7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

1/220

EN BANC

PROF. MERLIN M. MAGALLONA,G.R No. 187167

AKBAYAN PARTY-LIST REP. RISA

HONTIVEROS, PROF. HARRY C.Present:

ROQUE, JR., AN UNIVERSITY OF

THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OFCORONA, C.J.,

LA! STUENTS, ALITHEACARPIO,

BARBARA ACAS, VOLTAIREVELASCO, JR.,

ALFERES, C"ARINA MAY LEONARDO-DE CASTRO,

ALTE", FRANCIS ALVIN ASILO,BRION,

SHERYL BALOT, RUBY AMOR PERALTA,

BARRACA, JOSE JAVIER BAUTISTA,BERSAMIN,

ROMINA BERNARO, VALERIE DEL CASTILLO,

PAGASA BUENAVENTURA, EANABAD,

MARRI CAETE, VANN ALLEN VILLARAMA, JR.,

ELA CRU", RENE ELORINO, PEREZ,

PAULYN MAY UMAN, SHARONMENDOZA, and

ESCOTO, RORIGO FAJARO III, SERENO,JJ.

GIRLIE FERRER, RAOULLE OSEN

FERRER, CARLA REGINA GREPO,

ANNA MARIE CECILIA GO, IRISH

KAY KALA!, MARY ANN JOY LEE,

MARIA LUISA MANALAYSAY,

MIGUEL RAFAEL MUSNGI,

MICHAEL OCAMPO, JAKLYN HANNA

PINEA, !ILLIAM RAGAMAT,

MARICAR RAMOS, ENRIK FORT

REVILLAS, JAMES MARK TERRY

RION, JOHANN FRANT" RIVERA IV,

CHRISTIAN RIVERO, IANNE MARIE

ROA, NICHOLAS SANTI"O, MELISSA

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

2/220

CHRISTINA SANTOS, CRISTINE MAE

TABING, VANESSA ANNE TORNO,

MARIA ESTER VANGUARIA, #$%

MARCELINO VELOSO III,

Petitioners,

- ers!s -

HON.EUARO ERMITA, IN HIS

CAPACITY AS E&ECUTIVE

SECRETARY, HON. ALBERTO

ROMULO, IN HIS CAPACITY AS

SECRETARY OF THE EPARTMENT

OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, HON.

ROLANO ANAYA, IN HIS CAPACITY

AS SECRETARY OF THE EPARTMENT

OF BUGET AN MANAGEMENT,

HON. IONY VENTURA, IN HIS

CAPACITY AS AMINISTRATOR OF

THE NATIONAL MAPPING '

RESOURCE INFORMATION

AUTHORITY, #$% HON. HILARIO

AVIE, JR., IN HIS CAPACITY AS

REPRESENTATIVE OF THE

PERMANENT MISSION OF THE

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Pro"!#$ated:

TO THE UNITE NATIONS,

Res%ondents. J!#& '(, )*''

+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

E C I S I O NCARPIO,J.(

T)* C#+*

Tis ori$ina# ation or te /rits o ertiorari and %roi0ition assai#s te onstit!tiona#it& o Re%!0#i At No.12))'3RA 12))4 ad5!stin$ te o!ntr&s ari%e#a$i 0ase#ines and #assi&in$ te 0ase#ine re$i"e onear0& territories.

T)* A$**%*$+

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote1symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote1symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote1sym

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

3/220

In '1(', Con$ress %assed Re%!0#i At No. 6*7( 3RA 6*7(4)de"aratin$ te "ariti"e 0ase#ines o tePi#i%%ines as an ari%e#a$i State.6Tis #a/ o##o/ed te ra"in$ o te Conention on te Territoria# Seaand te Conti$!o!s Zone in '128 39NCLOS I4,7odi&in$, a"on$ oters, te soerei$n ri$t o States%arties oer teir territoria# sea, te 0readt o /i, o/eer, /as #et !ndeter"ined. Atte"%ts to ## tisoid d!rin$ te seond ro!nd o ne$otiations in ;enea in '1(* 39NCLOS II4 %roed !ti#e. T!s,do"estia##&, RA 6*7( re"ained !nan$ed or near#& e deades, sae or #e$is#ation %assed in '1(83Re%!0#i At No. 277( e te Pi#i%%ines?and sets te dead#ine or te #in$ o a%%#iation or te e+tendedontinenta# se#.8Co"%#&in$ /it tese re!ire"ents, RA 12)) sortened one 0ase#ine, o%ti"ied te#oation o so"e 0ase%oints aro!nd te Pi#i%%ine ari%e#a$o and #assied ad5aent territories, na"e#&,te a#a&aan Is#and ;ro!% 3I;4 and te Sar0oro!$ Soa#, as re$i"es o is#ands /ose is#ands $enerateteir o/n a%%#ia0#e "ariti"e ones.

Petitioners, %roessors o #a/, #a/ st!dents and a #e$is#ator, in teir res%etie a%aities as itiens,ta+%a&ers or + + + #e$is#ators,1as te ase "a& 0e, assai# te onstit!tiona#it& o RA 12)) on t/o %rini%a#$ro!nds, na"e#&: 3'4 RA 12)) red!es Pi#i%%ine "ariti"e territor&, and #o$ia##&, te rea o te

Pi#i%%ine states soerei$n %o/er, in io#ation o Arti#e ' o te '18? Constit!tion,'*

e"0od&in$ te ter"so te Treat& o Paris''and ani##ar& treaties,')and 3)4 RA 12)) o%ens te o!ntr&s /aters #and/ard o te0ase#ines to "ariti"e %assa$e 0& a## esse#s and airrats, !nder"inin$ Pi#i%%ine soerei$nt& and nationa#se!rit&, ontraenin$ te o!ntr&s n!#ear-ree %o#i&, and da"a$in$ "arine reso!res, in io#ation ore#eant onstit!tiona# %roisions.'6

In addition, %etitioners ontend tat RA 12))s treat"ent o te I; as re$i"e o is#ands not on#& res!#ts inte #oss o a #ar$e "ariti"e area 0!t a#so %re5!dies te #ie#iood o s!0sistene ser"en.'7To 0!ttressteir ar$!"ent o territoria# di"in!tion, %etitioners aia##& atta> RA 12)) or /at it e+#!ded andin#!ded its ai#!re to reerene eiter te Treat& o Paris or Sa0a and its !se o 9NCLOS IIIs ra"e/or> ore$i"e o is#ands to deter"ine te "ariti"e ones o te I; and te Sar0oro!$ Soa#.

Co""entin$ on te %etition, res%ondent oia#s raised treso#d iss!es !estionin$ 3'4 te %etitions

o"%#iane /it te ase or ontroers& re!ire"ent or 5!diia# reie/ $ro!nded on %etitioners a##e$ed#a> o locus standiand 3)4 te %ro%riet& o te /rits o ertiorari and %roi0ition to assai# teonstit!tiona#it& o RA 12)). On te "erits, res%ondents deended RA 12)) as te o!ntr&s o"%#iane/it te ter"s o 9NCLOS III, %reserin$ Pi#i%%ine territor& oer te I; or Sar0oro!$ Soa#.Res%ondents add tat RA 12)) does not !nder"ine te o!ntr&s se!rit&, eniron"ent and eono"iinterests or re#in!is te Pi#i%%ines #ai" oer Sa0a.

Res%ondents a#so !estion te nor"atie ore, !nder internationa# #a/, o %etitioners assertion tat /atS%ain eded to te 9nited States !nder te Treat& o Paris /ere te is#ands and all the waterso!nd /itinte 0o!ndaries o te retan$!#ar area dra/n !nder te Treat& o Paris.

e #et !nated %etitioners %ra&er or an in5!ntie /rit.

T)* I++*+

Te %etition raises te o##o/in$ iss!es:

'. Pre#i"inari#&

'. eter %etitioners %ossess locus standito 0rin$ tis s!itF and

). eter te /rits o ertiorari and %roi0ition are te %ro%er re"edies to assai# teonstit!tiona#it& o RA 12)).

). On te "erits, /eter RA 12)) is !nonstit!tiona#.

T)* R/0$ o2 )* Co3

On te treso#d iss!es, /e o#d tat 3'4 %etitioners %ossess locus standito 0rin$ tis s!it as itiens and3)4 te /rits o ertiorari and %roi0ition are %ro%er re"edies to test te onstit!tiona#it& o RA 12)). Onte "erits, /e nd no 0asis to de#are RA 12)) !nonstit!tiona#.

On the Threshold Issues

Petitioners Possess LocusStandi as Citizens

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote2symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote2symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote3symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote4symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote5symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote6symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote6symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote6symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote7symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote7symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote8symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote9symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote10symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote11symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote11symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote12symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote13symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote14symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote14symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote2symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote3symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote4symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote5symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote6symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote7symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote8symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote9symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote10symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote11symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote12symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote13symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote14sym

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

4/220

Petitioners te"se#es !nder"ine teir assertion o locus standias #e$is#ators and ta+%a&ers 0ea!se te%etition a##e$es neiter inrin$e"ent o #e$is#atie %rero$atie'2nor "is!se o %!0#i !nds,'(oasioned 0&te %assa$e and i"%#e"entation o RA 12)). Nonete#ess, /e reo$nie %etitioners locus standias itiens/it onstit!tiona##& s!ient interest in te reso#!tion o te "erits o te ase /i !ndo!0ted#& raisesiss!es o nationa# si$niane neessitatin$ !r$ent reso#!tion. Indeed, o/in$ to te %e!#iar nat!re o RA12)), it is !nderstanda0#& di!#t to nd oter #iti$ants %ossessin$ a "ore diret and s%ei interest to0rin$ te s!it, t!s satis&in$ one o te re!ire"ents or $rantin$ itiensi% standin$.'?

The Writs of Certiorari and ProhibitionAre Proper Remedies to Testthe Constitutionalit of

Statutes

In %ra&in$ or te dis"issa# o te %etition on %re#i"inar& $ro!nds, res%ondents see> a strit o0serane ote oes o te /rits o ertiorari and %roi0ition, notin$ tat te /rits annot iss!e a0sent an& so/in$o $rae a0!se o disretion in te e+erise o 5!diia#, !asi-5!diia# or "inisteria# %o/ers on te %art ores%ondents and res!#tin$ %re5!die on te %art o %etitioners.'8

s!0"ission o#ds tr!e in ordinar& ii# %roeedin$s. en tis Co!rt e+erises its onstit!tiona# %o/er o5!diia# reie/, o/eer, /e ae, 0& tradition, ie/ed te /rits o ertiorari and %roi0ition as %ro%erre"edia# ei#es to test te onstit!tiona#it& o stat!tes,'1and indeed, o ats o oter 0ranes o$oern"ent.)*Iss!es o onstit!tiona# i"%ort are so"eti"es rated o!t o stat!tes /i, /i#e ain$ no0earin$ on te %ersona# interests o te %etitioners, arr& s! re#eane in te #ie o tis nation tat teCo!rt ineita0#& nds itse# onstrained to ta>e o$niane o te ase and %ass !%on te iss!es raised,

non-o"%#iane /it te #etter o %roed!ra# r!#es not/itstandin$. Te stat!te so!$t to 0e reie/edere is one s! #a/.

RA !"## is $ot %nconstitutional

RA !"## is a Statutor Toolto &emarcate the Countrs'aritime (ones and ContinentalShelf%nder %$CLOS III) not to

&elineate Philippine Territor

Petitioners s!0"it tat RA 12)) dis"e"0ers a #ar$e %ortion o te nationa# territor&)'0ea!se it disardste %re-9NCLOS III de"aration o Pi#i%%ine territor& !nder te Treat& o Paris and re#ated treaties,

s!essie#& enoded in te denition o nationa# territor& !nder te '162, '1?6 and '18? Constit!tions.Petitioners teorie tat tis onstit!tiona# denition tr!"%s an& treat& or stat!tor& %roision den&in$ tePi#i%%ines soerei$n ontro# oer /aters, 0e&ond te territoria# sea reo$nied at te ti"e o te Treat& oParis, tat S%ain s!%%osed#& eded to te 9nited States. Petitioners ar$!e tat ro" te Treat& o Paristenia# desri%tion, Pi#i%%ine soerei$nt& oer territoria# /aters e+tends !ndreds o na!tia# "i#esaro!nd te Pi#i%%ine ari%e#a$o, e"0rain$ te retan$!#ar area de#ineated in te Treat& o Paris.))

Petitioners teor& ai#s to %ers!ade !s.

9NCLOS III as notin$ to do /it te a!isition 3or #oss4 o territor&. It is a "!#ti#atera# treat& re$!#atin$,a"on$ oters, sea-!se ri$ts oer "ariti"e ones 3i.e., te territoria# /aters

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

5/220

sti## ae to 0e dra/n in aordane /it RA 12)) 0ea!se tis is te on#& /a& to dra/ te 0ase#ines inonor"it& /it 9NCLOS III. Te 0ase#ines annot 0e dra/n ro" te 0o!ndaries or oter %ortions o teretan$!#ar area de#ineated in te Treat& o Paris, 0!t ro" te o!ter"ost is#ands and dr&in$ rees o teari%e#a$o.)7

9NCLOS III and its ani##ar& 0ase#ines #a/s %#a& no ro#e in te a!isition, en#ar$e"ent or, as%etitioners #ai", di"in!tion o territor&. 9nder traditiona# internationa# #a/ t&%o#o$&, States a!ire 3oronerse#&, #ose4 territor& tro!$ o!%ation, aretion, ession and %resri%tion,)2not 0& e+e!tin$"!#ti#atera# treaties on te re$!#ations o sea-!se ri$ts or enatin$ stat!tes to o"%#& /it te treat&s

ter"s to de#i"it "ariti"e ones and ontinenta# se#es. Territoria# #ai"s to #and eat!res are o!tside9NCLOS III, and are instead $oerned 0& te r!#es on $enera# internationa# #a/.)(

RA !"##s %se of the *rame+or,of Re-ime of Islands to &etermine the'aritime (ones of theI/ and theScarborou-h Shoal) not Inconsistent+ith the Philippines Claim of So0erei-ntO0er these Areas

Petitioners ne+t s!0"it tat RA 12))s !se o 9NCLOS IIIs re$i"e o is#ands ra"e/or> to dra/ te0ase#ines, and to "eas!re te 0readt o te a%%#ia0#e "ariti"e ones o te I;, /ea>ens o!r territoria##ai" oer tat area.)?Petitioners add tat te I;s 3and Sar0oro!$ Soa#s4 e+#!sion ro" te Pi#i%%ineari%e#a$i 0ase#ines res!#ts in te #oss o a0o!t '2,*** s!are na!tia# "i#es o territoria# /aters,%re5!diin$ te #ie#iood o s!0sistene ser"en.)8A o"%arison o te on$!ration o te 0ase#inesdra/n !nder RA 6*7( and RA 12)) and te e+tent o "ariti"e s%ae eno"%assed 0& ea #a/, o!%#ed

/it a readin$ o te te+t o RA 12)) and its on$ressiona# de#i0erations, vis--viste Pi#i%%ines o0#i$ations!nder 9NCLOS III, 0e#ie tis ie/.

Te on$!ration o te 0ase#ines dra/n !nder RA 6*7( and RA 12)) so/s tat RA 12)) "ere#& o##o/edte 0ase%oints "a%%ed 0& RA 6*7(, sae or at #east nine 0ase%oints tat RA 12)) s>i%%ed to o%ti"ie te#oation o 0ase%oints and ad5!st te #en$t o one 0ase#ine 3and t!s o"%#& /it 9NCLOS IIIs #i"itationon te "a+i"!" #en$t o 0ase#ines4. 9nder RA 6*7(, as !nder RA 12)), te I; and te Sar0oro!$Soa# #ie o!tside o te 0ase#ines dra/n aro!nd te Pi#i%%ine ari%e#a$o. Tis !ndenia0#e arto$ra%iat ta>es te /ind o!t o %etitioners ar$!"ent 0randin$ RA 12)) as a stat!tor& ren!niation o tePi#i%%ines #ai" oer te I;, ass!"in$ tat 0ase#ines are re#eant or tis %!r%ose.

Petitioners assertion o #oss o a0o!t '2,*** s!are na!tia# "i#es o territoria# /aters !nder RA 12)) issi"i#ar#& !no!nded 0ot in at and #a/. On te ontrar&, RA 12)), 0& o%ti"iin$ te #oation o

0ase%oints, increased te Pi#i%%ines tota# "ariti"e s%ae 3oerin$ its interna# /aters, territoria# sea ande+#!sie eono"i one4 0& '72,)'( s!are na!tia# "i#es, as so/n in te ta0#e 0e#o/:)1

E+tent o "ariti"e area!sin$ RA 6*7(, asa"ended, ta>in$ intoao!nt te Treat& o Parisde#i"itation 3in s!arena!tia# "i#es4

E+tent o "ariti"earea !sin$ RA 12)),ta>in$ into ao!nt9NCLOS III 3ins!are na!tia#"i#es4

Interna# orari%e#a$i /aters

'((,828

'?',762

Territoria#Sea

)?7,'6(

6),'*(

E+#!sieEono"iZone

68),((1

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote24symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote25symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote26symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote27symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote28symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote29symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote24symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote25symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote26symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote27symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote28symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote29sym

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

6/220

TOTAL ,99 :86,;1

T!s, as te "a% 0e#o/ so/s, te rea o te e+#!sie eono"i one dra/n !nder RA 12)) eene+tends /a& 0e&ond te /aters oered 0& te retan$!#ar de"aration !nder te Treat& o Paris. Oo!rse, /ere tere are oer#a%%in$ e+#!sie eono"i ones o o%%osite or ad5aent States, tere /i##

ae to 0e a de#ineation o "ariti"e 0o!ndaries in aordane /it 9NCLOS III.

6*

@!rter, %etitioners ar$!"ent tat te I; no/ #ies o!tside Pi#i%%ine territor& 0ea!se te 0ase#ines tatRA 12)) dra/s do not en#ose te I; is ne$ated 0& RA 12)) itse#. Setion ) o te #a/ o""its to te+tte Pi#i%%ines ontin!ed #ai" o soerei$nt& and 5!risdition oer te I; and te Sar0oro!$ Soa#:

SEC. ). Te 0ase#ines in te o##o/in$ areas o*=0+**?*30+*+ +o %ains toe"%asie te ore$oin$ d!rin$ te Senate de#i0erations:

at /e a## te a#a&aan Is#and ;ro!% or /at te rest o te /or#d a## A/as to Ton$!i# Point4is '7*.*( na!tia# "i#es + + +. Tis e+eeds te "a+i"!" #en$t a##o/ed !nder Arti#e 7?3)4o te

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

7/220

). Te se#etion o 0ase%oints is not o%ti"a#. At #east 1 0ase%oints an 0e s>i%%ed or de#etedro" te 0ase#ines s&ste". Tis /i## en#ose an additiona# ),'12 na!tia# "i#es o /ater.

6. @ina##&, te 0ase%oints /ere dra/n ro" "a%s e+istin$ in '1(8, and not esta0#ised 0&$eodeti s!re& "etods. Aordin$#&, so"e o te %oints, %arti!#ar#& a#on$ te /est oastso L!on do/n to Pa#a/an /ere #ater o!nd to 0e #oated eiter in#and or on /ater, not on#o/-/ater #ine and dr&in$ rees as %resri0ed 0& Arti#e 7?.62

Gene, ar ro" s!rrenderin$ te Pi#i%%ines #ai" oer te I; and te Sar0oro!$ Soa#,

Con$ress deision to #assi& te I; and te Sar0oro!$ Soa# as Re$i"eee%s o%ente door or dra/in$ te 0ase#ines o Sa0a:

Setion ). Te denition o te 0ase#ines o te territoria# sea o te Pi#i%%ineAri%e#a$o as %roided in tis At 0+ =0)o 3*%0* o )* %*/0$*#0o$ o2 )*4#+*/0$*+ o2 )* *330o30#/ +*# #3o$% )* *330o3@ o2 S#4#), +0#*% 0$ No3)Bo3$*o, o

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

8/220

#i"itations and onditions or teir e+erise.7)Si$niant#&, te ri$t o innoent %assa$e is a !sto"ar&internationa# #a/,76t!s a!to"atia##& inor%orated in te or%!s o Pi#i%%ine #a/.77No "odern State ana#id#& ino>e its soerei$nt& to a0so#!te#& or0id innoent %assa$e tat is e+erised in aordane /it!sto"ar& internationa# #a/ /ito!t ris>in$ reta#iator& "eas!res ro" te internationa# o""!nit&.

Te at tat or ari%e#a$i States, teir ari%e#a$i /aters are s!05et to 0ot te ri$t oinnoent %assa$e and sea #anes %assa$e72does not %#ae te" in #esser ootin$ vis--visontinenta# oasta#States /i are s!05et, in teir territoria# sea, to te ri$t o innoent %assa$e and te ri$t o transit%assa$e tro!$ internationa# straits. Te i"%osition o tese %assa$e ri$ts tro!$ ari%e#a$i /aters

!nder 9NCLOS III /as a onession 0& ari%e#a$i States, in e+an$e or teir ri$t to #ai" a## te/aters #and/ard o teir 0ase#ines, regardless of their depth or distance from the coast, as ari%e#a$i/aters s!05et to teir territorial sovereignt. More i"%ortant#&, te reo$nition o ari%e#a$i Statesari%e#a$o and te /aters en#osed 0& teir 0ase#ines as one oesie entit& %reents te treat"ent oteir is#ands as se%arate is#ands !nder 9NCLOS III.7(Se%arate is#ands $enerate teir o/n "ariti"e ones,%#ain$ te /aters 0et/een is#ands se%arated 0& "ore tan )7 na!tia# "i#es 0e&ond te States territoria#soerei$nt&, s!05etin$ tese /aters to te ri$ts o oter States !nder 9NCLOS III.7?

Petitioners inoation o non-e+e!tor& onstit!tiona# %roisions in Arti#e II 3De#aration oPrini%#es and State Po#iies478"!st a#so ai#. O!r %resent state o 5!ris%r!dene onsiders te %roisions inArti#e II as "ere #e$is#atie $!ides, /i, a0sent ena0#in$ #e$is#ation, do not e"0od& 5!diia##&enorea0#e onstit!tiona# ri$ts + + +.71Arti#e II %roisions sere as $!ides in or"!#atin$ and inter%retin$i"%#e"entin$ #e$is#ation, as /e## as in inter%retin$ e+e!tor& %roisions o te Constit!tion.

A#to!$ (posa v. )actoran2*

treated te ri$t to a ea#t!# and 0a#aned eo#o$& !nder Setion '( oArti#e II as an e+e%tion, te %resent %etition #a>s at!a# 0asis to s!0stantiate te #ai"ed onstit!tiona#io#ation. Te oter %roisions %etitioners ite, re#atin$ to te %rotetion o "arine /ea#t 3Arti#e KII,Setion ), %ara$ra% )2'4 and s!0sistene ser"en 3Arti#e KIII, Setion ?2)4, are not io#ated 0& RA 12)).

In at, te de"aration o te 0ase#ines ena0#es te Pi#i%%ines to de#i"it its e+#!sie eono"ione, reserin$ so#e#& to te Pi#i%%ines te e+%#oitation o a## #iin$ and non-#iin$ reso!res /itin s!one. S! a "ariti"e de#ineation 0inds te internationa# o""!nit& sine te de#ineation is in strito0serane o 9NCLOS III. I te "ariti"e de#ineation is ontrar& to 9NCLOS III, te internationa#o""!nit& /i## o o!rse re5et it and /i## re!se to 0e 0o!nd 0& it.

9NCLOS III aors States /it a #on$ oast#ine #i>e te Pi#i%%ines. 9NCLOS III reates a suigeneris"ariti"e s%ae te e+#!sie eono"i one in /aters %reio!s#& %art o te i$ seas. 9NCLOS III

$rants ne/ ri$ts to oasta# States to e+#!sie#& e+%#oit te reso!res o!nd /itin tis one !% to )**na!tia# "i#es.269NCLOS III, o/eer, %reseres te traditiona# reedo" o nai$ation o oter States tatattaed to tis one 0e&ond te territoria# sea 0eore 9NCLOS III.

RA !"## and the Philippines 'aritime (ones

Petitioners o#d te ie/ tat, 0ased on te %er"issie te+t o 9NCLOS III, Con$ress /as not 0o!ndto %ass RA 12)).27e ae #oo>ed at te re#eant %roision o 9NCLOS III22and /e nd %etitioners readin$%#a!si0#e. Neerte#ess, te %rero$atie o oosin$ tis o%tion 0e#on$s to Con$ress, not to tis Co!rt.Moreoer, te #!+!r& o oosin$ tis o%tion o"es at a er& stee% %rie. A0sent an 9NCLOS III o"%#iant0ase#ines #a/, an ari%e#a$i State #i>e te Pi#i%%ines /i## nd itse# deoid o internationa##& ae%ta0#e0ase#ines ro" /ere te 0readt o its "ariti"e ones and ontinenta# se# is "eas!red. Tis is rei%e ora t/o-ronted disaster: !rst, it sends an o%en initation to te seaarin$ %o/ers to ree#& enter and e+%#oitte reso!res in te /aters and s!0"arine areas aro!nd o!r ari%e#a$oF and second, it /ea>ens teo!ntr&s ase in an& internationa# dis%!te oer Pi#i%%ine "ariti"e s%ae. Tese are onse!enesCon$ress /ise#& aoided.

Te enat"ent o 9NCLOS III o"%#iant 0ase#ines #a/ or te Pi#i%%ine ari%e#a$o and ad5aentareas, as e"0odied in RA 12)), a##o/s an internationa##&-reo$nied de#i"itation o te 0readt o tePi#i%%ines "ariti"e ones and ontinenta# se#. RA 12)) is tereore a "ost ita# ste% on te %art o tePi#i%%ines in sae$!ardin$ its "ariti"e ones, onsistent /it te Constit!tion and o!r nationa# interest.

!HEREFORE, /eISMISSte %etition.

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote42symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote43symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote44symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote44symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote45symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote46symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote47symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote48symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote49symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote49symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote50symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote51symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote52symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote53symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote53symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote54symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote55symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote42symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote43symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote44symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote45symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote46symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote47symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote48symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote49symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote50symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote51symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote52symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote53symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote54symhttp://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/august2011/187167.html#sdfootnote55sym

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

9/220

EN BANC

THE PROVINCE OF NORTH COTABATO,%/@ 3*3*+*$*% 4@ GOVERNOR JESUSSACALAN #$%Do3 VICE-GOVERNOREMMANUEL PIOL, 2o3 #$% 0$ )0+ o=$4*)#/2,

Petitioners,

-

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

10/220

Res%ondents.

+--------------------------------------------+

THE CITY OF ILIGAN, %/@ 3*3*+*$*%4@ CITY MAYOR LA!RENCE LLUCHCRU",

Petitioner,

-

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

11/220

-

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

12/220

THE CITY OF ISABELA, BASILANPROVINCE, 3*3*+*$*% 4@ MAYORCHERRYLYN P. SANTOS-AKBAR,

Petitioners-in-Interention.

+--------------------------------------------+

THE PROVINCE OF SULTAN KUARAT,3*. 4@ HON. SUHARTO T.MANGUAATU, 0$ )0+ ##0@ #+P3o

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

13/220

G.R. No. 1896;

+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+

E C I S I O N

CARPIO MORALES,J.(

S!05et o tese onso#idated ases is te *?*$ o2 )* o=*3+ o te President in %!rs!in$ te %eae%roess. i#e te ats s!rro!ndin$ tis ontroers& enter on te ar"ed onit in Mindanao0et/een te$oern"ent and te Moro Is#a"i Li0eration @ront 3MIL@4, te #e$a# iss!e ino#ed as a 0earin$ on a##areas in te o!ntr& /ere tere as 0een a #on$-standin$ ar"ed onit. et a$ain, te Co!rt is tas>ed to%eror" a de#iate 0a#anin$ at. It "!st !no"%ro"isin$#& de#ineate te 0o!nds /itin /i tePresident "a& #a/!##& e+erise er disretion, 0!t it "!st do so in strit aderene to te Constit!tion, #estits r!#in$ !nd!#& restrits te reedo" o ation ested 0& tat sa"e Constit!tion in te Cie E+e!tie%reise#& to ena0#e er to %!rs!e te %eae %roess eHetie#&.

I. FACTUAL ANTECEENTS OF THE PETITIONS

On A!$!st 2, )**8, te ;oern"ent o te Re%!0#i o te Pi#i%%ines 3;RP4 and te MIL@, tro!$ teCair%ersons o teir res%etie %eae ne$otiatin$ %ane#s, /ere sed!#ed to si$n a Me"orand!" oA$ree"ent on te Anestra# Do"ain 3MOA-AD4 As%et o te ;RP-MIL@ Tri%o#i A$ree"ent on Peae o )**'in !a#a L!"%!r, Ma#a&sia.

Te MIL@ is a re0e# $ro!% /i /as esta0#ised in Mar '187 /en, !nder te #eadersi% o te #ateSa#a"at Gasi", it s%#intered ro" te Moro Nationa# Li0eration @ront 3MNL@4 ten eaded 0& N!r Mis!ari,on te $ro!nd, a"on$ oters, o /at Sa#a"at %ereied to 0e te "ani%!#ation o te MNL@ a/a& ro" an

Is#a"i 0asis to/ards Mar+ist-Maoist orientations.

o A$ree"ent o Intent on A!$!st )?,'118.

Te So#iitor ;enera#, /o re%resents res%ondents, s!""aries te MOA-AD 0& statin$ tat te sa"eontained, a"on$ oters, te o""it"ent o te %arties to %!rs!e %eae ne$otiations, %rotet and res%et!"an ri$ts, ne$otiate /it sinerit& in te reso#!tion and %ai sett#e"ent o te onit, and rerainro" te !se o treat or ore to attain !nd!e adanta$e /i#e te %eae ne$otiations on te s!0stantiea$enda are on-$oin$.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

14/220

Ear#& on, o/eer, it /as eident tat tere /as not $oin$ to 0e an& s"oot sai#in$ in te ;RP-MIL@ %eae%roess. To/ards te end o '111 !% to ear#& )***, te MIL@ atta>ed a n!"0er o "!nii%a#ities in Centra#Mindanao and, in Mar )***, it too> ontro# o te to/n a## o a!s/a$an, Lanao de# Norte.s. Te MIL@, aordin$ to a #eadin$MIL@ "e"0er, initia##& res%onded /it dee% reseration, 0!t /en President Arro&o as>ed te ;oern"ento Ma#a&sia tro!$ Pri"e Minister Maatir Moa""ad to e#% onine te MIL@ to ret!rn to tene$otiatin$ ta0#e, te MIL@ onened its Centra# Co""ittee to serio!s#& dis!ss te "atter and,eent!a##&, deided to "eet /it te ;RP.s /as e#d in C&0er5a&a, Ma#a&sia on A!$!st 2-?, )**' /i ended /it tesi$nin$ o te I"%#e"entin$ ;!ide#ines on te Se!rit& As%et o te Tri%o#i A$ree"ent )**' #eadin$ to aeasere stat!s 0et/een te %arties. Tis /as o##o/ed 0& te I"%#e"entin$ ;!ide#ines on teG!"anitarian Rea0i#itation and Dee#o%"ent As%ets o te Tri%o#i A$ree"ent )**', /i /as si$nedon Ma& ?, )**) at P!tra5a&a, Ma#a&sia. Nonete#ess, tere /ere "an& inidene o io#ene 0et/een$oern"ent ores and te MIL@ ro" )**) to )**6.

Mean/i#e, ten MIL@ Cair"an Sa#a"at Gasi" %assed a/a& on J!#& '6, )**6 and e /as re%#aed 0& A#Ga5 M!rad, /o /as ten te ie %eae ne$otiator o te MIL@. M!rads %osition as ie %eae ne$otiator/as ta>en oer 0& Moa$er I0a#.s /ere e#d 0et/een te %arties in !a#a L!"%!r, eent!a##& #eadin$ tote ratin$ o te drat MOA-AD in its na# or", /i, as "entioned, /as set to 0e si$ned #ast A!$!st 2,)**8.

II.STATEMENT OF THE PROCEEINGS

Beore te Co!rt is /at is %era%s te "ost ontentio!s onsens!s eer e"0odied in an instr!"ent teMOA-AD /i is assai#ed %rini%a##& 0& te %resent %etitions 0earin$ do>et n!"0ers '8621', '86?2),'86816, '8612' and '861().

Co""on#& i"%#eaded as res%ondents are te ;RP Peae Pane# on Anestra# Do"ain

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

15/220

On J!#& )6, )**8, te Proine o Nort Cota0atoeted as G.R. No. 18:91, or Manda"!s and Proi0ition /it Pra&er or te Iss!ane o rito Pre#i"inar& In5!ntion and Te"%orar& Restrainin$ Order. in$ te ri$t to inor"ation on "atters o%!0#i onern, %etitioners see> to o"%e# res%ondents to dis#ose and !rnis te" te o"%#ete andoia# o%ies o te MOA-AD in#!din$ its atta"ents, and to %roi0it te s#ated si$nin$ o te MOA-AD,%endin$ te dis#os!re o te ontents o te MOA-AD and te o#din$ o a %!0#i ons!#tationtereon. S!%%#e"entari#&, %etitioners %ra& tat te MOA-AD 0e de#ared !nonstit!tiona#.0ar, te Proine o S!#tan !darat

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

16/220

Te ases /ere eard on ora# ar$!"ent on A!$!st '2, )) and )1, )**8 tat ta>#ed te o##o/in$%rini%a# iss!es:

'. eter te %etitions ae 0eo"e "oot and aade"i

3i4 insoar as te mandamusas%et is onerned, in ie/ o te dis#os!re o oia#o%ies o te na# drat o te Me"orand!" o A$ree"ent 3MOA4F and

3ii4 insoar as teprohibitionas%et ino#in$ te Loa# ;oern"ent 9nits is onerned,i it is onsidered tat ons!#tation as 0eo"e fait accompli/it te na#iation ote dratF

). eter te onstit!tiona#it& and te #e$a#it& o te MOA is ri%e or ad5!diationF

6. eter res%ondent ;oern"ent o te Re%!0#i o te Pi#i%%ines Peae Pane#o""itted $rae a0!se o disretion a"o!ntin$ to #a> or e+ess o 5!risdition /en itne$otiated and initiated te MOA is--is ISS9ES Nos. 7 and 2F

7. eter tere is a io#ation o te %eo%#es ri$t to inor"ation on "atters o %!0#i

onern 3'18? Constit!tion, Arti#e III, Se. ?4 !nder a state %o#i& o !## dis#os!re o a##its transations ino#in$ %!0#i interest 3'18? Constit!tion, Arti#e II, Se. )84 in#!din$%!0#i ons!#tation !nder Re%!0#i At No. ?'(* 3LOCAL ;OVERNMENT CODE O@ '11'4

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

17/220

(. eter te in#!sione+#!sion o te Proine o Nort Cota0ato, Cities o Za"0oan$a,I#i$an and Isa0e#a, and te M!nii%a#it& o Lina"on, Lanao de# Norte inro" te areasoered 0& te %ro5eted Ban$sa"oro Go"e#and is a 5!stiia0#e !estionF and

?. eter desistane ro" si$nin$ te MOA dero$ates an& %rior a#id o""it"ents o te

;oern"ent o te Re%!0#i o te Pi#i%%ines.dro% to te onsideration o te o05etions raised in te s!05et e %etitions and si+%etitions-in-interention a$ainst te MOA-AD, as /e## as te t/o o""ents-in-interention in aor o teMOA-AD, te Co!rt ta>es an oerie/ o te MOA.

Te MOA-AD identies te Parties to it as te ;RP and te MIL@.

9nder te eadin$ Ter"s o Reerene 3TOR4, te MOA-AD in#!des not on#& o!r ear#ier a$ree"ents

0et/een te ;RP and MIL@, 0!t a#so t/o a$ree"ents 0et/een te ;RP and te MNL@: te '1?( Tri%o#iA$ree"ent, and te @ina# Peae A$ree"ent on te I"%#e"entation o te '1?( Tri%o#i A$ree"ent, si$nedon Se%te"0er ), '11( d!rin$ te ad"inistration o President @ide# Ra"os.

Te MOA-AD a#so identies as TOR t/o #oa# stat!tes te or$ani at or te A!tono"o!s Re$ion in M!s#i"Mindanao 3ARMM4e dar-ul-muahada3#and o o"%at4 and dar-ul-sulh3#and o treat&4 reerred to o!ntries/i, to!$ !nder a se!#ar re$i"e, "aintained %eae!# and oo%eratie re#ations /it M!s#i" States,ain$ 0een 0o!nd to ea oter 0& treat& or a$ree"ent. $ar-ul-aman3#and o order4, on te oter and,

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn24http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn25http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn25http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn26http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn27http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn24http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn25http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn26http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn27

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

18/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

19/220

Te ter" @irst Nation is o Canadian ori$in reerrin$ to te indi$eno!s %eo%#es o tat territor&, %arti!#ar#&tose >no/n as Indians. In Canada, ea o tese indi$eno!s %eo%#es is e!a##& entit#ed to 0e a##ed @irstNation, ene, a## o te" are !s!a##& desri0ed o##etie#& 0& te %#!ra# @irst Nations.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

20/220

Te externaldeense o te BJE is to re"ain te d!t& and o0#i$ation o te Centra# ;oern"ent. TeCentra# ;oern"ent is a#so 0o!nd to ta>e neessar& ste%s to ens!re te BJEs %artii%ation in internationa#"eetin$s and eents #i>e tose o te ASEAN and te s%eia#ied a$enies o te 9N. Te BJE is to 0eentit#ed to %artii%ate in Pi#i%%ine oia# "issions and de#e$ations or te ne$otiation o 0ordera$ree"ents or %rotoo#s or eniron"enta# %rotetion and e!ita0#e sarin$ o ino"es and reen!esino#in$ te 0odies o /ater ad5aent to or 0et/een te is#ands or"in$ %art o te anestra# do"ain.in$, ed!ation, #e$is#ation, #e$a#, eono"i, %o#ie and interna#

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn47http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn48http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn49http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn49http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn50http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn51http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn51http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn52http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn47http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn48http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn49http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn50http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn51http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn52

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

21/220

se!rit& ore, 5!diia# s&ste" and orretiona# instit!tions, te detai#s o /i sa## 0e dis!ssed in tene$otiation o te o"%reensie o"%at.

As stated ear#& on, te MOA-AD /as set to 0e si$ned on A!$!st 2, )**8 0& Rodo#o ;aria and Moa$erI0a#, Cair%ersons o te Peae Ne$otiatin$ Pane#s o te ;RP and te MIL@, res%etie#&. &otabl, the

penultimate paragraph of the M(2-2$ identi!es the signatories as the representatives of the *arties,meaning the 3* and M+') themselves, and not merel of the negotiating panels. Ot"an Bin A0d Raa>, S%eia#Adiser to te Pri"e Minister o Ma#a&sia, ENDORSED B A"0assador Sa&ed E#"asr&, Adiser toOr$aniation o te Is#a"i Conerene 3OIC4 Seretar& ;enera# and S%eia# Eno& or Peae Proess inSo!tern Pi#i%%ines, and SI;NED IN TGE PRESENCE O@ Dr. A#0ert ;. Ro"!#o, Seretar& o @orei$n AHairs oRP and Dato Seri 9ta"a Dr. Rais Bin ati", Minister o @orei$n AHairs, Ma#a&sia, a## o /o" /eresed!#ed to si$n te A$ree"ent #ast A!$!st 2, )**8.

Anne+ed to te MOA-AD are t/o do!"ents ontainin$ te res%etie #ists cum "a%s o te%roines, "!nii%a#ities, and 0aran$a&s !nder Cate$ories A and B ear#ier "entioned in te dis!ssion onte strand on TERRITOR.

IV. PROCEURAL ISSUES

A. RIPENESS

Te %o/er o 5!diia# reie/ is #i"ited to at!a# ases or ontroersies.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

22/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

23/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

24/220

AD. Tis sti%!#ation, in eHet, #3#$**% to te MIL@ te a"end"ent o te Constit!tion. "uch actconstitutes another violation of its authorit.A$ain, tese %oints /i## 0e dis!ssed in "ore detai# #ater.

As te %etitions a##e$e ats or o"issions on te %art o res%ondent tat *?**% )*03 #)o30@,0& io#atin$ teir d!ties !nder E.O. No. 6 and te %roisions o te Constit!tion and stat!tes, te %etitions"a>e aprima facie ase or Certiorari, Proi0ition, and Manda"!s, and an at!a# ase or ontroers& ri%eor ad5!diation e+ists. !)*$ #$ # o2 # 43#$) o2 o

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

25/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

26/220

In #endin$ redene to tis %o#i& deision, te So#iitor ;enera# %oints o!t tat te President ad a#read&dis0anded te ;RP Peae Pane#.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

27/220

Res%ondents ite "uplico v. &1$2, et al.ed.

Te %resent %etitions a## ontain %ra&ers or Proi0ition oer /i tis Co!rt e+erises ori$ina#5!risdition. i#e ;.R. No. '86816 3Cit& o I#i$an . ;RP4 is a %etition or In5!ntion and De#arator& Re#ie,te Co!rt /i## treat it as one or Proi0ition as it as ar reain$ i"%#iations and raises !estions tatneed to 0e reso#ed.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

28/220

It is /it res%et to te %ra&ers or Manda"!s tat te %etitions ae 0eo"e "oot, res%ondents ain$,0& Co"%#iane o A!$!st ?, )**8, %roided tis Co!rt and %etitioners /it oia# o%ies o te na# drato te MOA-AD and its anne+es. Too, interenors ae 0een !rnised, or ae %ro!red or te"se#es,o%ies o te MOA-AD.

V.SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES

As !##ed ro" te Petitions and Petitions-in-Interention, tere are 0asia##& t/o S9BSTANTIVE iss!es to 0ereso#ed, one re#atin$ to te "anner in /i te MOA-AD /as ne$otiated and na#ied, te oter re#atin$to its %roisions, viz:

'. Did res%ondents io#ate onstit!tiona# and stat!tor& %roisions on %!0#i ons!#tation and te ri$t toinor"ation /en te& ne$otiated and #ater initia#ed te MOA-ADQ

). Do te ontents o te MOA-AD io#ate te Constit!tion and te #a/sQ

ON THE FIRST SUBSTANTIVE ISSUE

Petitioners ino>e teir onstit!tiona# 30) o 0$2o35#0o$ o$ 5#*3+ o2 4/0 o$*3$, as%roided in Setion ?, Arti#e III on te Bi## o Ri$ts:

Se. ?. Te ri$t o te %eo%#e to inor"ation on "atters o %!0#i onern sa## 0ereo$nied. Aess to oia# reords, and to do!"ents, and %a%ers %ertainin$ to oia#ats, transations, or deisions, as /e## as to $oern"ent resear data !sed as 0asis or%o#i& dee#o%"ent, sa## 0e aHorded te itien, s!05et to s! #i"itations as "a& 0e%roided 0& #a/.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

29/220

In te sa"e /a& tat ree dis!ssion ena0#es "e"0ers o soiet& to o%e /it te e+i$enies o teir ti"e,aess to inor"ation o $enera# interest aids te %eo%#e in de"orati deision-"a>in$ 0& $iin$ te" a0etter %ers%etie o te ita# iss!es onrontin$ te nation

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

30/220

Te %o#i& o %!0#i dis#os!re esta0#ises a onrete etia# %rini%#e or te ond!t o %!0#i aHairs in a$en!ine#& o%en de"ora&, /it te %eo%#es ri$t to >no/ as te enter%iee. It is a "andate o te Stateto 0e ao!nta0#e 0& o##o/in$ s! %o#i&. *** #$% Co$3*++ 5#@ 3o +o, M3. P3*+0%0$ O*3, I +#0% *#3/0*3 )# 0 +)o/%055*%0#*/@ 0$*$* )* /05#* o2 )* o$% o2 4/0 ##03+0!t, o o!rse,Con$ress ere "a& no #on$er %ass a #a/ reo>in$ it, or i tis is a%%roed, reo>in$ tis%rini%#e, /i is inonsistent /it tis %o#i&. ee% o%en a ontin!in$ dia#o$!e or %roess o o""!niation0et/een te $oern"ent and te %eo%#e. It is in te interest o te State tat te anne#s or ree %o#itia#

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn126http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn127http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn128http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn129http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn129http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn130http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn126http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn127http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn128http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn129http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn130

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

31/220

dis!ssion 0e "aintained to te end tat te $oern"ent "a& %ereie and 0e res%onsie to te %eo%#es/i##., 0ot /a&s.

+ + + +

MS. ROSARIO BRAID. Mr. Presidin$ Oer, "a& I 5!st "a>e one #ast senteneQ

I )0$> =)*$ =* #/> #4o )* 2**%4#> $*=o3>, =* #3* $o #/>0$ #4o4/0 o0#/+ 4 #/+o $*=o3> o2 30 o o#!nteers and o#!ntar& o""!nit&-0asedor$aniations. So I do not tin> /e are araid tat tere /i## 0e anoter OMA in te "a>in$.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

32/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

33/220

e a s/ee%in$ de#aration on anestra# do"ain, /ito!to"%#&in$ /it te IPRA, /i is ited as one o te TOR o te MOA-AD, 3*+o$%*$+ /*#3/@3#$+*$%*% )* 4o$%#30*+ o2 )*03 #)o30@. As it see"s, een te eart o te MOA-AD is sti##s!05et to neessar& an$es to te #e$a# ra"e/or>. i#e %ara$ra% ? on ;oernane s!s%ends teeHetiit& o a## %roisions re!irin$ an$es to te #e$a# ra"e/or>, s! #a!se is itse# ina#id, as /i## 0edis!ssed in te o##o/in$ setion.

Indeed, o!rs is an o%en soiet&, /it a## te ats o te $oern"ent s!05et to %!0#i sr!tin& and aai#a0#ea#/a&s to %!0#i o$niane. Tis as to 0e so i te o!ntr& is to re"ain de"orati, /it soerei$nt&residin$ in te %eo%#e and a## $oern"ent a!torit& e"anatin$ ro" te".

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

34/220

s%ei&in$ te re#ationsi% 0et/een te Centra# ;oern"ent and te BJE. 3E"%asis and!ndersorin$ s!%%#ied4

Te nat!re o te associati0e re#ationsi% "a& ae 0een intended to 0e dened "ore %reise#& inte sti## to 0e or$ed Co"%reensie Co"%at. Nonete#ess, $ien tat tere is a one%t o assoiation ininternationa# #a/, and te MOA-AD 0& its in#!sion o internationa# #a/ instr!"ents in its TOR %#aed itse#in an internationa# #e$a# onte+t, tat one%t o assoiation "a& 0e 0ro!$t to 0ear in !nderstandin$ te

!se o te ter" associativein te MOA-AD.

eitner and Reis"an state tat

to te MOA-AD, it ontains "an& %roisions /i are onsistent /it te internationa# #e$a# one%to association, s%eia##& te o##o/in$: te BJEs a%ait& to enter into eono"i and trade re#ations /itorei$n o!ntries, te o""it"ent o te Centra# ;oern"ent to ens!re te BJEs %artii%ation in "eetin$s

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn150http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn151http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn152http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn153http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn150http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn151http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn152http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm#_ftn153

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

35/220

and eents in te ASEAN and te s%eia#ied 9N a$enies, and te ontin!in$ res%onsi0i#it& o te Centra#;oern"ent oer e+terna# deense. Moreoer, te BJEs ri$t to %artii%ate in Pi#i%%ine oia# "issions0earin$ on ne$otiation o 0order a$ree"ents, eniron"enta# %rotetion, and sarin$ o reen!es%ertainin$ to te 0odies o /ater ad5aent to or 0et/een te is#ands or"in$ %art o te anestra#do"ain, rese"0#es te ri$t o te $oern"ents o@SM and te Marsa## Is#ands to 0e ons!#ted 0& te9.S. $oern"ent on an& orei$n aHairs "atter aHetin$ te".

Tese %roisions o te MOA indiate, a"on$ oter tin$s, tat te Parties #05*% o

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

36/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

37/220

%o/er in order to ao""odate %ara$ra% 7 o te strand on RESO9RCES /i states: Te BJE is ree toenter into an& eono"i oo%eration and trade re#ations /it orei$n o!ntries: %roided, o/eer, tats! re#ationsi%s and !nderstandin$s do not in#!de a$$ression a$ainst te ;oern"ent o te Re%!0#io te Pi#i%%ines + + +. 9nder o!r onstit!tiona# s&ste", it is on#& te President /o as tat%o/er. *imentel v. 1xecutive "ecretar

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

38/220

304 B#$+# Mo3o *o/*. Tese are itiens /o are 4*/0*

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

39/220

(4 Antro%o#o$ia# dataF

?4 ;enea#o$ia# s!re&sF

84 Pit!res and desri%tie istories o traditiona# o""!na# orests and !ntin$$ro!ndsF

14 Pit!res and desri%tie istories o traditiona# #and"ar>s s! as "o!ntains, riers,ree>s, rid$es, i##s, terraes and te #i>eF and

'*4 rite-!%s o na"es and %#aes deried ro" te natie dia#et o te o""!nit&.

e4 Pre%aration o Ma%s. On te 0asis o s! inesti$ation and te ndin$s o at 0asedtereon, te Anestra# Do"ains Oe o te NCIP sa## %re%are a %eri"eter "a%, o"%#ete/it tenia# desri%tions, and a desri%tion o te nat!ra# eat!res and #and"ar>se"0raed tereinF

4 Re%ort o Inesti$ation and Oter Do!"ents. A o"%#ete o%& o te %re#i"inar& ens!sand a re%ort o inesti$ation, sa## 0e %re%ared 0& te Anestra# Do"ains Oe o te NCIPF

$4 Notie and P!0#iation. A o%& o ea do!"ent, in#!din$ a trans#ation in te natie#an$!a$e o te ICCsIPs onerned sa## 0e %osted in a %ro"inent %#ae terein or at #eastteen 3'24 da&s. A o%& o te do!"ent sa## a#so 0e %osted at te #oa#, %roinia# andre$iona# oes o te NCIP, and sa## 0e %!0#ised in a ne/s%a%er o $enera# ir!#ationone a /ee> or t/o 3)4 onse!tie /ee>s to a##o/ oter #ai"ants to #e o%%osition tereto/itin teen 3'24 da&s ro" date o s! %!0#iation: Proided, Tat in areas /ere no s!ne/s%a%er e+ists, 0roadastin$ in a radio station /i## 0e a a#id s!0stit!te: Proided, !rter,

Tat "ere %ostin$ sa## 0e dee"ed s!ient i 0ot ne/s%a%er and radio station are notaai#a0#eF

4 Endorse"ent to NCIP. itin teen 3'24 da&s ro" %!0#iation, and o te ins%etion%roess, te Anestra# Do"ains Oe sa## %re%are a re%ort to te NCIP endorsin$ aaora0#e ation !%on a #ai" tat is dee"ed to ae s!ient %roo. Go/eer, i te %roois dee"ed ins!ient, te Anestra# Do"ains Oe sa## re!ire te s!0"ission oadditiona# eidene: Proided, Tat te Anestra# Do"ains Oe sa## re5et an& #ai" tatis dee"ed %atent#& a#se or ra!d!#ent ater ins%etion and eriation: Proided, !rter,

Tat in ase o re5etion, te Anestra# Do"ains Oe sa## $ie te a%%#iant d!e notie,o%& !rnised a## onerned, ontainin$ te $ro!nds or denia#. Te denia# sa## 0ea%%ea#a0#e to te NCIP: Proided, !rter"ore, Tat in ases /ere tere are onitin$#ai"s a"on$ ICCsIPs on te 0o!ndaries o anestra# do"ain #ai"s, te Anestra# Do"ainsOe sa## a!se te ontendin$ %arties to "eet and assist te" in o"in$ !% /it a%re#i"inar& reso#!tion o te onit, /ito!t %re5!die to its !## ad5!diation aordin$ tote setion 0e#o/.

+ + + +

To re"oe a## do!0ts a0o!t te irreoni#a0i#it& o te MOA-AD /it te %resent #e$a# s&ste", adis!ssion o not on#& te Constit!tion and do"esti stat!tes, 0!t a#so o internationa# #a/ is in order, or

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

40/220

A30/* II, S*0o$ ; o2 )* Co$+00o$ +#*+ )# )*P)0/00$*+ #%o+ )* *$*3#//@ #**% 30$0/*+ o20$*3$#0o$#/ /#= #+ #3 o2 )* /#= o2 )* /#$%.

A%%#&in$ tis %roision o te Constit!tion, te Co!rt, in Meo7 v. $irector of *risons,no/#ed$e tat te ri$t o a %eo%#e to se#-deter"ination is no/ so /ide#& reo$nied in internationa# onentions tat te %rini%#e as a!ired astat!s 0e&ond onention and is onsidered a $enera# %rini%#e o internationa# #a/.

A"on$ te onentions reerred to are te Internationa# Coenant on Cii# and Po#itia#Ri$ts

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

41/220

+ + + + 3E"%asis, ita#is and !ndersorin$ s!%%#ied4

Te Canadian Co!rt /ent on to dis!ss te e+e%tiona# ases in /i te ri$t to external se#-deter"ination an arise, na"e#&, /ere a %eo%#e is !nder o#onia# r!#e, is s!05et to orei$n do"ination ore+%#oitation o!tside a o#onia# onte+t, and #ess denite#& 0!t asserted 0& a n!"0er o o""entators is

0#o>ed ro" te "eanin$!# e+erise o its ri$t to internal se#-deter"ination.Te Co!rt !#ti"ate#& e#dtat te %o%!#ation o !e0e ad no ri$t to seession, as te sa"e is not !nder o#onia# r!#e or orei$ndo"ination, nor is it 0ein$ de%ried o te reedo" to "a>e %o#itia# oies and %!rs!e eono"i, soia#and !#t!ra# dee#o%"ent, itin$ tat !e0e is e!ita0#& re%resented in #e$is#atie, e+e!tie and 5!diia#instit!tions /itin Canada, een o!%&in$ %ro"inent %ositions terein.

Te e+e%tiona# nat!re o te ri$t o seession is !rter e+e"%#ied in te REPORT O@ TGEINTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE O@ J9RISTS ON TGE LE;AL ASPECTS O@ TGE AALANDISLANDS 9ESTION.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

42/220

ores o e"%ire and on!est.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

43/220

3e4 A$@ 2o35 o2 3o##$%# %*+0$*% o 3o5o* o3 0$0* 3#0#/ o3 *)$0%0+3050$#0o$ %03**% ##0$+ )*5.

A30/* ;1

'. Indi$eno!s %eo%#es ae te ri$t, /ito!t disri"ination, to te i"%roe"ent o teireono"i and soia# onditions, in#!din$, inter a#ia, in te areas o ed!ation,

e"%#o&"ent, oationa# trainin$ and retrainin$, o!sin$, sanitation, ea#t and soia#se!rit&.

). States sa## ta>e eHetie "eas!res and, /ere a%%ro%riate, s%eia# "eas!res to ens!reontin!in$ i"%roe"ent o teir eono"i and soia# onditions. Parti!#ar attentionsa## 0e %aid to te ri$ts and s%eia# needs o indi$eno!s e#ders, /o"en, &o!t,i#dren and %ersons /it disa0i#ities.

A30/* ;6

'. I$%0*$o+ *o/*+ )#

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

44/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

45/220

I 0+, )*3*2o3*, /*#3 )# )* MOA-A o$#0$+ $5*3o+ 3oe eHet !nti# tese #a/s are a"ended. Te& ite %ara$ra% ? o te MOA-AD strand on ;OVERNANCE!oted ear#ier, 0!t /i is re%rod!ed 0e#o/ or oneniene:

?. Te Parties a$ree tat te "eanis"s and "oda#ities or te at!a#i"%#e"entation o tis MOA-AD sa## 0e s%e#t o!t in te Co"%reensie Co"%at to"!t!a##& ta>e s! ste%s to ena0#e it to o!r eHetie#&.

An& %roisions o te MOA-AD re!irin$ a"end"ents to te e+istin$ #e$a# ra"e/or> sa##o"e into ore !%on si$nin$ o a Co"%reensie Co"%at and !%on eHetin$ teneessar& an$es to te #e$a# ra"e/or> /it d!e re$ard to non dero$ation o %riora$ree"ents and /itin te sti%!#ated ti"era"e to 0e ontained in te Co"%reensieCo"%at.

Indeed, te ore$oin$ sti%!#ation >ee%s "an& ontroersia# %roisions o te MOA-AD ro" o"in$into ore !nti# te neessar& an$es to te #e$a# ra"e/or> are eHeted. !)0/* )* =o3% Co$+00o$0+ $o 5*$0o$*% 0$ )* 3o 0+ *3#0$/@ 43o#% *$o) o 0$/%* )* Co$+00o$.

Not/itstandin$ te s!s%ensie #a!se, o/eer, res%ondents, 0& teir "ere at o inor%oratin$ inte MOA-AD te %roisions tereo re$ardin$ te assoiatie re#ationsi% 0et/een te BJE and te Centra#;oern"ent, ae a#read& io#ated te Me"orand!" o Instr!tions @ro" Te President dated Mar ',)**', /i states tat te ne$otiations sa## 0e ond!ted in aordane /it + + + te %rini%#es o tesoerei$nt& and *330o30#/ 0$*30@o te Re%!0#i o te Pi#i%%ines. 3E"%asis s!%%#ied4 Esta0#isin$an assoiatie re#ationsi% 0et/een te BJE and te Centra# ;oern"ent is, or te reasons a#read&

dis!ssed, a %re%aration or inde%endene, or /orse, an i"%#iit a>no/#ed$"ent o an inde%endent stat!sa#read& %reai#in$.

Een a%art ro" te a0oe-"entioned Me"orand!", o/eer, te MOA-AD is deetie 0ea!sete s!s%ensie #a!se is ina#id, as dis!ssed 0e#o/.

Te a!torit& o te ;RP Peae Ne$otiatin$ Pane# to ne$otiate /it te MIL@ is o!nded on E.O. No. 6,Setion 234, /i states tat tere sa## 0e esta0#ised ;oern"ent Peae Ne$otiatin$ Pane#s orne$otiations /it diHerent re0e# $ro!%s to 0e a%%ointed 0& te President as er oia# e"issaries toond!t ne$otiations, dia#o$!es, and ae-to-ae dis!ssions /it re0e# $ro!%s. Tese ne$otiatin$ %ane#sare to re%ort to te President, tro!$ te PAPP on te ond!t and %ro$ress o te ne$otiations.

It 0ears notin$ tat te ;RP Peae Pane#, in e+%#orin$ #astin$ so#!tions to te Moro Pro0#e" tro!$its ne$otiations /it te MIL@, /as not restrited 0& E.O. No. 6 on#& to tose o%tions aai#a0#e !nder te#a/s as te& %resent#& stand. One o te o"%onents o a o"%reensie %eae %roess, /i E.O. No. 6o##etie#& reers to as te Pats to Peae, is te %!rs!it o soia#, eono"i, and %o#itia# reor"s /i"a& re!ire ne/ #e$is#ation or een onstit!tiona# a"end"ents. Se. 73a4 o E.O. No. 6, /i reiteratesSetion 63a4, o E.O. No. ')2,

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

46/220

a. P9RS9IT O@ SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RE@ORMS. Tis o"%onent ino#este , and /i t!s /o!#d re!ire ne/ #e$is#ation andonstit!tiona# a"end"ents.

Te in!ir& on te #e$a#it& o te s!s%ensie #a!se, o/eer, annot sto% ere, 0ea!se it "!st 0e as>ed

=)*)*3 )* P3*+0%*$ )*3+*/2 5#@ *?*30+* )* o=*3%*/*#*% o )* GRP P*#* P#$*/ $%*3 E.O. No. , S*.#.

Te President annot de#e$ate a %o/er tat se erse# does not %ossess. Ma& te President, in teo!rse o %eae ne$otiations, a$ree to %!rs!e reor"s tat /o!#d re!ire ne/ #e$is#ation and onstit!tiona#a"end"ents, or so!#d te reor"s 0e restrited on#& to tose so#!tions /i te %resent #a/s a##o/Q Te

ans/er to tis !estion re!ires a dis!ssion o

)* *?*$ o2 )* P3*+0%*$+ o=*3 o o$% *#*$*o0#0o$+.

Tat te a!torit& o te President to ond!t %eae ne$otiations /it re0e# $ro!%s is not e+%#iit#&"entioned in te Constit!tion does not "ean tat se as no s! a!torit&. In "anla#as v. 1xecutive"ecretar,

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

47/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

48/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

49/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

50/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

51/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

52/220

0e re$arded as a re"ed& or te 0rea. A *#* #3**5*$ =)0) +*/*+#$ 0$*3$#/ #35*% o$0 #$$o 4* #+304*% )* +#5* +#+ #+ o$* =)0)+*/*+ #$ 0$*3$#0o$#/ #35*% o$0 =)0), *++*$0#//@, 5+ 4* 4*=**$=o o3 5o3* =#330$ S#*+. T)* Lo5 A3**5*$ #$$o 4* )#3#*30+*% #+#$ 0$*3$#0o$#/ 0$+35*$.+ + + 3E"%asis, ita#isand !ndersorin$ s!%%#ied4

Si"i#ar#&, tat te MOA-AD /o!#d ae 0een si$ned 0& re%resentaties o States and internationa#

or$aniations not %arties to te A$ree"ent /o!#d not ae s!ed to est in it a 0indin$ arater !nderinternationa# #a/.

In anoter ein, onern as 0een raised tat te MOA-AD /o!#d a"o!nt to a !ni#atera# de#arationo te Pi#i%%ine State, 0indin$ !nder internationa# #a/, tat it /o!#d o"%#& /it a## te sti%!#ations statedterein, /it te res!#t tat it /o!#d ae to a"end its Constit!tion aordin$#& re$ard#ess o te tr!e /i##o te %eo%#e. Cited as a!torit& or tis ie/ is2ustralia v. )rance,no/n as te N!#ear TestsCase, deided 0& te Internationa# Co!rt o J!stie 3ICJ4.

In te N!#ear Tests Case, A!stra#ia a##en$ed 0eore te ICJ te #e$a#it& o @ranes n!#ear tests inte So!t Pai. @rane re!sed to a%%ear in te ase, 0!t %!0#i state"ents ro" its President, andsi"i#ar state"ents ro" oter @ren oia#s in#!din$ its Minister o Deene, tat its '1?7 series oat"os%eri tests /o!#d 0e its #ast, %ers!aded te ICJ to dis"iss te ase.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

53/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

54/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

55/220

Te Co!rt, o/eer, nds tat te %ra&ers or "anda"!s ae 0een rendered "oot in ie/ o teres%ondents ation in %roidin$ te Co!rt and te %etitioners /it te oia# o%& o te na# drat o teMOA-AD and its anne+es.

Te %eo%#es ri$t to inor"ation on "atters o %!0#i onern !nder Se. ?, Arti#e III o te Constit!tion isin splendid smmetr/it te state %o#i& o !## %!0#i dis#os!re o a## its transations ino#in$ %!0#iinterest !nder Se. )8, Arti#e II o te Constit!tion. Te ri$t to inor"ation $!arantees te ri$t o te

%eo%#e to de"and inor"ation, /i#e Setion )8 reo$nies te d!t& o oia#do" to $ie inor"ationeen i no0od& de"ands. Te o"%#ete and eHetie e+erise o te ri$t to inor"ation neessitates tatits o"%#e"entar& %roision on %!0#i dis#os!re derie te sa"e se#-e+e!tor& nat!re, s!05et on#& toreasona0#e sae$!ards or #i"itations as "a& 0e %roided 0& #a/.

Te ontents o te MOA-AD is a "atter o %ara"o!nt %!0#i onern ino#in$ %!0#i interest in tei$est order. In de#arin$ tat te ri$t to inor"ation onte"%#ates ste%s and ne$otiations #eadin$ to teons!""ation o te ontrat, 5!ris%r!dene nds no distintion as to te e+e!tor& nat!re or o""eria#arater o te a$ree"ent.

An essentia# e#e"ent o tese t/in reedo"s is to >ee% a ontin!in$ dia#o$!e or %roess oo""!niation 0et/een te $oern"ent and te %eo%#e. Coro##ar& to tese t/in ri$ts is te desi$n oreed0a> "eanis"s. Te ri$t to %!0#i ons!#tation /as enisioned to 0e a s%eies o tese %!0#iri$ts.

At #east tree %ertinent #a/s ani"ate tese onstit!tiona# i"%eraties and 5!sti& te e+erise o te%eo%#es ri$t to 0e ons!#ted on re#eant "atters re#atin$ to te %eae a$enda.

(ne, E.O. No. 6 itse# is re%#ete /it "eanis or ontin!in$ ons!#tations on 0ot nationa# and #oa#

#ee#s and or a %rini%a# or!" or onsens!s-0!i#din$. In at, it is te d!t& o te Presidentia# Adiser onte Peae Proess to ond!t re$!#ar dia#o$!es to see> re#eant inor"ation, o""ents, adie, andreo""endations ro" %eae %artners and onerned setors o soiet&.

Two, Re%!0#i At No. ?'(* or te Loa# ;oern"ent Code o '11' re!ires a## nationa# oes to ond!tons!#tations 0eore an& %ro5et or %ro$ra" ritia# to te eniron"ent and !"an eo#o$& in#!din$ tosetat "a& a## or te eition o a %arti!#ar $ro!% o %eo%#e residin$ in s! #oa#it&, is i"%#e"entedterein. Te MOA-AD is one %e!#iar %ro$ra" tat !ne!ioa##& and !ni#atera##& ests o/nersi% o a astterritor& to te Ban$sa"oro %eo%#e, /i o!#d %erasie#& and drastia##& res!#t to te dias%ora ordis%#ae"ent o a $reat n!"0er o ina0itants ro" teir tota# eniron"ent.

Three, Re%!0#i At No. 86?' or te Indi$eno!s Peo%#es Ri$ts At o '11? %roides or #ear-!t %roed!reor te reo$nition and de#ineation o anestra# do"ain, /i entai#s, a"on$ oter tin$s, te o0seraneo te ree and %rior inor"ed onsent o te Indi$eno!s C!#t!ra# Co""!nitiesIndi$eno!sPeo%#es. &otabl, the statute does not grant the 1xecutive $epartment or an government agenc the

power to delineate and recognize an ancestral domain claim b mere agreement or compromise.

Te inoation o te dotrine o e+e!tie %rii#e$e as a deense to te $enera# ri$t to inor"ation or tes%ei ri$t to ons!#tation is !ntena0#e. Te ario!s e+%#iit #e$a# %roisions & in te ae o e+e!tie

sere&. In an& eent, res%ondents eHetie#& /aied s! deense ater it !nonditiona##& dis#osed teoia# o%ies o te na# drat o te MOA-AD, or 5!diia# o"%#iane and %!0#i sr!tin&.

IN S9M, te Presidentia# Adiser on te Peae Proess o""itted $rae a0!se o disretion /en e ai#edto arr& o!t te %ertinent ons!#tation %roess, as "andated 0& E.O. No. 6, Re%!0#i At No. ?'(*, andRe%!0#i At No. 86?'. Te !rtie %roess 0& /i te MOA-AD /as desi$ned and rated r!ns ontrar&to and in e+ess o te #e$a# a!torit&, and a"o!nts to a /i"sia#, a%riio!s, o%%ressie, ar0itrar& anddes%oti e+erise tereo. It i##!strates a $ross easion o %ositie d!t& and a irt!a# re!sa# to %eror" ted!t& en5oined.

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

56/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

57/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

58/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

59/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

60/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

61/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

62/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

63/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

64/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

65/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

66/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

67/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

68/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

69/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

70/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

71/220

Insoar as initiatie to %ro%ose a"end"ents to te Constit!tion is onerned, R.A. No. (?62 "isera0#&ai#ed to satis& 0ot re!ire"ents in s!0ordinate #e$is#ation. Te de#e$ation o te %o/er to te COMELECis ten ina#id.

III

COMELEC RESOL9TION NO. )6**, INSO@AR AS IT PRESCRIBES R9LES AND RE;9LATIONS ON TGECOND9CT O@ INITIATIVE ON AMENDMENTS TO TGE CONSTIT9TION, IS VOID.

It #o$ia##& o##o/s tat te COMELEC annot a#id#& %ro"!#$ate r!#es and re$!#ations to i"%#e"ent tee+erise o te ri$t o te %eo%#e to diret#& %ro%ose a"end"ents to te Constit!tion tro!$ te s&ste"o initiatie. It does not ae tat %o/er !nder R.A. No. (?62. Re#iane on te COMELECs %o/er !nderSetion )3'4 o Arti#e IK-C o te Constit!tion is "is%#aed, or te #a/s and re$!#ations reerred to tereinare tose %ro"!#$ated 0& te COMELEC !nder 3a4 Setion 6 o Arti#e IK-C o te Constit!tion, or 304 a #a//ere s!0ordinate #e$is#ation is a!toried and /i satises te o"%#eteness and te s!ientstandard tests.

IV

COMELEC ACTED ITGO9T J9RISDICTION OR ITG ;RAVE AB9SE O@ DISCRETION IN ENTERTAININ;TGE DEL@IN PETITION.

Een i it 0e oneded ex gratiatat R.A. No. (?62 is a !## o"%#iane /it te %o/er o Con$ress toi"%#e"ent te ri$t to initiate onstit!tiona# a"end"ents, or tat it as a#id#& ested !%on te COMELECte %o/er o s!0ordinate #e$is#ation and tat COMELEC Reso#!tion No. )6** is a#id, te COMELEC ated/ito!t 5!risdition or /it $rae a0!se o disretion in entertainin$ te De#n Petition.

9nder Setion ) o Arti#e KVII o te Constit!tion and Setion 2304 o R.A. No. (?62, a %etition or initiatieon te Constit!tion "!st 0e si$ned 0& at #east ') o te tota# n!"0er o re$istered oters o /i eere$is#atie distrit is re%resented 0& at #east 6 o te re$istered oters terein. Te De#n Petition doesnot ontain si$nat!res o te re!ired n!"0er o oters. De#n i"se# ad"its tat e as not &et $ateredsi$nat!res and tat te %!r%ose o is %etition is %ri"ari#& to o0tain assistane in is drie to $atersi$nat!res. ito!t te re!ired si$nat!res, te %etition annot 0e dee"ed a#id#& initiated.

Te COMELEC a!ires 5!risdition oer a %etition or initiatie on#& ater its #in$. Te %etition ten iste initiator pleading. Notin$ 0eore its #in$ is o$nia0#e 0& te COMELEC, sittin$ en banc. Te on#&%artii%ation o te COMELEC or its %ersonne# 0eore te #in$ o s! %etition are 3'4 to %resri0e te or"o te %etitionF 63)4 to iss!e tro!$ its E#etion Reords and Statistis Oe a ertiate on te tota#n!"0er o re$istered oters in ea #e$is#atie distritF 6

364 to assist, tro!$ its e#etion re$istrars, in teesta0#is"ent o si$nat!re stationsF 6:and 374 to eri&, tro!$ its e#etion re$istrars, te si$nat!res onte 0asis o te re$istr& #ist o oters, oters adaits, and oters identiation ards !sed in tei""ediate#& %reedin$ e#etion. 66

Sine te De#n Petition is not te initiator& %etition !nder R.A. No. (?62 and COMELEC Reso#!tion No.)6**, it annot 0e entertained or $ien o$niane o 0& te COMELEC. Te res%ondent Co""ission "!stae >no/n tat te %etition does not a## !nder an& o te ations or %roeedin$s !nder te COMELECR!#es o Proed!re or !nder Reso#!tion No. )6**, or /i reason it did not assi$n to te %etition a do>et

n!"0er. Gene, te said %etition /as "ere#& entered as 9ND, "eanin$, undoc#eted. Tat %etition /asnotin$ "ore tan a "ere sra% o %a%er, /i so!#d not ae 0een di$nied 0& te Order o (Dee"0er '11(, te earin$ on ') Dee"0er '11(, and te order diretin$ De#n and te o%%ositors to#e teir "e"oranda or o%%ositions. In so di$ni&in$ it, te COMELEC ated /ito!t 5!risdition or /it$rae a0!se o disretion and "ere#& /asted its ti"e, ener$&, and reso!res.

Te ore$oin$ onsidered, !rter dis!ssion on te iss!e o /eter te %ro%osa# to #it te ter" #i"its oe#etie nationa# and #oa# oia#s is an amendmentto, and not a revisiono, te Constit!tion is rendered!nneessar&, i not aade"i.

CONCL9SION

Tis %etition "!st ten 0e $ranted, and te COMELEC so!#d 0e %er"anent#& en5oined ro" entertainin$or ta>in$ o$niane o an& %etition or initiatie on a"end"ents to te Constit!tion !nti# a s!ient #a/sa## ae 0een a#id#& enated to %roide or te i"%#e"entation o te s&ste".

e ee#, o/eer, tat te s&ste" o initiatie to %ro%ose a"end"ents to te Constit!tion so!#d no#on$er 0e >e%t in te o#dF it so!#d 0e $ien es and 0#ood, ener$& and stren$t. Con$ress so!#d nottarr& an& #on$er in o"%#&in$ /it te onstit!tiona# "andate to %roide or te i"%#e"entation o teri$t o te %eo%#e !nder tat s&ste".

GERE@ORE, 5!d$"ent is ere0& rendered

a4 ;RANTIN; te instant %etitionF

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

72/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

73/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

74/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

75/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

76/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

77/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

78/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

79/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

80/220

Transitor& Proisions /ere ina!rate#& stated and ai#ed to orret#& reet teir %ro%oseda"end"ents.

Te La"0ino ;ro!% did not a##e$e tat te& /ere a"endin$ te %etition 0ea!se te a"ended %etition/as /at te& ad so/n to te %eo%#e d!rin$ te @e0r!ar& to A!$!st )**( si$nat!re-$aterin$. Instead,te La"0ino ;ro!% a##e$ed tat te %etition o )2 A!$!st )**( ina!rate#& stated and ai#ed to orret#&reet teir %ro%osed a"end"ents.

Te La"0ino ;ro!% $*

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

81/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

82/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

83/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

84/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

85/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

86/220

In Ca#iornia /ere te initiatie #a!se a##o/s a"end"ents 0!t not reisions to te onstit!tion 5!st #i>e ino!r Constit!tion, o!rts ae dee#o%ed a =o-#3 *+: te !antitatie test and te !a#itatie test.

Te !antitatie test as>s /eter te %ro%osed an$e is so e+tensie in its %roisions as to an$ediret#& te s!0stantia# entiret& o te onstit!tion 0& te de#etion or a#teration o n!"ero!s e+istin$%roisions.6(Te o!rt e+a"ines on#& te n!"0er o %roisions aHeted and does not onsider te de$reeo te an$e.

Te !a#itatie test in!ires into te !a#itatie eHets o te %ro%osed an$e in te onstit!tion. Te"ain in!ir& is /eter te an$e /i## ao"%#is s! ar reain$ an$es in te nat!re o o!r 0asi

$oern"enta# %#an as to a"o!nt to a reision.6?

eter tere is an a#teration in te str!t!re o$oern"ent is a %ro%er s!05et o in!ir&. T!s, a an$e in te nat!re o and 0a#anes.61

9nder 0ot te !antitatie and !a#itatie tests, te La"0ino ;ro!%s initiatie is a reision and not"ere#& an a"end"ent. !antitatie#&, te La"0ino ;ro!%s %ro%osed an$es oera!# t/o arti#es -Arti#e VI on te Le$is#at!re and Arti#e VII on te E+e!tie - aHetin$ a tota# o '*2 %roisions in teentire Constit!tion.7*!a#itatie#&, te %ro%osed an$es a#ter s!0stantia##& te 0asi %#an o $oern"ent,ro" %residentia# to %ar#ia"entar&, and ro" a 0ia"era# to a !nia"era# #e$is#at!re.

A an$e in te str!t!re o $oern"ent is a reision o te Constit!tion, as /en te tree $reat o-e!a#

0ranes o $oern"ent in te %resent Constit!tion are red!ed into t/o. T)0+ #/*3+ )* +*#3#0o$ o2o=*3+ 0$ )* Co$+00o$. A sit ro" te %resent Bia"era#-Presidentia# s&ste" to a 9nia"era#-Par#ia"entar& s&ste" is a reision o te Constit!tion. Mer$in$ te #e$is#atie and e+e!tie 0ranes is aradia# an$e in te str!t!re o $oern"ent.

Te a0o#ition a#one o te Oe o te President as te #o!s o E+e!tie Po/er a#ters te se%aration o%o/ers and t!s onstit!tes a reision o te Constit!tion. Li>e/ise, te a0o#ition a#one o one a"0er oCon$ress a#ters te s&ste" o e>s-and-0a#anes /itin te #e$is#at!re and onstit!tes a reision o teConstit!tion.

B@ #$@ /*#/ *+ #$% $%*3 #$@ 30+%00o$, a sit ro" a Bia"era#-Presidentia# to a 9nia"era#-Par#ia"entar& s&ste", ino#in$ te a0o#ition o te Oe o te President and te a0o#ition o onea"0er o Con$ress, is 0e&ond do!0t a reision, not a "ere a"end"ent. On te ae a#one o te

La"0ino ;ro!%s %ro%osed an$es, it is readi#& a%%arent tat te an$es /i## 3#%0#//@ #/*3 )*23#5*=o3> o2 o

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

87/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

88/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

89/220

Setion ). 9%on te e+%iration o te ter" o te in!"0ent President and Vie President, /it tee+e%tion o Setions ', ), 6, 7, 2, ( and ? o Arti#e VI o te '18? Constit!tion /i sa## ere0&0e a"ended and Setions '8 and )7 /i sa## 0e de#eted, a## oter Setions o Arti#e VI areere0& retained and ren!"0ered se!entia##& as Setion ), ad seriati" !% to )(, $/*++ )*@ #3*0$o$+0+*$ =0) )* P#3/0#5*$#3@ +@+*5 o2 o

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

90/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

91/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

92/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

93/220

re%#enis"ent, "aintenane, and re/ #i0ert&.Y7 On Jan!ar& (, )*'6, te si% #et Sase0o, Ja%an or S!0iBa&, arriin$ on Jan!ar& '6, )*'6 ater a 0rie sto% or !e# in O>ina/a, Ja%an.

On Jan!ar& '2, )*'6, te %"" 3uardiande%arted S!0i Ba& or its ne+t %ort o a## in Ma>assar, Indonesia.On Jan!ar& '?, )*'6 at ):)* a.". /i#e transitin$ te S!#! Sea, te si% ran a$ro!nd on te nort/est sideo So!t Soa# o te T!00ataa Rees, a0o!t 8* "i#es east-so!teast o Pa#a/an. No one /as in5!red inte inident, and tere ae 0een no re%orts o #ea>in$ !e# or oi#.

On Jan!ar& )*, )*'6, 9.S. ?t@#eet Co""ander, Vie Ad"ira# Sott S/it, e+%ressed re$ret or te inidentin a %ress state"ent.2Li>e/ise, 9S A"0assador to te Pi#i%%ines Garr& . To"as, Jr., in a "eetin$ at teDe%art"ent o @orei$n AHairs 3D@A4 on @e0r!ar& 7, Xreiterated is re$rets oer te $ro!ndin$ inident andass!red @orei$n AHairs Seretar& A#0ert @. de# Rosario tat te 9nited States /i## %roide a%%ro%riateo"%ensation or da"a$e to te ree a!sed 0& te si%.Y(B& Mar 6*, )*'6, te 9S Na&-#ed sa#a$etea" ad nised re"oin$ te #ast %iee o te $ro!nded si% ro" te ora# ree.

On A%ri# '?, )*'6, te a0oe-na"ed %etitioners on teir 0ea# and in re%resentation o teir res%etiesetoror$aniation and oters, in#!din$ "inors or $enerations &et !n0orn, #ed te %resent %etitiona$ainst Sott G. S/it in is a%ait& as Co""ander o te 9S ? t@#eet, Mar> A. Rie in is a%ait& asCo""andin$ Oer o te %"" 3uardianand Lt. ;en. Terr& ;. Ro0#in$, 9S Marine Cor%s @ores, Paiand 0ali#atan)*'6 E+erises Co-Diretor 3X9S res%ondentsY4F President Beni$no S. A!ino III in isa%ait& as Co""ander-in-Cie o te Ar"ed @ores o te Pi#i%%ines 3A@P4, D@A Seretar& A#0ert @. De#Rosario, E+e!tie Seretar& Pa!ito Ooa, Jr., Seretar& Vo#taire T. ;a"in 3De%art"ent o Nationa#Deense4, Seretar& Jes!s P. Pa5e 3De%art"ent o Eniron"ent and Nat!ra# Reso!res4, Vie-Ad"ira# JoseL!is M. A#ano 3Pi#i%%ine Na& @#a$ Oer in Co""and, A@P4, Ad"ira# Rodo#o D. Isorena 3Pi#i%%ine Coast;!ard Co""andant4, Co""odore Enrio Eren Ean$e#ista 3Pi#i%%ine Coast ;!ard-Pa#a/an4, and Ma5or;enera# Vir$i#io O. Do"in$o 3A@P Co""andant4, o##etie#& te XPi#i%%ine res%ondents.Y

T)* P*00o$

Petitioners #ai" tat te $ro!ndin$, sa#a$in$ and %ost-sa#a$in$ o%erations o te %"" 3uardiana!seand ontin!e to a!se eniron"enta# da"a$e o s! "a$nit!de as to aHet te %roines o Pa#a/an,Anti!e, A>#an, ;!i"aras, I#oi#o, Ne$ros Oidenta#, Ne$ros Orienta#, Za"0oan$a de# Norte, Basi#an, S!#!,and Ta/i-Ta/i, /i eents io#ate teir onstit!tiona# ri$ts to a 0a#aned and ea#t!# eo#o$&. Te&a#so see> a diretie ro" tis Co!rt or te instit!tion o ii#, ad"inistratie and ri"ina# s!its or ats

o""itted in io#ation o eniron"enta# #a/s and re$!#ations in onnetion /it te $ro!ndin$ inident.

S%eia##&, %etitioners ite te o##o/in$ io#ations o""itted 0& 9S res%ondents !nder R.A. No. '**(?:!na!toried entr& 3Setion '14F non-%a&"ent o onseration ees 3Setion )'4F o0str!tion o #a/enore"ent oer 3Setion 6*4F da"a$es to te ree 3Setion )*4F and destro&in$ and dist!r0in$reso!res 3Setion )(

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

94/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

95/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

96/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

97/220

o%eration a$ainst te o"%#ainant and tereater testied a$ainst i" at is tria#. It o##o/s tat ordisar$in$ teir d!ties as a$ents o te 9nited States, te& annot 0e diret#& i"%#eaded or atsi"%!ta0#e to teir %rini%a#, /i as not $ien its onsent to 0e s!ed.

Tis traditiona# r!#e o State i""!nit& /i e+e"%ts a State ro" 0ein$ s!ed in te o!rts o anoterState /ito!t te or"er[s onsent or /aier as eo#ed into a restritie dotrine /i distin$!isessoerei$n and $oern"enta# ats ro" %riate, o""eria# and %ro%rietar& ats 3uregestionis4. 9nder te restritie r!#e o State i""!nit&, State i""!nit& e+tends on#& to atsure imperii.

Te restritie a%%#iation o State i""!nit& is %ro%er on#& /en te %roeedin$s arise o!t o o""eria#transations o te orei$n soerei$n, its o""eria# atiities or eono"i aHairs.)7ra#a/#a/#i0rar&

In "hauf v. Court of 2ppeals,)2/e dis!ssed te #i"itations o te State i""!nit& %rini%#e,t!s:anRo0#esirt!a#La/#i0rar&

I 0+ # %0*3*$ 5#*3 =)*3* )* 4/0 o0#/ 0+ 5#%* o #o$ 0$ )0+ ##0@ #+ +) 2o3#+ o$3#3@ o /#= #$% 0$30o+ o )* 30)+ o2 /#0$0.As /as #ear#& set ort 0& J!stieZa#diar in $irector of the 0ureau of Telecommunications, et al. vs. 2ligaen, etc., et al. : XInas"! as teState a!tories on#& #e$a# ats 0& its oers, !na!toried ats o $oern"ent oia#s or oers are notats o te State, and an ation a$ainst te oia#s or oers 0& one /ose ri$ts ae 0een inaded orio#ated 0& s! ats, or te %rotetion o is ri$ts, is not a s!it a$ainst te State /itin te r!#e oi""!nit& o te State ro" s!it. In te sa"e tenor, it as 0een said tat an ation at #a/ or s!it in e!it&a$ainst a State oer or te diretor o a State de%art"ent on te $ro!nd tat, /i#e #ai"in$ to at or

te State, e io#ates or inades te %ersona# and %ro%ert& ri$ts o te %#aintiH, !nder an !nonstit!tiona#at or !nder an ass!"%tion o a!torit& /i e does not ae, is not a s!it a$ainst te State /itin teonstit!tiona# %roision tat te State "a& not 0e s!ed /ito!t its onsent.Y Te rationa#e or tis r!#in$ istat te dotrine o state i""!nit& annot 0e !sed as an instr!"ent or %er%etratin$ an in5!stie.

+ + + +

Te aoreited a!torities are #ear on te "atter. Te& state tat )* %o30$* o2 055$0@ 23o5 +0=0// $o #/@ #$% 5#@ $o 4* 0$*% =)*3* )* 4/0 o0#/ 0+ 4*0$ +*% 0$ )0+ 30 o %rotetion aHorded te oers and a$ents ote $oern"ent is re"oed te "o"ent te& are s!ed in teir indiid!a# a%ait&. Tis sit!ation !s!a##&arises /ere te %!0#i oia# ats /ito!t a!torit& or in e+ess o te %o/ers ested in i". It is a /e##-sett#ed %rini%#e o #a/ tat # 4/0 o0#/ 5#@ 4* /0#4/* 0$ )0+ *3+o$#/ 30

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

98/220

$ies oasta# States "ore or #ess 5!risdition oer orei$n esse#s de%endin$ on /ere te esse# is#oated.6'ra#a/#a/#i0rar&

Insoar as te interna# /aters and territoria# sea is onerned, te Coasta# State e+erises soerei$nt&,s!05et to te 9NCLOS and oter r!#es o internationa# #a/. S! soerei$nt& e+tends to te air s%ae oerte territoria# sea as /e## as to its 0ed and s!0soi#.6)ra#a/#a/#i0rar&

In te ase o /arsi%s,66as %ointed o!t 0& J!stie Car%io, te& ontin!e to en5o& soerei$n i""!nit&s!05et to te o##o/in$ e+e%tions:anRo0#esirt!a#La/#i0rar&

2rticle 5&on-compliance b warships with the laws and regulations

of the coastal "tate

I an& /arsi% does not o"%#& /it te #a/s and re$!#ations o te oasta# State onernin$ %assa$etro!$ te territoria# sea and disre$ards an& re!est or o"%#iane tere/it /i is "ade to it, teoasta# State "a& re!ire it to #eae te territoria# sea i""ediate#&.

2rticle 5esponsibilit of the Fag "tate for damage caused b a warshipor other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes

Te a$ State sa## 0ear internationa# res%onsi0i#it& or an&/o++ o3 %#5#* o )* o#+#/ S#*3*+/0$ 23o5 )* $o$-o5/0#$* 4@ # =#3+)0 o3 o)*3 o

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

99/220

states in teir internal waters, s! as te S!#! Sea in tis ase.Y

As to te non-ratiation 0& te 9S, J!stie Car%io e"%asies tat Xte 9S[ re!sa# to 5oin te 9NCLOS/as entered on its disa$ree"ent /it 9NCLOS[ re$i"e o dee% sea0ed "inin$ 3Part KI4 /i onsiderste oeans and dee% sea0ed o""on#& o/ned 0& "an>ind,Y %ointin$ o!t tat s! Xas notin$ to do/it its s a$ainst X5!risditiona# ree%Y 0& %reentin$ oasta# nationsro" e+%andin$ teir o/n "ariti"e onesF and rear"s soerei$n i""!nit& o /arsi%s, a!+i#iaries and$oern"ent airrat.

+ + + +

Eono"ia##&, aession to te Conention /o!#d s!%%ort o!r nationa# interests 0& enanin$ te a0i#it& ote 9S to assert its soerei$n ri$ts oer te reso!res o one o te #ar$est ontinenta# se#es in te/or#d. @!rter, it is te La/ o te Sea Conention tat rst esta0#ised te one%t o a "ariti"e

E+#!sie Eono"i Zone o!t to )** na!tia# "i#es, and reo$nied te ri$ts o oasta# states to onsereand "ana$e te nat!ra# reso!res in tis Zone.62anro0#es#a/

e !##& on!r /it J!stie Car%io[s ie/ tat non-"e"0ersi% in te 9NCLOS does not "ean tat te 9S/i## disre$ard te ri$ts o te Pi#i%%ines as a Coasta# State oer its interna# /aters and territoria# sea. et!s e+%et te 9S to 0ear Xinternationa# res%onsi0i#it&Y !nder Art. 6' in onnetion /it te %""3uardian$ro!ndin$ /i aderse#& aHeted te T!00ataa rees. Indeed, it is di!#t to i"a$ine tat o!r#on$-ti"e a##& and tradin$ %artner, /i as 0een atie#& s!%%ortin$ te o!ntr&[s eHorts to %resere o!rita# "arine reso!res, /o!#d sir> ro" its o0#i$ation to o"%ensate te da"a$e a!sed 0& its /arsi%/i#e transitin$ o!r interna# /aters. M! #ess an /e o"%reend a ;oern"ent e+erisin$ #eadersi% ininternationa# aHairs, !n/i##in$ to o"%#& /it te 9NCLOS diretie or a## nations to oo%erate in te$#o0a# tas> to %rotet and %resere te "arine eniron"ent as %roided in Arti#e

'1?, viz:anRo0#esirt!a#La/#i0rar&

2rticle 8;Cooperation on a global or regional basis

States sa## oo%erate on a $#o0a# 0asis and, as a%%ro%riate, on a re$iona# 0asis, diret#& or tro!$o"%etent internationa# or$aniations, in or"!#atin$ and e#a0oratin$ internationa# r!#es, standards andreo""ended %raties and %roed!res onsistent /it tis Conention, or te %rotetion and%reseration o te "arine eniron"ent, ta>in$ into ao!nt arateristi re$iona# eat!res.

In ne, te re#eane o 9NCLOS %roisions to te %resent ontroers& is 0e&ond dis%!te. A#to!$ te

said treat& !%o#ds te i""!nit& o /arsi%s ro" te 5!risdition o Coasta# States /i#e nai$atin$ te#atter[s territoria# sea, te a$ States sa## 0e re!ired to #eae te territoria# sea i""ediate#& i te& o!tte #a/s and re$!#ations o te Coasta# State, and te& /i## 0e #ia0#e or da"a$es a!sed 0& teir /arsi%sor an& oter $oern"ent esse# o%erated or non-o""eria# %!r%oses !nder Arti#e 6'.

Petitioners ar$!e tat tere is a /aier o i""!nit& ro" s!it o!nd in te V@A. Li>e/ise, te& ino>eedera# stat!tes in te 9S !nder /i a$enies o te 9S ae stat!tori#& /aied teir i""!nit& to an&ation. Een !nder te o""on #a/ tort #ai"s, %etitioners asseerate tat te 9S res%ondents are #ia0#eor ne$#i$ene, tres%ass and n!isane.

e are not %ers!aded.

Te V@A is an a$ree"ent /i denes te treat"ent o 9nited States troo%s and %ersonne# isitin$ te

Pi#i%%ines to %ro"ote Xo""on se!rit& interestsY 0et/een te 9S and te Pi#i%%ines in te re$ion. It%roides or te $!ide#ines to $oern s! isits o "i#itar& %ersonne#, and !rter denes te ri$ts o te9nited States and te Pi#i%%ine $oern"ent in te "atter o ri"ina# 5!risdition, "oe"ent o esse# andairrat, i"%ortation and e+%ortation o e!i%"ent, "ateria#s and s!%%#ies.6(Te inoation o 9S edera#tort #a/s and een o""on #a/ is t!s i"%ro%er onsiderin$ tat it is te V@A /i $oerns dis%!tesino#in$ 9S "i#itar& si%s and re/ nai$atin$ Pi#i%%ine /aters in %!rs!ane o te o05eties o tea$ree"ent.

As it is, te /aier o State i""!nit& !nder te V@A %ertains on#& to ri"ina# 5!risdition and not to s%eia#ii# ations s! as te %resent %etition or iss!ane o a /rit o @ali#asan.In at, it an 0e inerred ro"Setion '?, R!#e ? o te R!#es tat a ri"ina# ase a$ainst a %erson ar$ed /it a io#ation o aneniron"enta# #a/ is to 0e #ed se%arate#&:anRo0#esirt!a#La/#i0rar&

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

100/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

101/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

102/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

103/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

104/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

105/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

106/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

107/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

108/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

109/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

110/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

111/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

112/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

113/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

114/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

115/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

116/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

117/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

118/220

64 Meas!res are !nderta>en to ens!re tat te e+%#oration is 0ein$ done /it te #east da"a$e tos!rro!ndin$ areas.'*7

e do not a$ree /it te ar$!"ents raised 0& te %!0#i res%ondents.

Setions ') and '7 o te NIPAS At read:anro0#esirt!a##a/#i0rar&

SECTION 1;.Eniron"enta# I"%at Assess"ent. - Pro%osa#s or atiities /i are o!tside te so%e ote "ana$e"ent %#an or %roteted areas sa## 0e s!05et to an eniron"enta# i"%at assess"ent as

re!ired 0& #a/ 0eore te& are ado%ted, and te res!#ts tereo sa## 0e ta>en into onsideration in tedeision-"a>in$ %roess.

No at!a# i"%#e"entation o s! atiities sa## 0e a##o/ed /ito!t te re!ired Eniron"enta#Co"%#iane Certiate 3ECC4 !nder te Pi#i%%ine Eniron"enta# I"%at Assess"ent 3EIA4 s&ste". Ininstanes /ere s! atiities are a##o/ed to 0e !nderta>en, te %ro%onent sa## %#an and arr& te" o!tin s! "anner as /i## "ini"ie an& aderse eHets and ta>e %reentie and re"edia# ation /ena%%ro%riate. Te %ro%onent sa## 0e #ia0#e or an& da"a$e d!e to #a> o a!tion or indisretion.

SECTION 1.S!re& or Ener$& Reso!res. - Consistent /it te %o#iies de#ared in Setion ) ereo,%roteted areas, e+e%t strit nat!re reseres and nat!ra# %ar>s, "a& 0e s!05eted to e+%#oration on#& orte %!r%ose o $aterin$ inor"ation on ener$& reso!res and on#& i s! atiit& is arried o!t /it te#east da"a$e to s!rro!ndin$ areas. S!re&s sa## 0e ond!ted on#& in aordane /it a %ro$ra"

a%%roed 0& te DENR, and te res!#t o s! s!re&s sa## 0e "ade aai#a0#e to te %!0#i and s!0"ittedto te President or reo""endation to Con$ress. An& e+%#oitation and !ti#iation o ener$& reso!reso!nd /itin NIPAS areas sa## 0e a##o/ed on#& tro!$ a #a/ %assed 0& Con$ress.

It is tr!e tat te restritions o!nd !nder te NIPAS At are not /ito!t e+e%tions. Go/eer, =)0/* #$*?/o3#0o$ %o$* 2o3 )* 3o+* o2 +3

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

119/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

120/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

121/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

122/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

123/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

124/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

125/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

126/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

127/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

128/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

129/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

130/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

131/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

132/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

133/220

7/25/2019 Polirev Cases 20160625

134/220

In tis 5!risdition, te ri$t to #ie is $ien "ore tan a"%#e %rotetion. Setion ', Arti#e III o teConstit!tion %roides:

Setion '. No %erson sa## 0e de%ried o #ie, #i0ert&, or %ro%ert& /ito!t d!e %roess o #a/, nor sa## an&%erson 0e denied te e!a# %rotetion o te #a/s.

As e+%o!nded ear#ier, te !se o ontrae%ties