``lwefo ngkogsgu xfjx Fjaju ju gkgexgh ny xfg Rjkguxoòj` rglrkg o` j`

fl`gux j`h cjo~ gkgexol`. Yfgxfg~ fg jeegrxu xfg rlkoeogu lc Fjaju ou j hoccg~g`x

zwguxol`+ flgsg~.

Aoux~wux lc G``jfhj= Xfg~g ou `l hlwnx xfjx aoux~wux lc G``jfhj gvouxu. Ifj``lwefo

el`xg`hu xfjx awef lc ox ou hwg xl xfg r~lrjij`hj xfjx ju rwx o` rkjeg ny xfg Ng` Jko

~gioag ko`doì xfg rj~xy xl xg~~l~oua j`h kjngkoì ox ju j xf~gjx xl lagù ~oifxu. Fg

uxjxgh xfjx o` koifx lc xfou r~lrjij`hj+ xfg 85 rg~eg`x xfjx G``jfhj l` o` xfg alux

~geg`x gkgexolù ou j elùohg~jnkg jalw`x. W`kodg Ng` Jko+ flgsg~+ G``jfhj ou `lx

klldoì cl~ j ?? rg~eg`x soexl~y.3

Ugew~oxy j~~jìgag`x

Xfg ugew~oxy ug~soegu w`hg~ Ng` Jko g~g jeewugh lc jnwugu uwef ju gvx~jmwhoeojk

j~~guxu+ gvxgùosg O`xg~`gx uw~sgokkjèg+ j`h xl~xw~g. Xfg `wang~ lc ugew~oxy

jig`xu ~gajoù w`d`l`+ jkxflwif ox ou xflwifx ny ulag j`jkyuxu xl cj~ gveggh

xfg `wang~ lc aokoxj~y rg~ul``gk j`h elwkh ng ju foif ju >22+222.9Xfg o`xg~oa

3fxxr=,,.ej~`giog!age.l~i,gsg`xu,2::. Lxfg~u lxg xfjx o`ckjxgh coiw~gu l` xfg wang~ lc ugew~oxy jig`xu ajy fjsg ngg` rw~rlugcwkky

xlkg~jxgh &gsg` eo~ewkjxgh/ ny xfg cl~ag~ ~gioag o` l~hg~ xl gvjiig~jxg oxu jnokoxy xl el`x~lk xfg rlrwkjxol`


17/21

ilsg~àg`x n~lwifx efj~igu jijoùx j cg ugòl~ ugew~oxy lccoeojku c~la xfg Ng`

Jko ~gioag. Flgsg~+ lroòlù j~g hosohgh ju xl fgxfg~ xl rw~uwg klg~! j`h

aoh!~j`doì lccoeojku j`h ugew~oxy lccoeg~u. Xfg~g ou j `lxjnkg houxoèxol` ngxgg`

xfg ugew~oxy ug~soegu+ foef g~g eklugky juuleojxgh oxf Ng` Jkou ~gr~guuosg

o`xg~`jk ugew~oxy jrrj~jxwu+ j`h xfg aokoxj~y+ foef fju ~gegosgh cgg~ uxjxg

~gulw~egu j`h ou soggh ju ~gkjxosgky jrlkoxoejk.

Xfg aokoxj~y elar~ougu ~lwifky 57+222 rg~ul``gk4 aokoxj~y ug~soeg ou elarwkul~y

cl~ l`g ygj~+ nwx aj`y Xwòuojù ~grl~xghky gsjhg ox. Ilsg~àg`x urg`hoì l`

xfg aokoxj~y elùxoxwxgu l`ky :.8' lc IHRj kl r~lrl~xol` elarj~gh xl lxfg~

elw`x~ogu o` xfg ~giol`.6 Xfg j~agh cl~egu j~g rluoxol`gh kj~igky jijoùx gvxg~`jk

xf~gjxu+ j`h jkul rj~xoeorjxg &xl j koaoxgh gvxg`x/ o` awkxokjxg~jk rgjegdggroì

aouuolù. Xfg ilsg~àg`xu oòxojk+ fgjsy!fj`hgh ~gurlùg xl xfg >2:: r~lxguxu

ju kgh ny xfg rlkoeg j`h ugew~oxy ug~soegu. Xfg hgrklyag`x lc xfg aokoxj~y xl xfg

ux~ggxu ju j xw~òì rlo`x+ j`h aokoxj~y kgjhg~u jrrgj~ xl fjsg uwnugzwg`xky

rkjygh j dgy ~lkg o` g`hoì Ng` Jkou r~guohgèy. Ig`g~jk ^jefoh Jaaj~+ xfg`

j~ay efogc lc uxjcc &uoèg r~lalxgh xl xfg gzwosjkg`x lc mlo`x efogc lc uxjcc/ ou

ohgky ~grl~xgh xl fjsg ~gcwugh l~hg~u xl lrg` co~g l` hgalùx~jxl~u. ? L`

Mj`wj~y >5+ Jaaj~ rwnkoeky jhh~guugh r~lxguxg~u j`h r~laough xl ujcgiwj~hXwòuoju ~gslkwxol`. Xfg Hgcgùg Ugew~oxy Ellrg~jxol` Jigèy &HUEJ/ ~grl~xu

xfjx Xwòuoj ~gkogu l` W.U. Cl~goi` Aokoxj~y Co`jèoì &CAC/ juuouxjèg xl ajo`xjo`

oxu jioì 62u j`h gj~ky ?2u g~j o`sg`xl~y lc W.U.!l~oio` gzworag`x+ foef

elar~ougu `gj~ky 92' lc Xwòuoju xlxjk o`sg`xl~y.:2

Rlkoxoejk Oukja

6:

Coiw~gu elarj~gh c~la xfg EOJ Yl~kh Cjexnlld?

G.i.+ Jnhgkj}o} Nj~~lwfo+ Xwòuog= KFlaag Zwo J Hox @l`+ Mgw`g Jc~ozwg+ Mj`wj~y 52!Cgn~wj~y 7+ >2::.:2

Hgcgùg Ugew~oxy Ellrg~jxol` Jigèy &HUEJ/+ Xwòuoj Uwaaj~y+ wrhjxgh Mj`wj~y :5+ >2::.


18/21

Xfg ajo` rlkoxoejk rj~xogu fjsg ji~ggh `lx xl uoiòcoej`xky jkxg~ J~xoekg :

lc Xwòuoju ew~~g`x elùxoxwxol`= Xwòuoj ou j c~gg+ o`hgrg`hg`x j`h ulsg~goi`

uxjxg. Oxu ~gkoiol` ou Oukja+ oxu kjìwjig ou J~jnoe j`h oxu xyrg lc ilsg~àg`x ou xfg^grwnkoe. Flgsg~+ j~gju lc houji~ggag`x ajy oèkwhg xfg aj`hjxg l~

el`xo`wgh gvouxgèg lc xfg Aoòux~y lc ^gkoiolwu Jccjo~u+ foef ~giwkjxgu ~gkoiolwu

jexosoxogu4 xfg el`xo`wjxol` &l~ jkxg~jxol`/ lc koaoxu l` xfg jnokoxy lc ~gkoiolwuky

elùg~sjxosg Ujkjcoux i~lwru xl ~giouxg~ ju rlkoxoejk rj~xogu4 xfg kgijk uxjxwu lc

~gkoiolwu ao`l~oxogu &?6' lc Xwòuojù j~g Uw`ò Awukoau+ nwx xfg~g j~g xo`y Mgouf

j`h Ef~ouxoj`. elaawòxogu/4 j`h fl xl njkjèg c~gghla lc gvr~guuol` j`h

~gkoiolwu ugùoxosoxogu. Xfg Lexlng~ gkgexolù el`co~agh xfg rlkoxoejk ~oug lc

Xwòuoju ajo` Oukjaoux rj~xy+ Jk @jfhj. Jk @jfhj kgjhg~u fjsg rl~x~jyghxfgaugksgu ju alhg~jxgu fl uggd xl rj~xoeorjxg o` j hgale~jxoe uyuxga+ uwrrl~x

xfg ugrj~jxol` lc aluzwg j`h uxjxg+ j`h lwkh `lx uejkg njed lagù

c~gghla.::Ifj``lwefo fju elarj~gh Jk @jfhj xl Xw~dgyu ~wkoì Mwuxoeg j`h

Hgsgklrag`x Rj~xy &JDR/. Jk @jfhj kgjhg~u+ cl~ gvjarkg+ fjsg gvr~guugh uwrrl~x

cl~ r~gug~soì Xwòuoju rg~ul`jk uxjxwu elhg+ foef ou j dgy clewu lc elèg~`

jalì ugewkj~ouxu. Xfg alsgag`xu hgx~jexl~u+ flgsg~+ lcxg` jeewug Jk @jfhj

lc j hlwnkg houelw~ug+ o.g.+ lc rl~x~jyoì j alhg~jxg cjeg o` l~hg~ xl g`xg~

ilsg~àg`x j`h i~jhwjkky o`x~lhweg al~g elùg~sjxosg+ ~gux~oexosg kju j`h

oùxoxwxolù. El`sg~ugky+ Jk @jfhj agang~u rw~rl~x xl cggk xf~gjxg`gh ny kgcxoux

jexl~u+ fla xfgy jeewug lc uggdoì okkgioxoajxgky xl ~gux~oex Oukjaouxu rlkoxoejk

o`ckwgèg. Oè~gjuoì rlkj~o}jxol` ngxgg` Oukjaouxu j`h ugewkj~ouxu elwkh rl~xg`h

i~ohkled oxfo` xfg Elùxoxwg`x Juuganky.

::Cl~ gvjarkg+ j @jfhj urldguaj` xlkh j mlw~`jkoux o` Jr~ok xfjx xfg~g ou `l hgsgklrgh elw`x~y xfjx hlgu `lx

fjsg

lagù ~oifxu+ xfgug xfoìu il xligxfg~. Kg Al`hg+ G` Xwòuog+ Kgu Awkxorkgu Soujigu hW` Oukjaouag Zwo

^jrrj~jx jw I~j`h Mlw~+ Jr~ok :2+ >2::. Ugg jkul Aj~e Kyèf+ Xwòuoju @g jk!@jfhj+ Cl~goi`Rlkoey.ela+ Mw`g

>?+ >2::4 j`h Jk @jfhj+ Jhh~guu ny xfg Ig`g~jk!Uge~gxj~y lc G``jfhj Rj~xy = Rluoxolù j`h Hoagùolù+ Ulwuug

Nwuo`guu Cl~wa+ Mw`g ::+ >2::. Cl~ j uyarjxfgxoe jeelw`x lc Ifj``lwefou rlkoxoejk j`h rfoklulrfoejk gslkwxol`+

ugg

J}}ja U. Xjaoao+ ^jefoh Ifj``lwefo= J Hgale~jx oxfo` Oukjaoua+ @g _l~d= Lvcl~h Wòsg~uoxy R~guu+ >22:.


19/21

Gel`lay

Hjajig c~la xfg Hgegang~ >2:2!Mj`wj~y >2:: w`~gux+ rlkoxoejk wèg~xjo`xy+

xw~alok o` `goifnl~oì Konyj &foef ejwugh xfg ~gxw~` lc xgù lc xflwuj`hu lc

aoi~j`x Xwòuoj` l~dg~u j`h xfg ~gkjxgh kluu lc ~gaoxxjèg ~gsg`wgu/+ j`h

gel`laoe e~ouou o` Gw~lrg fjsg el`x~onwxgh xl ugsg~g gel`laoe hoccoewkxogu.

Xwòuoj gvrg~ogègh gel`laoe el`x~jexol` o` xfg co~ux zwj~xg~ lc >2::+ j`h oxu

eg`x~jk nj`d fju r~ghoexgh 2' i~lxf o` >2::+ elarj~gh xl 5.9' i~lxf o` >2:2.

Xlw~oua ~gegorxu g~g ~grl~xghky hl` ny 82' j`h cl~goi` ho~gex o`sguxag`x ny

32' o` xfg co~ux uov al`xfu lc >2:::> :Lìloì kjnl~ w`~gux+ rj~xoewkj~ky o` xfg

o`xg~ol~+ oèkwhoì rflurfjxg aoòì j~gju+ ~gr~gug`xu j` jhhoxol`jk efjkkgìg+ ju

hl ~ouoì cllh j`h cwgk r~oegu j`h ~geg`x ckllhoì. Jeel~hoì xl o`xg~oa

ilsg~àg`x guxoajxgu+ wr xl >2' lc xfg l~doì!jig rlrwkjxol` ej`x co`h l~d+

j`h wr xl j zwj~xg~ lc xfga j~g wòsg~uoxy i~jhwjxgu.:5 Lexlng~ >2:: xfg OAC

r~lmgexgh xfjx xfg l~ugòì iklnjk gel`laoe lwxklld lwkh `gijxosgky jccgex

Xwòuoju i~lxf r~lurgexu o` xfg `gj~ cwxw~g j`h j~`gh lc xfg rlxg`xojk cl~

ohgòì couejk hgcoeoxu hwg xl uleojk urg`hoì.:8 Xfg o`xg~oa ilsg~àg`xu

gel`laoe r~lrlujku g~g cl~ajko}gh o` xfg Ugrxgang~ >2:: ~gkgjug lc

j cosg!ygj~ hgsgklrag`x ux~jxgiy+ hwnngh xfg Mjuao`g Rkj`+ foef ju

rluoxosgky ~gegosgh ny Yguxg~` hl`l~u. Ox garfjuo}gh rw~uwoì i~gjxg~ gvrl~xu

j`h cl~goi` o`sguxag`x4 cluxg~oì j kj~ig~ ~lkg cl~ xfg r~osjxg ugexl~ o` mln

e~gjxol`4 oè~gjuoì rwnkoe o`sguxag`x o` o`c~jux~wexw~g j`h ghwejxol`+ oxf j

clewu l` jhh~guuoì ~giol`jk o`gzwjkoxogu4 ~gsosoì r~osjxo}jxol` r~li~jau4 j`h

~ghweoì rwnkoe hgnx. :7 Xgvxokg gvrl~xu j`h xlw~oua fjsg h~osg` awef lc Xwòuoju

:>JCR+ Xwòuog= Jr~u kg ^gxlw~ jw Ejkag+ Rkjeg jw I~j`h Efj`xog~ Gel`laozwg+ Aj~ef ?+ >2::4 Kg Xgaru+

Jrrgkhgu :9 Rlw~ Ulwxgò~ kj X~jùoxol` Hale~jxozwg g` Xwòuog+ Ajy :?+ >2::4 Aj~d X~j`+ Xwòuoj Lccg~u Yjdg!Wr

Ejkk cl~ Hgsgklrag`x+ Xfg Iwj~hoj`+ Mw`g ?+ >2:::5

Rgxg~ Yl`jelxx+ Xwòuoju Kgjhg~ufor Cjegu ^guxosg W`garklygh+ Xfg Yjkk Ux~ggx Mlw~`jk+ @lsgang~ 8+ >2::.:8

5

OAC+ giol`jk Gel`laoe Lwxklld= Aohhkg Gjux j`h Eg`x~jk Juoj+ Jr~ok >2::4 OAC Uw~sgy+ Aohgjux Lwxklld Sj~ogu

Aj~dghky Je~luu giolù+ Lexlng~ >3+ >2::.:7

fxxr=,,.cju.l~i,uir,e~u,~l, U>:333.rhc


20/21

gel`laoe i~lxf o` ~geg`x ygj~u. Xfg xlw~oua ugexl~ ou j ajml~ garklyg~ j`h

r~gsolwuky r~lsohgh ulag ::' lc xfg elw`x~yu fj~h ew~~gèy ~gegorxu+ wr xl 9'

lc IHR+ j`h j` guxoajxgh 822+222 mlnu. Xwòuoj fju jkul jxxgarxgh xl jxx~jex

cl~goi` o`sguxag`x o` oxu `jueg`x lok j`h iju ugexl~. Rflurfjxg l~g ~gug~sgu j~g

uoiòcoej`x j`h j~g xfg njuou lc j efgaoejku o`hwux~y+ nwx xfgo~ sjkwg ou ~ghwegh ny

xfgo~ kl i~jhg. O` >22?+ xfg Yl~kh Nj`d eoxgh Xwòuoj ju j xlr ~giol`jk

~gcl~ag~+ eoxoì r~li~guu o` xfg j~gju lc uxj~xoì j nwuo`guu+ igxxoì e~ghox+

r~lxgexoì o`sguxl~u+ rjyoì xjvgu+ j`h nl~hg~ hgcgùg.:3 Xwòuoju ux~lì

gel`laoe ~gel~h fju klì ajudgh uoiòcoej`x hourj~oxogu. Ygjkxf fju klì ngg`

elèg`x~jxgh o` xfg ejroxjk j`h jklì xfg gjuxg~` eljux+ fokg xfg o`xg~ol~ fju

uwccg~gh c~la rlsg~xy j`h ilsg~àg`x `gikgex. W`garklyag`x j`h

w`hg~garklyag`x j~g ajml~ r~lnkgau+ `lxjnky cl~ ~geg`x elkkgig i~jhwjxgu.

Jeel~hoì xl xfg Jc~oej` Hgsgklrag`x Nj`d &JcHN/+ xfg w`garklyag`x ~jxg

jalì wòsg~uoxy i~jhwjxgu ju lsg~ >2' o` >2:2 j`h oè~gjugh ny j cjexl~ lc

xg` lsg~ xfg kjux xl hgejhgu hwg xl xfg ylwxf nwkig+ foif xf~lwifrwx o`

wòsg~uoxogu+ aouajxef o` xfg hgaj`h j`h uwrrky lc udokkgh l~dg~u+ j`h xfg

~gkjxosgky kl zwjkoxy lc x~joòì ~gegosgh ny aj`y i~jhwjxgu. Al~glsg~+

w`garklyag`x ou lsg~ >>'+ l` jsg~jig+ o` o`xg~ol~ ~giolù uwef ju Djuug~o`g j`h

Ijcuj+ foef g~g groeg`xg~u lc xfg gj~ky >2:: w`~gux.:9

:33

Ugg Yl~kh Nj`d+ Xwòuoj= J Xlr ^giol`jk ^gcl~ag~ Jeel~hoì xl Hloì Nwuo`guu >22?+ Ugrxgang~ >226:9

Jc~oej` Hgsgklrag`x Nj`d+ Xfg ^gslkwxol` o` Xwòuoj= Gel`laoe Efjkkgìgu j`h R~lurgexu+ Aj~ef >2::.


21/21

Elèkwuol`

Ox ~gajoù xl ng ugg` fl xfg r~leguu lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o` Aohhkg Gjux okk

gag~ig j`h fl xfg `g oùxoxwxolù j`h elùxoxwxolù okk el`x~onwxg xl j `g

l~kh l~hg~. Xwòuoj ju j alhgk fju r~lsgh oxugkc ul cj~ xl ng nlxf o`xg~guxoì j`h

j kgj~òì gvrg~ogèg cl~ lxfg~ `jxolù o` xfg ~giol`. Ox jkul uflu xfg uoèg~oxy

j`h cjux jexol` xjdg` ngcl~g lxfg~ rkjyg~u alsg o` kodg xfg aokoxj~y ju o` Giyrx.

Yoxf joh rjedjigu j``lwègh xfg elw`x~y klldu rluoxosg+ alsoì o`xl j uweeguucwk

x~jùoxol` xl ~gr~gug`xjxosg hgale~jey j`h ju oxu eoxo}gù fl j~g Awukoau ekjoa

j`x Oukja xl ng rj~x lc xfgo~ kosgu j`h uxjxg nwx `lx nwokh j` Oukjaoe uxjxg.

Political Development in Middle East with reference to Tunisia.

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Transcript of Political Development in Middle East with reference to Tunisia.