Poli+Digests+Art+VI+&+Art+VII

7/23/2019 Poli+Digests+Art+VI+&+Art+VII

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/polidigestsartviartvii 1/89

ART VI – SEC 1 : NON-DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS

147. PEOPLE VS. ROSENTHAL

• Osmena and Rsen!"a# a$e $%an&'e$s ( !"e ORO O&# Cm)an* +"&," +as

en%a%ed &n m&n&n% a,!&&!&es.

• T"e* a$e a##e%ed ! "ae &#a!ed !"e ACT /01: L2E S3 LAW – 5* se##&n%s)e,6#a!&e se,6$&!&es +&!"6! (&$s! 5!a&n&n% !"e +$&!!en )e$m&! $ #&,ense ($m!"e Ins6#a$ T$eas6$e$.

• T"e s"a$es a$e sa&d ! 5e s)e,6#a!&e 5e,a6se !"e&$ a#6e ma!e$&a##* de)ended

6)n a )$m&se ( (6!6$e )$m!&n and dee#)men! ( !"e &# 56s&ness $a!"e$

!"an 5ased n a,!6a# !an%&5#e asse!s.

• RTC: (6nd !"em %6&#!*.

• On a))ea# !"e* assa&# !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( !"e #a+ !"a! &! ,n!$aenes !"e

,ns!&!6!&na# )$&s&ns ( !"e 8ONES ACT 5e,a6se !"e #a+ ,ns!&!6!es 2ND2E

DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS ! !"e INS2LAR TREAS2RER.

• 2nde$ !"e SL a## )e$sns +" ((e$ ! se## se,6$&!&es ! !"e )65#&, m6s! 5!a&n

#&,ense ($m !"e IT. T"e #&,ense ! se## &s &ss6ed n#* +"enee$ !"e IT &s sa!&s(&ed

!"a! !"e a))#&,an! "as ,m)#&ed +&!" !"e )$&s&ns ( !"e SL.• F6$!"e$m$e !"e SL )$&des !"a! !"e IT s"a## "ae a6!"$&!* whenever in his

judgment it is in the public interest ! ,an,e# sa&d #&,ense $ )e$m&!.

• Osmena and Rsen!"a# a$%6e "+ee$ !"a! !"e SL )$&des NO STANDARD $

R2LE +"&," ,an %6&de !"e IT &n de!e$m&n&n% !"e ,ases &n +"&," a ,e$!&(&,a!e $

)e$m&! 6%"! ! 5e &ss6ed $ ,an,e##ed !"e$e5* ma9&n% "&s )&n&n !"e s#e,$&!e$&n. Cnse6en!#* !"e* a$%6e #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s "ae 5een 6nd6#*

de#e%a!ed ! !"e Ins6#a$ T$eas6$e$.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ !"e SL )$&des a s6((&,&en! s!anda$d ($ !"e IT &n $ea,"&n% a de,&s&n$e%a$d&n% !"e &ss6an,e $ ,an,e##a!&n ( a #&,ense $ )e$m&!.

W"e!"e$ !"e$e +as 6nd6e de#e%a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s.

SC:

LAW VALID. S2FFICIENT STANDARD.In &e+ ( !"e &n!en! and )6$)se ( !"e SL ! )$!e,! !"e )65#&, a%a&ns!

SPECULATIVE SCHEMES HICH HAVE !" M"#E $ASIS THA! S" MA!% &EET "&$LUE S'% and a%a&ns! !"e SALE "& ST"C' $% &L%($%(!I)HT C"!CE#!S*

VISI"!A#% "IL ELLS* +ISTA!T )"L+ MI!ES*

P2LIC INTEREST &n !"&s ,ase &s a s6((&,&en! s!anda$d ! %6&de !"e Ins6#a$ T$eas6$e$.T"e$e &s n 6nd6e de#e%a!&n ( a6!"$&!* s&n,e !"e$e &s a s!a!ed ,$&!e$&n – )65#&,

&n!e$es!. I! &s a m&s!a9en ass6m)!&n !"a! !"&s &s a me$e %ene$a# $e(e$en,e ! )65#&,+e#(a$e +&!"6! an* s!anda$d ! %6&de de!e$m&na!&ns.

1. THE P2RPOSE OF THE ACT. THE RE;2IRE<ENTS I<POSED and

=. THE CONTE>T OF THE PROVISIONS

a## s"+ !"a! !"e$e &s a s!a!ed ,$&!e$&n.

A#s !"e de,&s&ns ( !"e IT &s a))ea#a5#e ! !"e Se,$e!a$* ( F&nan,e "en,e !"e ITdes n! a,! and de,&de +&!"6! an* $es!$a&n&n% &n(#6en,e.

+eleg,te p-test,s n-n p-test deleg,re.



140. AG2STIN VS. ED2.

• P$es&den! <a$,s &ss6ed LOI ? @ )$&d&n% ($ EWD ($ a## m!$ e"&,#es.

• I! )$&des !"a! a## m!$ e"&,#es s"a## "ae a! #eas! 1 PAIR ( EWD ,ns&s!&n% (

!$&an%6#a$ and $e(#e,!$&'ed &n *e##+ and $ed ! 5e 6sed +"en !"e e"&,#e &ss!a##ed ($ m$e !"an = m&n6!es.

• T"e LOI (6$!"e$ )$&ded !"a! !"e LAND TRANSPORTATION CO<<ISSION sh,ll

pr-mulg,te rules ,nd regul,ti-ns ,s ,re ,ppr-pri,te t- e//ectivel0 implement theL"I.

• A%6s!&n – +as !"e +ne$ ( a VW ee!#e e6&))ed +&!" LIN3ING LIGHTS. He

a$%6es !"a! !"ese #&%"!s ,6#d e$* +e## se$ed as !"e EWD.

• A%6s!&n (6$!"e$ a$%6es !"a! !"e LOI &s &na#&d 5e,a6se &! ,#ea$#* &#a!es !"e

de#e%a!&n ( )#&,e )+e$s and !"a! &! &n($&n%es n !"e nn-de#e%a!&n (

#e%&s#a!&e )+e$s. I! ,#a&ms !"a! !"e LOI @ "as n s!anda$d.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ !"e LOI )$&ded a s!anda$d &n !"e LTCBs &m)#emen!a!&n.

SC:LAW VALID.

A,,$d&n% ! !"e ,ase ( ED2 s. ERICTA ! a&d !"e !a&n! ( 6n#a+(6# de#e%a!&n!"e$e m6s! 5e a s!anda$d se! 5* !"e #e%&s#a!6$e &!se#( +"&," de!e$m&nes ma!!e$s (

)$&n,&)#e and #a*s d+n (6ndamen!a# )#&,*.

A STANDARD:a de(&nes #e%&s#a!&e )#&,*

5 ma$9s &!s #&m&!s and ma)s 6! &!s 56nda$&es and, s)e,&(&es !"e )65#&, a%en,* ! a))#* &!.

d &nd&,a!es !"e ,&$,6ms!an,es 6nde$ +"&," !"e #e%&s#a!&e ,mmand &! ! 5e e((e,!ed

e &s !"e ,$&!e$&n 5* +"&," #e%&s#a!&e )6$)se ma* 5e ,a$$&ed 6!.

T"e s!anda$d ma* 5e E>PRESS $ I<PLIED. T"e s!anda$d des n! "ae ! 5e s)e##ed

6! s)e,&(&,a##*. I! ,6#d 5e &m)#&ed ($m !"e )#&,* and )6$)se ( !"e ACTCONSIDERED AS A WHOLE. He$e LOI @ &!se#( )$&ded !"e s!anda$d.

In !"e REFLECTOR LAW !"e #e%&s#a!&e 5e,!&e &s P2LIC SAFET and SAFE

TRANSIT 2PON ROADS.

A#s !"e P"&#&))&nes "as $a!&(&ed !"e V&enna Cnen!&n n Rad S&%ns and S&%na#s+"&," $e,mmends ena,!men! ( #e%&s#a!&n ($ !"e &ns!a##a!&n ( $ad sa(e!* s&%ns

and de&,es. S&n,e !"e P"&#&))&nes ad)!s !"e %ene$a##* a,,e)!ed )$&n,&)#es (&n!e$na!&na# #a+ !"e ,6n!$* ,ann! $e)6d&a!e &!s ,mm&!men! 5ased n !"e

d,!$&ne ( p,ct, sunt serv,nd,.



14@. CHIONGIAN VS. OROS

• Cn%$ess )assed !"e ORGANIC ACT FOR AR<< ,a##&n% ($ a )#e5&s,&!e &n

<&ndana.

• On#* 4 )$&n,es !ed ($ !"e ,$ea!&n ( AR<< LanaS6$ <a%6&ndana S6#6Ta+&

• T"e !"e$ )$&n,es +" d&d n! !e ($ AR<< s"a## $ema&n &n !"e e&s!&n%

adm&n&s!$a!&e $e%&ns )$&ded !"a! !"e PRESIDENT ma* 5* AD<INISTRATIVE

DETER<INATION <ERGE THE E>ISTING REGIONS.

• S P$es&den! C$* &ss6ed EO 4@ +"&," $e$%an&'ed !"se $e%&ns +" d&d n!

!e ($ AR<<.

• Pe!&!&ne$s a$e Cn%$essmen +" ))sed !"e &ss6an,e ( EO 4@. T"e* ,#a&m

!"a! P$es&den! C$* "ad n a6!"$&!* ! $es!$6,!6$e ne+ adm&n&s!$a!&e $e%&ns.

T"e* &ns&s! !"a! !"e )$&n,es s"6#d $ema&n as !"e* a$e.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ !"e O$%an&, A,! ($ AR<< 6nd6#* de#e%a!es #e%&s#a!&e )+e$ ! !"eP$es&den! 5* a##+&n% C$* ! me$%e !"e e&s!&n% $e%&ns 5* me$e AD<INISTRATIVE

DETER<INATION.W"e!"e$ !"e O$%an&, A,! )$&ded a s!anda$d ! %6&de P$es&den! C$*Bs d&s,$e!&n.

DEFENSE: T"e SOLGEN a$%6es !"a! !"e A,! &s a#&d and !"e$e &s n 6nd6e de#e%a!&n

56! n#* a POWER TO FILL 2P THE DETAILS OF LEGISLATION +"&," +as %&en !C$*.

SC:

LAW VALID. NO 2ND2E DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS TO THE PRESIDENT.W"&#e !"e )+e$ ! me$%e $e%&ns &s n! e)$ess#* )$&ded ($ &n !"e Cns!&!6!&n &!

&s a )+e$ !$ad&!&na##* #d%ed +&!" !"e P$es&den! &n &e+ ( !"e POWER OF GENERAL

S2PERVISION OVER LOCAL GOVERN<ENTS. T"6s !"e$e &s n a5d&,a!&n 5* Cn%$ess( &!s #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s &n ,n(e$$&n% n !"e P$es&den! !"e POWER TO <ERGEAD<INISTRATIVE REGIONS.

As ! !"e 6es!&n ( STANDARD a #e%&s#a!&e s!anda$d NEED NOT E E>PRESSED.

IT <A SI<PL E GATHERED OR I<PLIED. N$ need &! 5e (6nd &n !"e #a+,"a##en%ed 5e,a6se &! ma* 5e E<ODIED IN OTHER STAT2TES ON THE SA<E

S28ECT as !"a! ( !"e ,"a##en%ed #e%&s#a!&n.

W&!" $es)e,! ! !"e )+e$ ! me$%e e&s!&n% adm&n&s!$a!&e $e%&ns !"e STANDARD

IS TO E FO2ND IN THE SA<E POLIC 6nde$#*&n% !"e %$an! !"e PRESIDENT &n

RA/4=4 THE POWER TO REORGANIE THE E>EC2TIVE DEPART<ENT. 2nde$ sa&d#a+ !"e s!anda$d &s 1t- pr-m-te simplicit0* ec-n-m0 ,nd e//icienc0 in the

g-vernment* t- en,ble it t- pursue pr-gr,ms c-nsistent with n,ti-n,l g-,ls /-r,cceler,ti-n s-ci-(ec-n-mic devel-pment ,nd t- impr-ve the service in the

tr,ns,cti-n -/ public business.2

S&n,e !"e $&%&na# 11 adm&n&s!$a!&e $e%&ns +e$e es!a5#&s"ed +&!" !"&s same #a+)#&,* &! &s 56! #%&,a# ! s6))se !"a! &n a6!"$&'&n% !"e P$es&den! ! me$%e 5*

adm&n&s!$a!&e de!e$m&na!&n !"e e&s!&n% $e%&ns (##+&n% !"e $ee,!&n ( !"eAR<< 5* sme $e%&ns !"e )6$)se ( Cn%$ess &n ena,!&n% !"e O$%an&, A,! (



AR<< +as ! $e,ns!&!6!e !"e $&%&na# 5as&s ($ !"e $%an&'a!&n ( adm&n&s!$a!&e$e%&ns.

1/. NOT VS. IAC

• EO +as ena,!ed )$"&5&!&n% !"e INTERPROVINCIAL <OVE<ENT OF

CARAAOS. T"se (6nd &#a!&n% !"e #a+ s"a## 5e s65e,! ! ,n(&s,a!&n andFORFEIT2RE THE GOVERN<ENT.

• T"e #a+ (6$!"e$ )$&des !"a! !"e ,n(&s,a!ed 5ee( s"a## 5e d&s!$&56!ed !

CHARITALE INSTIT2TIONS and OTHER SI<ILAR INSTIT2TIONS AS THECHAIR<AN ( !"e N<IC ma* see (&!.

• n! +as (6nd ! "ae &#a!ed !"e #a+ !$ans)$!&n% ,a$a5as &n a )6m) 5a!

($m <as5a!e ! I#&#.

• n! assa&#s !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( EO ,#a&m&n% !"a! !"e$e &s 6nd6e

de#e%a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s ! !"e ,"a&$man ( !"e N<IC +&!" $es)e,! ! !"e<ANNER OF DISPOSITION OF THE CONFISCATED EEF.

• n! a$%6es !"a! !"e !e$m J,s m,0 see /it2 &s e!$eme#* %ene$6s and

dan%e$6s and +&!" an ))$!6n&!* ($ )a$!&a#&!* and a56se.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ !"e )"$ase J,s m,0 see /it2 &s a s6((&,&en! s!anda$d.

SC:

LAW INVALID. NO S2FFICIENT STANDARD.T"e$e a$e n #&m&!a!&ns n$ $easna5#e %6&de#&nes +"&," sa&d ((&,e$s ( !"e N<IC

m6s! 5se$e +"en !"e* ma9e !"e&$ d&s!$&56!&n $ d&s)s&!&n ( !"e ,n(&s,a!ed5ee(. T"e$e &s &na#&d de#e%a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s ! !"e ((e$s +" a$e %$an!ed

2NLI<ITED DISCRETION &n !"e d&s!$&56!&n ( !"e )$)e$!&es a$5&!$a$&#* !a9en.

T"e&$ )!&ns a$e a))a$en!#* 56nd#ess. W" s"a## 5e !"e ($!6na!e 5ene(&,&a$&es ( !"e 5ee( and 5* +"a! ,$&!e$&a s"a## !"e* 5e ,"senK On#* !"e ((&,e$s named ,an

s6))#* !"e ans+e$s and !"e* a#ne ma* ,"se !"e %$an!ee as !"e* see (&! &n !"e

+n ee,6!&e d&s,$e!&n. De(&n&!e#* !"e$e &s "e$e a $&n% ,mm&ss&n a +&de ands+ee)&n% a6!"$&!* !"a! &s n! ,ana#&'ed +&!"&n !"e 5an9s !"a! 9ee) &! ($me$(#+&n%. In s"$! a CLEARL PROFILGATE AND INVALID DELEGATION OF

LEGISLATIVE POWERS.

An!"e$ &ss6e: W"e!"e$ !"e #a+ "as a #a+(6# s65e,! and #a+(6# me!"dK

NO. !"e$e &s n $easna5#e ,nne,!&n 5e!+een !"e )6$)se and !"e means. We

,ann! see "+ !"e )$"&5&!&n ( &n!e$)$&n,&a# !$ans)$! ( ,a$a5as means ,6#d)$een! !"e&$ &nd&s,$&m&na!e s#a6%"!e$ )6$)se ,ns&de$&n% !"a! !"e* ,an 5e 9&##ed

an*+"e$e. Re!a&n&n% ,a$a5s &n ne )$&n,e +&## n! )$een! !"e$e s#a6%"!e$ !"e$ean* m$e !"a! m&n% !"em ! an!"e$ )$&n,e.



1/1. R2I VS. PROVINCIAL OARD OF <INDORO

• An a))#&,a!&n ($ "a5eas ,$)6s &n (a$ ( R2I and !"e$ <ANG2IANES +"a$e a##e%ed#* de)$&ed ( !"e&$ #&5e$!* 5* !"e )$&n,&a# ((&,&a#s ( <&nd$.

• T"e* a$e "e#d n a $ese$a!&n sme+"e$e &n <&nd$.

• T"e* +e$e "e#d (##+&n% !"e ad)!&n ( Res#6!&n ? / ( !"e P$&n,&a# a$d

a6!"$&'&n% !"e )$&n,&a# %e$n$ ! d&$e,! nn-C"$&s!&an &n"a5&!an!s ! !a9e 6)!"e&$ "a5&!a!&n n 6n,,6)&ed s&!es se#e,!ed 5* "&m – &n !"e &n!e$es! ( #a+ and

$de$.

• F##+&n% !"e a$d Res#6!&n Ge$n$ <$en! &ss6ed an $de$ s)e,&(*&n% !"e

a$eas +"e$e !"e <an%6&anes s"6#d s!a*. An* <an%6&an +" s"a## $e(6se !,m)#* +&## 5e &m)$&sned.

• T"e 5as&s ( !"e a$d Res#6!&n &s Se, 14/ ( !"e AD<INISTRATIVE CODE

+"&," )$&des !"a! )$&n,&a# %e$n$s +&!" !"e a))$a# ( !"e de)a$!men!

"ead ma* d&$e,! !"e nn-C"$&s!&an &n"a5&!an!s ! !a9e 6) !"e&$ "a5&!a!&n &n6n,,6)&ed )65#&, #ands ! 5e se#e,!ed 5* "&m and a))$ed 5* !"e )$&n,&a#

5a$d.

• R65& e! a# !"6s assa&#ed !"e )$&s&ns ( !"e adm&n&s!$a!&e ,de as &na#&d

de#e%a!&n ( LEGISLATIVE POWERS TO PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ Le%&s#a!6$e &n ena,!&n% !"e Adm&n&s!$a!&e Cde me$e#* ,n(e$$ed 6)n !"e

)$&n,&a# ((&,&a#s DISCRETIONAR A2THORIT AS TO THE E>EC2TION OF LAWSK

SC:LAW VALID. NO 2ND2E DELEGATION.

86d%e Ranne* sa&d: !"e !$6e d&s!&n,!&n !"e$e($e &s 5e!+een:

1 !"e de#e%a!&n ( )+e$ ! ma9e !"e #a+ +"&," ne,essa$&#* &n#es a d&s,$e!&nas ! +"a! &s s"a## 5e !"&s &s NOT ALLOWED

,n(e$$&n% an a6!"$&!* $ d&s,$e!&n as ! &!s ee,6!&n ! 5e ee$,&sed 6nde$ and

&n )6$s6an,e ( #a+. !"&s &s ALLOWED.

Se, 14/ ( !"e Adm&n Cde me$e#* ,n(e$s d&s,$e!&na$* a6!"$&!* ! !"e #,a#((&,&a#s as ! !"e E>EC2TION OF THE LAW.

An e,e)!&n ! !"e %ene$a# $6#e san,!&ned 5* I<<E<ORIAL PRACTICE )e$m&!s !"e

,en!$a# #e%&s#a!&e 5d* ! de#e%a!e #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s ! #,a# a6!"$&!&es. T"eP"&#&))&ne Le%&s#a!6$e "as "e$e ,n(e$$ed a6!"$&!* 6)n !"e P$&n,e ( <Ind$ !

5e ee$,&sed 5* !"e )$&n,&a# %e$n$ and !"e )$&n,&a# 5a$d.

W" e#se 56! !"ese ((&,e$s as !"e ((&,&a# $e)$esen!a!&es ( !"e )$&n,e a$eETTER ;2ALIFIED TO 82DGE WHEN S2CH A CO2RSE IS DEE<ED NECESSAR IN

THE INTEREST OF LAW AND ORDER. As ((&,&a#s ,"a$%ed +&!" !"e adm&n&s!$a!&n (!"e )$&n,e and !"e )$!e,!&n ( &!s &n"a5&!an!s +" 56! !"e* a$e 5e!!e$ (&!!ed !

se#e,! s&!es +"&," "ae !"e ,nd&!&ns ms! (a$a5#e ($ &m)$&n% !"e PEOPLE WHOHAVE THE <ISFORT2NE OF EING IN A AC3WARD STATE



Se,!&n 14/ ( !"e Adm&n Cde &s n! an 6n#a+(6# de#e%a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s5* !"e P"&#&))&ne Le%&s#a!6$e ! !"e P$&n,&a# ((&,e$s.

1/. PEOPLE VS. VERAB

• <a$& C6-2n&en% +as ,n&,!ed &n a ,$&m&na# ,ase.

• He a))#&ed ($ PROATION 6nde$ !"e )$&s&ns ( ACT ? 41. He &ns&s!s !"a! "e

&s &nn,en! ( !"e ,$&me ($ +"&," "e "as ,n&,!ed and !"a! "e "as n )$&$,$&m&na# $e,$d and !"e "e +6#d 5se$e %d ,nd6,! &n !"e (6!6$e.

• T"e ma!!e$ +as $e(e$$ed ! !"e Ins6#a$ P$5a!&n O((&,e 56! !"e O((&,e DENIED

THE PROATION.

• Nee$!"e#ess 86d%e Ve$a "ea$d !"e )e!&!&n.

• T"e C&!* F&s,a# 5&6s#* ))sed !"e %$an! ( )$5a!&n. Amn% !"e a$%6men!s

$a&sed +as !"a! A,! 41 +"&," %$an!ed )$5a!&n +as &#a!&e ( !"e

Cns!&!6!&n as an 6nd6e de#e%a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s ! !"e )$&n,&a# 5a$ds( see$a# )$&n,es.

o

T"&s &s 5e,a6se A,! 41 ENDOWS THE PROVINCIAL OARDS WITH THEASOL2TE POWER TO <A3E SAID LAW EFFECTIVE OR NOT IN THEIR

RESPECTIVE PROVINCES AND S28ECT TO THE DIRECTION OF THE

PROATION OFFICE.

o A,! 41 %&es d&s,$e!&n ! )$&n,&a# 5a$ds +"e!"e$ !"e P$5a!&n La+

,an 5e made a))#&,a5#e &n !"e&$ a$ea and s65e,! ! +"e!"e$ !"e* "ae

APPROPRIATED F2NDS FOR THE SALAR OF PROATION OFFICER

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ !"e$e +as a#&d de#e%a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$s ! )$&n,&a# 5a$ds &n !"ema!!e$ ( &m)#emen!a!&n ( !"e P$5a!&n La+K

SC:LAW INVALID. 2ND2E DELEGATION.

T"e P$5a!&n La+ des n! (& n$ &m)se 6)n !"e )$&n,&a# 5a$ds an* s!anda$d

$ %6&de &n !"e ee$,&se ( !"e&$ d&s,$e!&na$* )+e$. W"a! &s %$an!ed &s a ROVING

CO<<ISSION +"&," ena5#es !"em ! ee$,&se a$5&!$a$* d&s,$e!&n. In $ea#&!* !"eLe%&s#a!6$e "as #e(! !"e en!&$e ma!!e$ ! )$&n,&a# 5a$ds ! de!e$m&ne.

T"e #e%&s#a!6$e "as n! made !"e )e$a!&n ( !"e La+ ,n!&n%en! 6)n an* s)e,&(&ed

(a,!s $ ,nd&!&ns ! 5e as,e$!a&ned 5* !"e )$&n,&a# 5a$d. A )$&n,&a# 5a$d needn! &nes!&%a!e ,nd&!&ns $ (&nd an* (a,! $ a+a&! !"e "a))en&n% ( an* s)e,&(&ed

,n!&n%en,*. I! &s O2ND NO R2LE LI<ITED NO PRINCIPLE OF E>PEDIENC.

I( a )$&n,e des n! +an! ! en($,e sa&d #a+ a## &! "as ! d &s ! s&m)#* de,#&nea))$)$&a!&ns needed ($ !"e sa#a$* ( a )$5a!&n ((&,e$. I! need n! %&e an*

$easn ($ $e(6s&n% $ (a&#&n% ! a))$)$&a!e (6nds ($ !"e sa#a$* ( !"e )$5a!&n((&,e$. T"&s &s a ma!!e$ +"&," $es!s en!&$e#* a! &!s )#eas6$e. T"&s &s a &$!6a# s6$$ende$

( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$ ! !"e )$&n,&a# 5a$ds.



1/=. 2S. VS. PANLILIO

• ACT ? 17 +as )assed )$"&5&!&n% !"e &m)$!a!&n ( an&ma#s s6((e$&n% $

&n(e,!ed +&!" dan%e$6s ,mm6n&,a5#e d&seases. Sa&d #a+ (6$!"e$ a6!"$&'es !"e

D&$e,!$ ( A%$&,6#!6$e ! $e6&$e s6s)e,!ed an&ma#s ! 5e ;2ARANTINED.

• Pan#&#& +as ,"a$%ed +&!" &#a!&n ( sa&d #a+.

o Ea$#&e$ Pan#&#&Bs ,a$a5as +e$e (6nd ! "ae a ,n!a%&6s d&sease

RINDER PEST s6," !"a! !"e* +e$e 6a$an!&ned 5* !"e D&$e,!$ (

A%$&,6#!6$e.o Pan#&#& "+ee$ &##e%a##* TOO3 THE ;2ARANTINED CARAAOS

!$ans)$!ed !"em ($m ne )#a,e ! an!"e$ +&!"6! a6!"$&'a!&n.

• T"e In($ma!&n S"ee! "+ee$ (a&#ed ! s)e,&(* !"e se,!&n a##e%ed#* &#a!ed.

•

Pan#&#&Bs DEFENSE: !"a! !"e (a,!s a##e%ed &n !"e &n( d n! ,ns!&!6!e a &#a!&n( A,! 17.

SOLGEN &ns&s!s !"a!: Se,!&n 7 ( !"e #a+ s!a!es !"a! +"enee$ !"e D&$e,!$ ( A%$&

"as $de$ed an* an&ma# )#a,ed &n 6a$an!&ne !"e +ne$ ( s6," an&ma# s"6#dde#&e$ &! a! !"e )#a,e des&%na!ed ($ 6a$an!&ne and )$&de ($ &!s (d +a!e$ e!,.

S"6#d !"e +ne$ (a&# ! ,m)#* +&!" !"e $e6&$emen! !"e ,s!s ( sa&d s6))#&es s"a##5e ,"a$%ea5#e ! !"e +ne$.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ Pan#&#& ,6#d 5e ,n&,!ed ( &#a!&n ( !"e 6a$an!&ne $de$&ss6ed 5* !"e D&$e,!$ ( A%$&.

SC:NO. N+"e$e &n !"e #a+ ma9es &! a )ena# ((ense ! $e(6se ! ,m)#* +&!" !"e

)$&s&ns ( Se,!&n 7. T"e Se,!&n me$e#* )$&des !"e means 5* +"&," !"e $e(6sa#! ,m)#* +&## 5e )6n&s"ed. 6! &! des n! "ae !"e as)e,!s ( a )ena# )$&s&n n$

des &! )$"&5&! an* a,!.

N+"e$e &n !"e #a+ &s !"e &#a!&n ( !"e D&$e,!$Bs O$de$s made 6n#a+(6# n$ &s

!"e$e an* )6n&s"men! )$&ded ($ a &#a!&n ( s6," $de$s. Se,!&n 0 )$&des !"a!an* )e$sn &#a!&n an* ( !"e pr-visi-ns -/ THIS ACT sh,ll up-n c-nvicti-n be punished b0 , /ine -/ n-t m-re th,n 3444 -r impris-nment -/ up t- 5 m-nths* -r

b-th. W"a! !"e #a+ )ena#&'es &s !"e VIOLATION OF THE ACT and des n! e!end !

VIOLATION OF THE R2LES &ss6ed )6$s6an! ! sa&d #a+.

2T a VIOLATION OF THE DIRECTORBS ORDERS !"a! &s an $de$ ! 6a$an!&ne

an&ma#s s6((e$&n% ($m ,n!a%&6s d&seases &s NOT A VIOLATION OF THE ACTITSELF.

T"e $de$s ( !"e D&$e,!$ +"&#e !"e* ma* )ss&5#e 5e sa&d ! "ae !"e ($,e ( #a+

a$e n! s!a!6!es and )a$!&,6#a$#* n! )ena# s!a!6!es and a &#a!&n ( s6," $de$s &s



n! a )ena# ((ense 6n#ess !"e s!a!6!e &!se#( sme+"e$e ma9es a &#a!&n !"e$e(6n#a+(6# and )ena#&'es &!.

NOWHERE IN ACT 17 IS A VIOLATION OF THE DIRECTORBS ORDERS <ADE A

PENAL OFFENSE NOR IS S2CH VIOLATION P2NISHED IN AN WA.MM !"e )&n! ( !"&s ,ase &s !"a! !"e$e ,an 5e n de#e%a!&n ( !"e )+e$ !

,$&m&na#&'e +"e$e !"e #a+ &!se#( : 1 des n! de(&ne a ,$&me n$ )$&de a )ena#!*.1/4. VETERANS FEDERATION VS. CO<ELEC

• In !"e 1@@0 e#e,!&ns Cme#e, Res#6!&n &n&!&a##* )$,#a&med 14 )a$!* #&s!

$e)$esen!a!&es ($m 1= )a$!&es +" "ad 5!a&ned a! #eas! ( !"e !!a#n6m5e$ ( !es ,as! ($ !"e )a$!* #&s! s*s!em. 5ased n RA 7@41

• PAGASA "+ee$ (&#ed a )e!&!&n 5e($e Cme#e, ! P$,#a&m =0 m$e PLR ! (&##

6) !"e mem5e$s"&) ( !"e PL &n !"e H6se as )$&ded ($ &n !"e

Cns!&!6!&n.

• PAGASA a#s ,n!eded !"a! !"e !"$es"#d $e6&$emen! and !"e =-sea! #&m&!

6nde$ RA 7@41 +6#d de(ea! !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# )$&s&n 5e,a6se n#* /nm&nees +6#d 5e +&nne$s.

• T"6s Cme#e, %$an!ed PAGASABs Pe!&!&n and )$,#a&med =0 m$e PLR !

,m)#e!e !"e /-sea! +"&," &s ( !"e !!a# sea!s manda!ed 5* !"e Cns!&.

T"&s &s een !"6%" !"ese =0 5!a&ned #ess !"an ( !"e !!a# !es. Cme#e,a$%6es !"a! J,t ,ll times* the t-t,l number -/ H-use se,ts must be /illed up 647

district represent,tives ,nd 847 p,rt0 list represent,tives2 . Cme#e, a#s a$%6ed!"a! !"e =0 add&!&na# PLR ena5#es !"e $e)$esen!a!&n ( !"e ma$%&na#&'ed and

!"e &! +6#d en,6$a%e a m6#!&-)a$!* s*s!em.

• T"e =0 !"e$s a#s ,#a&m !"a! !"e !"$es"#d des n! se$e !"e essen,e ( !"e

Cns!&!6!&n ( 5!a&n&n% !"e 5$ades! )ss&5#e $e)$esen!a!&n ( )a$!&es andse,!$a# &n!e$es!s.

ISS2ES:

1 Is !"e a##,a!&n ($ PLR &n !"e Cns!&!6!&n manda!$* $ me$e#* a ,e&#&n%K<6s! &! 5e (&##ed 6) ,m)#e!e#* and a## !"e !&meK A$e !"e !"$es"#d $e6&$emen! and

= =-sea! #&m&! &n RA 7@41 ,ns!&!6!&na#K

SC:

1 NOT <ANDATOR. T"e n6m5e$ ( d&s!$&,! $e)$esen!a!&es &s !"e de!e$m&nan! &n

a$$&&n% a! !"e n6m5e$ ( sea!s ($ PLR +" s"a## ,m)$&se ( !"e !!a# n6m5e$( $e)$esen!a!&es including th-se under the p,rt0 9list. Hen,e !"e ($m6#a &s:

N. ( d&s!$&,! $e)$esen!a!&es > . N ( PLR .0

T"&s means !"a! an* &n,$ease &n !"e n6m5e$ ( d&s!$&,! $e)$esen!a!&es +&##ne,essa$&#* $es6#! &n !"e ,$$es)nd&n% &n,$ease &n !"e n6m5e$ ( )a$!* #&s!

$e)$esen!a!&es.

S&n,e !"e$e +e$e 0 d&s!$&,! $e)$esen!a!&es &n !"e 1@@0 e#e,!&ns



0 . / PLR..0

T"e Cns!&!6!&n s&m)#* s!a!es !"a! !"e PLR s"a## ,ns!&!6!e ( !"e !!a# n6m5e$

( $e)$esen!a!&es including th-se under the p,rt0(list . I! &s !"e$e($e <EREL ACEILING !"e me,"an&,s 5* +"&," &! &s ! 5e (&##ed 6) "as 5een #e(! ! Cn%$ess.

Cn%$ess +as es!ed +&!" !"e 5$ad )+e$s ! de(&ne and )$es,$&5e !"e me,"an&,s (

!"e )a$!* #&s! s*s!em ( $e)$esen!a!&n. T"e Cns!&!6!&n se!s d+n n#* !"e)e$,en!a%e ( !"e !!a# mem5e$s"&) ( !"e H6se $ese$ed ($ !"e PLR.

In !"e ee$,&se ( &!s ,ns!&!6!&na# )$e$%a!&e Cn%$ess ena,!ed RA 7@41 de,#a$&n%a )#&,* ! )$m!e PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION &n !"e e#e,!&n ( PLR &n $de$

! ena5#e !"e ma$%&na#&'ed and 6nde$$e)$esen!ed se,!$s ! ,n!$&56!e ! #e%&s#a!&n!"a! +6#d 5ene(&! !"em. Cn%$ess "+ee$ a#s deemed &! ne,essa$* ! $e6&$e

)a$!&es ! 5!a&n a! #eas! ( !"e !!a# !es ,as! ($ !"e )a$!* #&s!. T"se %a$ne$&n%m$e !"an !"&s ,6#d "ae add&!&na# sea!s &n )$)$!&n ! !"e&$ !!a# n6m5e$ (

!es. F6$!"e$m$e n +&nn&n% )a$!* ,an "ae m$e !"an = sea!s. .

As ! !"e !"$es"#d $e6&$emen! Cn%$ess me$e#* +an!ed ! ens6$e !"a! n#*!"se )a$!&es "a&n% s6((&,&en! n6m5e$ ( ,ns!&!6en!s dese$&n% ( $e)$esen!a!&na$e a,!6a##* $e)$esen!ed &n Cn%$ess.

T"e &s ,ns&s!en! n! n#* +&!" !"e &n!en! ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n and !"e #a+ 56!+&!" !"e e$* essen,e ( $e)$esen!a!&n. T "ae <EANINGF2L REPRESENTATION

THE ELECTED PERSONS <2ST HAVE THE <ANDATE OF A S2FFICIENT N2<ER OFPEOPLE. O!"e$+&se !"e$e m&%"! 5e a )$#&(e$a!&n ( sma## %$6)s +"&," a$e

&n,a)a5#e ( ,n!$&56!&n% s&%n&(&,an! #e%&s#a!&n and +"&," m&%"! een )se a !"$ea!! !"e s!a5&#&!* ( Cn%$ess. T"6s EVEN LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS ARE APPORTIONED

ACCORDING TO THE N2<ER OF INHAITANTS

= As ! !"e =-sea! #&m&! )e$ )a$!* Cn%$ess me$e#* ens6$es !"e en!$* ( a$&6s&n!e$es!-$e)$esen!a!&n &n! !"e #e%&s#a!6$e !"6s n s&n%#e %$6) n ma!!e$ "+#a$%e &!s mem5e$s"&) +6#d dm&na!e !"e )a$!*-#&s! sea!s &( n! !"e en!&$e H6se.

ISS2E: S&n,e !"se +" "6$d#ed !"e !"$es"#d +6#d 5e en!&!#ed ! add&!&na#sea!s = sea! ma "+ d *6 a))$!&n !"e add&!&na# sea!sK

STEPS:

1. T"e e$* (&$s! s!e) &s ! RAN3 ALL THE PARTIES a,,$d&n% ! !"e !es !"e*5!a&ned.

. A## !"se +" %a$ne$ed a! #eas! CAN HAVE 1 G2ARANTEED SEAT. T"e* +&##

a#s 5e ,ns&de$ed &n !"e ,m)6!a!&n ($ add&!&na# sea!s.

=. T"e )a$!* $e,e&&n% !"e "&%"es! !es +&## 5e $e(e$$ed ! as !"e FIRST PART.S&n,e d&s!$&56!&n &s )$)$!&na# !"e n6m5e$ ( sea! a##,a!ed ($ a## !"e !"e$

)a$!&es ,ns&de$ed ($ add&!&na# sea!s CANNOT E>CEED !"a! ! +"&," !"e FIRSTPART +&## "ae. T"&s means !"a! !"e SECOND )a$!* +&## a#+a*s "ae #ess !"an !"a!

! +"&," !"e FIRST )a$!* &s en!&!#ed. T"ese !"e$ )a$!&es +&## a#+a*s 5e a##!!ed #essadd&!&na# sea!s !"a! !"e (&$s! )a$!* ($ $easns: 1 !"e $a!& 5e!+een sa&d )a$!&es

and !"e (&$s! )a$!* +&## a#+a*s 5e #ess !"an 1:1 and !"e ($m6#a des n! adm&! (ma!"ema!&,a# $6nd&n% (( 5e,a6se !"e$e &s n s6," !"&n% as a ($a,!&n ( a sea!.

4. FIRST PARTBs N2<ER OF SEATS:



N6m5e$ ( V!es ( F&$s! Pa$!* P$)$!&n ( !es ( F&$s! Pa$!*

T!a# V!es ($ Pa$!* L&s! $e#a!&e ! T!a# V!es ($ Pa$!* L&s!

I( !"e ans+e$ 5!a&ned +&!"6! $6nd&n% (( &s e6a# ! a! #eas! !"en !"e (&$s!)a$!* +&## 5e en!&!#ed ! add&!&na# sea!s +"&," means a !!a# ( = sea!s.

I( !"e ans+e$ 5!a&ned +&!"6! $6nd&n% (( &s a! #eas! 4 56! #ess !"an !"en !"e

(&$s! )a$!* +&## 5e en!&!#ed n#* ! 1 add&!&na# sea! $ a !!a# ( sea!s.

I( !"e ans+e$ 5!a&ned +&!"6! $6nd&n% (( &s #ess !"an 4 !"en !"e (&$s! )a$!* +&##n! 5e en!&!#ed ! an* add&!&na# sea! $ a !!a# ( 1 sea! n#*.

/. S2SE;2ENT PARTIESB N2<ER OF SEATS:

N6m5e$ ( V!es ( Cn,e$ned Pa$!* > N. ( ADDITIONAL Sea!s G&en N6m5e$ ( V!es ( F&$s! Pa$!* ! F&$s! Pa$!*

Add&!&na# Sea!s ($ S65se6en! Pa$!&es

SC:

Cme#e,Bs Res#6!&n )$,#a&m&n% !"e add&!&na# =0 PLR a$e &#a!&e ( RA 7@41

name#* !"e !"$es"#d and !"e )$)$!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n.

TO REPEAT: 4 PRINCIPLES IN PART LIST

1 a##,a!&n &n,#6d&n% !"se e#e,!ed 6nde$ !"e )a$!* #&s!. !"$es"#d 6a#&(&ed %6a$an!eed 1 6a#&(&*&n% sea!

= =-sea! #&m&! ea," 6a#&(&ed )a$!* en!&!#ed ! add&!&na# sea!s4 P$)$!&na# Re) add&!&na# sea!s ,m)6!ed &n )$)$!&n ! !!a# n6m5e$ (

!es.



1//. ANG AGONG AANI OFW VS. CO<ELEC

• A95a*an and An% a%n% a*an& (&#ed !"e&$ <OTIONS 5e($e Cme#e, ! "ae

sme )a$!*-#&s! %$6)s DELETED FRO< THE OFFICIAL LIST OF PARTIES. ($ !"e1 e#e,!&ns

• T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e$e a$e SO<E POLITICAL PARTIES P<P LA3AS-N2CD NPC

LDP A3SON DE<OCRATICO PDP-LAAN NATIONALISTA &n,#6ded &n !"e )a$!*-

#&s! s*s!em. T"e a$%6e !"a! !"e )a$!*-#&s! s*s!em &s ($ !"e ma$%&na#&'ed and6nde$$e)$esen!ed.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ Cme#e, +as ,$$e,! &n &n,#6d&n% sme ( !"ese )#&!&,a# )a$!&es &n !"e Pa$!*-L&s! E#e,!&n.

SC:

THE ARE ;2ALIFIED.T"ese )#&!&,a# )a$!&es ,ann! 5e d&s6a#&(&ed ($m !"e )a$!*-#&s! e#e,!&n me$e#* n

!"e %$6nd !"a! !"e* a$e )#&!&,a# )a$!&es. T"e Cns!&!6!&n )$&des !"a! !"emem5e$s ( !"e H6se ma* 5e e#e,!ed !"$6%" a )a$!* #&s! s*s!em ( REGISTERED

NATIONAL REGIONAL AND SECTORAL PARTIES OR ORGANIATIONS.

2nde$ !"e Pa$!* L&s! La+ RA 7@41 a PART &s de(&ned as e&!"e$ a )#&!&,a# )a$!* $ ase,!$a# )a$!* $ a ,a#&!&n ( )a$!&es. A )#&!&,a# )a$!* &s a#s de(&ned as a %$6) (

,&!&'ens ad,a!&n% an &de#%* $ )#a!($m )$&n,&)#es and )#&,&es ($ !"e %ene$a#

,nd6,! ( %e$nmen! and +"&," as !"e ms! &mmed&a!e means ( se,6$&n% !"e&$ad)!&n $e%6#a$#* nm&na!es and s6))$!s ,e$!a&n ( &!s #eade$s and mem5e$s as,and&da!es ($ )65#&, ((&,e.

T"6s )#&!&,a# )a$!&es een !"e ma$ nes ma* )a$!&,&)a!e &n !"e )a$!*-#&s!

e#e,!&ns.

W"&#e RA 7@41 men!&ns !"e #a5$ )easan!s (&s"e$(#9 6$5an )$ ICCs e#de$#*

"and&,a))ed +men *6!" e!e$ans OFWs and )$(ess&na#s as ma$%&na#&'ed and

6nde$$e)$esen!ed !"e* EN2<ERATION IS NOT E>CL2SIVE.

L9&n% &n! !"e P#&,* 5e"&nd RA 7@41 &! &s n! en6%" ($ a ,and&da!e ! ,#a&m$e)$esen!a!&n amn% !"ese en6me$a!ed %$6)s 5e,a6se $e)$esen!a!&n &s eas* !

,#a&m and (e&%n. T"e )a$!* #&s! %$6) een )#&!&,a# )a$!&es m6s! (a,!6a##* and !$6#*$e)$esen! !"e ma$%&na#&'ed and 6nde$$e)$esen!ed.

A%a&n !"e POLIC OF THE LAW: T- en,ble &ilipin-s bel-nging t- the m,rgin,li:ed,nd underrepresented sect-rs wh- l,c; well de/ined p-litic,l c-nstituencies but wh-

c-uld c-ntribute t- legisl,ti-n.

SC: CASE RE<ANDED TO CO<ELEC TO DETER<INE ;2ALIFICATIONS OF THESEPOLITICAL PARTIES. G2IDELINES:

1 )a$!* m6s! !$6#* $e)$esen! !"e ma$%&na#&'ed and 6nde$$e)$esen!ed se,!$s



ma$ )#&!&,a# )a$!&es a##+ed 56! !"e* m6s! s!&## $e)$esen! !"e ma$%&na#&'ed= $e#&%&6s se,!$ ma* n! 5e $e)$esen!ed 56! a $e#&%&6s #eade$ ma* 5e a nm&nee

4 m6s! n! 5e d&s6a#&(&ed 6nde$ Se, RA 7@41/ m6s! 5e &nde)enden! ($m !"e %e$nmen! n! ad6n,! n! (6nded n! ass&s!ed

nm&nees m6s! !"emse#es 5e 6a#&(&ed a%e $es&den,e ,&!&'ens"&)7 nm&nees m6s! 5e#n% ! !"e ma$%&na#&'ed6nde$$e)

0 nm&nee m6s! 5e a5#e ! ,n!$&56!e ! a))$)$&a!e #e%&s#a!&n1/. 8I<ENE VS. CAANGANG

• 8&mene' "&nd& sa 8a,9 5$6%"! a s6&! ($ !"e $e,e$* ( mne* as dama%es ($

P2LICATION OF A LIELO2S LETTER made 5* Ca5an%5an%. He ,#a&ms !"a! !"eCa5an%5an% #e!!e$ &s (a#se and &n!ended ! &m)ea," "&s $e)6!a!&n e)se "&m

! )65#&, "a!$ed ,n!em)! d&s"n$ and $&d&,6#e.

• Ca5an%5an%Bs DEFENSE: 1 !"a! !"e #e!!e$ +as n! #&5e#6s and &! +as

)$&&#e%ed ,mm6n&,a!&n.o T"&s &s 5e,a6se a! !"e !&me !"e #e!!e$ +as +$&!!en Ca5an%5an% +as a

mem5e$ ( !"e H6se and !"e C"a&$man ( !"e H6se Cmm&!!ee nNa!&na# De(ense

o T"e #e!!e$ &n#ed +as an OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE

PHILS da!ed Nem5e$ 14 1@/0 +"en CONGRESS WAS NOT IN

SESSION. T"&s +as )65#&s"ed &n see$a# ne+s)a)e$s ( %ene$a# ,&$,6#a!&n.

o T"e #e!!e$ des,$&5es = OPLANS. !"a! !"e$e &s an &ns&d&6s )#an $ a

mass&e )#&!&,a# 56&#d6) +"e$e DND Se,$e!a$* Va$%as +as )#!!&n% !5e,me !"e ne+ P$es&den! !"a! P4< ( &n!e##&%en,e (6nds a$e a##e%ed#*

5e&n% 6sed ! (&nan,e !"e )#&!&,a# ,am)a&%n.

o T"e #e!!e$ a#s men!&ns 8I<ENE AS ONE OF THE PLANNERS ( a CO2P

DBETAT.o Ca5an%5an%Bs )en #e!!e$ a#s $e,mmended !"a! Va$%as $es&%n and !"a!

!"e AFP s"6#d s!a* a+a* ($m )#&!&,s and !"a! a## !"e$ &n!e##&%en,e

((&,&a#s ( !"e AFP s"6#d 5e $eass&%ned.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ Ca5an%5an%Bs #e!!e$ &s )$&&#e%ed ,mm6n&,a!&nK Des &! (a## 6nde$)$&&#e%ed Js)ee," $ de5a!eK W"e!"e$ Ca5an%5an% ,an 5e "e#d #&a5#eK

SC:

T"e Cns!&!6!&n )$!e,!s 6!!e$an,es made 5* Cn%$essmen &n !"e )e$($man,e (:3. their -//ici,l /uncti-ns* such ,s speeches delivered* st,tements m,de* -r v-tes

c,st in the h,lls -/ C-ngress* ,nd while the s,me is in sessi-n* ,s well ,s8. bills intr-duced in C-ngress* whether the s,me is in sessi-n -r n-t* ,nd

<. -ther ,cts per/-rmed b0 C-ngressmen either in C-ngress -r -utside its premisesin the -//ici,l disch,rge -/ their duties ,s members -/ C-ngress ,nd -/

C-ngressi-n,l C-mmittees.

T"e )65#&,a!&n &n#ed &n !"&s ,ase DOES NOT ELONG TO THIS CATEGOR. I! &s5&6s !"a! &n ,a6s&n% !"e ,mm6n&,a!&n ! 5e s )65#&s"ed Ca5an%5an% +as NOT

PERFOR<ING HIS OFFICIAL D2T EITHER AS A <E<ER OF CONGRESS OR A<E<ER OF AN CO<<ITTEE THEREOF. Hen,e !"e ,mm6n&,a!&n &s n! a5s#6!e#*

)$&&#e%ed.



In,&den!a##* Ca5an%5an% ,ann! 5e "e#d #&a5#e ($ dama%es. T"e SC sa&d !"a!a#!"6%" !"e #e!!e$ men!&ns $ a##6des ! 8&mene' as ne ( !"e )#anne$s and +as

)$5a5#* "and)&,9ed 5* Va$%as Ca5an5an%Bs )en #e!!e$ added !"e )"$ase 1-/c-urse it is p-ssible th,t =imene: ,re merel0 unwitting t--ls t- , pl,n t- which the0

m,0 h,ve ,bs-lutel0 n- ;n-wledge -/.2

T"&s s!a!emen! &s NOT DEROGATOR ! 8&mene' ,ns&de$&n% "e &s an ((&,e$ ( !"eAFP and !"a! 5* #a+ !"e* a$e 6nde$ !"e ,n!$# ( !"e Se,$e!a$* ( !"e DND

Va$%as.1/7. P2AT VS. DE G2<AN

• T"&s &s a ,ase 6es!&n&n% !"e O$de$ ( SEC %$an!&n% Cn%$essman Es!an&s#a

Fe$nande' #eae ! &n!e$ene &n a SEC ,ase.

• P$&$ ! !"&s !"e$e +as an e#e,!&n ($ !"e d&$e,!$s ( In!B# P&)e Ind6s!$&es IPI.

T"e$e +e$e (a,!&ns: !"e P6*a! G$6) and !"e A,e$ G$6)

• T"e A,e$ G$6) &ns!&!6!ed a ;2O WARRANTO )$,eed&n% 5e($e !"e SEC

,#a&m&n% !"a! !"e !es +e$e n! )$)e$#* ,6n!ed.

• T"e P6*a! G$6) ,#a&ms !"a! Cn%$essman Fe$nande' $a##* en!e$ed "&s

a))ea$an,e as ,6nse# ($ !"e A,e$ G$6). Na!6$a##* !"e P6*a! G$6) ))sedFe$nande'B a))ea$an,e as ,6nse# ,&!&n% !"a! a Cn%$essman ,ann! a))ea$ as

,6nse# &n an* adm&n&s!$a!&e )$,eed&n% #&9e SEC. S Assem5#*man Fe$nande'n #n%e$ a))ea$ed as ,6nse#.

• H+ee$ "e #a!e$ )6$,"ased 1 SHARES OF STOC3 &n IPI ! 6a#&(* "&m ! $6n

as D&$e,!$. A(!e$ !"e )6$,"ase Fe$nande' (&#ed a <!&n ($ In!e$en!&n &n !"e

SEC ,ase 5e,a6se n+ Fe$nande' &s +ne$ ( 1 s"a$es.

• SEC %$an!ed !"e m!&n.

ISS2E:W"e!"e$ &n!e$en!&n &n !"e SEC ,ase &s &n e((e,! an a))ea$an,e as ,6nse#

&nd&$e,!#* 5e($e an adm&n&s!$a!&e 5d*.

SC:ES. O$d&na$&#* &! seems !"a! Fe$nande' +as n! a))ea$&n% as ,6nse# as "e +as

!"e$e!&,a##* a))ea$&n% ($ !"e )$!e,!&n ( "&s +ne$s"&) ( 1 s"a$es.

HOWEVER ,e$!a&n sa#&en! ,&$,6ms!an,es m&#&!a!e a%a&ns! !"&s. T"e FACT OFAC;2IRING A <ERE P +$!" ( s!,9 ( n#* 1 s"a$es 6! ( s"+s

an OVIO2S CIRC2<VENTION OF THE R2LE. He a,6&$ed !"em A&TE# THE &ACT a(!e$ !"e ;6 Wa$$an! )$,eed&n%s "ad 5een (&#ed and ne da* 5e($e !"e s,"ed6#e

SEC "ea$&n%. W"a!Bs m$e 5e($e "e med ! &n!e$ene "e a#$ead* s&%n&(&ed "&s&n!en!&n ! a))ea$ as ,6nse# ($ !"e A,e$ %$6) +"&," +as ea$#&e$ 5e,!ed !.

2nde$ !"se (a,!s and ,&$,6ms!an,es !"e$e "as 5een an INDIRECT APPEARANCE ASCO2NSEL EFORE AN AD<INISTRATIVE OD. T"e J&n!e$en!&n +as ana(!e$!"6%"! ! ena5#e "&m ! a))ea$ a,!&e#* &n !"e )$,eed&n%s &n SO<E OTHER

CAPACIT.

I( +e +e$e ! 6)"#d !"e J&n!e$en!&n !"en &! +6#d ma9e !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#

)$"&5&!&n &ne((e,!&e. A## an Assem5#*man "as ! d &( "e +an!s ! &n(#6en,e anadm&n&s!$a!&e 5d* &s ! a,6&$e m&n&ma# )a$!&,&)a!&n &n !"e J&n!e$es! ( !"e ,#&en!



and !"en J&n!e$ene &n !"e )$,eed&n%s. T"a! +"&," !"e Cns!&!6!&n d&$e,!#*)$"&5&!s ma* n! 5e dne 5* &nd&$e,!&n.

SECBs %$an! ( <!&n ! In!e$ene $ee$sed and se! as&de.

1/0. AVELINO VS. C2ENCO

• Fe5 10 – Sena!$ Tanada $e6es!ed "&s $&%"! ! s)ea9 n !"e (#$ ! ($m6#a!e

,"a$%es a%a&ns! Sena!e P$es&den! Ae#&n 5e $ese$ed. Re6es! a))$ed.

• Fe5 1 1@4@ – "6$s 5e($e !"e )en&n% ( sess&n Sena!$ Tanada (&#ed a

$es#6!&n en6me$a!&n% !"e ,"a$%es a%a&ns! !"e Sena!e P$es&den! and $de$&n% an&nes!&%a!&n.

• Sena!e P$es&den! Ae#&n $e(6sed ! )en !"e sess&n a! 1am. He de#a*ed

a))ea$an,e a! sess&n "a## 6n!&# 11:=/am. He $ead !"e ,"a$%es a%a&ns! "&m &n

)65#&,.

• A! a$6nd 1)m d6e ! !"e &ns&s!en! demands ( Sena!$s San&dad and C6en,

!"e sess&n +as (&na##* ,a##ed ! $de$. San&dad "+ee$ med !"a! !"e $## ,a##5e d&s)ensed +&!".

• Ae#&nBs a##&es Sena!$s F$an,&s, and T&$na &ns&s!ed !"a! !"e $## 5e ,a##ed &n

an 5&6s ,ns)&$a,* ! )$een! Sena!$ Tanada ($m de#&e$&n% "&s s)ee,".

• T"e $## +as ,a##ed.

• Sena!$ Tanada $e)ea!ed#* s!d 6) s !"a! "e ,6#d de#&e$ "&s s)ee," 56! +as

,n!&n66s#* &%n$ed 5* Ae#&n. Ae#&n een !"$ea!ened ! a$$es! an* !a#9&n%sena!$.

• D&s$de$ 5$9e 6! &n !"e %a##e$* ( !"e Sena!e.

• Sena!$ Da&d med ($ !"e ad6$nmen! ( sess&n 56! San&dad s!&## ))sed.

• S6dden#* Ae#&n 5an%ed !"e %ae# and +a#9ed 6! ( !"e sess&n "a## a#n% +&!"

Da&d T&$na and F$an,&s,. T"e )$-Tanada sena!$s $ema&ned.

• Sena!e P$es&den! P$-Tem)$e A$$an' s6%%es!ed !"a! C6en, !a9e e$ and

)$es&de e$ !"e sess&n. C6en, d&d and !9 !"e C"a&$.

• Sena!$ Tanada +as a5#e ! de#&e$ "&s s)ee,".

• T"e )s&!&n ( Sena!e P$es&den! +as de,#a$ed a,an! 5* a 6nan&m6s $es#6!&n

?0 5* !"se +" +e$e s!&## !"e$e.

• C6en, 5e,ame A,!&n% Sena!e P$es&den! "e !9 an a!" and +as $e,%n&'ed 5*

!"e P$es&den! ( !"e P"&#&))&nes !"e da* a(!e$.

• Ae#&n n+ (&#ed a ;2O WARRANTO )$,eed&n% ! de,#a$e "&m as !"e $&%"!(6#

Sena!e P$es&den!

ISS2ES:1 des !"e ,6$! "ae 6$&sd&,!&n

+as !"e $es#6!&n ma9&n% C6en, a,!&n% )$es&den! a#&d#* a))$ed K WAS THERE

<A8ORIT TO TRANSACT 2SINESS IN THE SENATEK= ,an Ae#&n $e,#a&m "&s )s&!&nK

SC:



1 CO2RT HAS NO 82RISDICTION. In &e+ ( !"e se)a$a!&n ( )+e$s and !"e)#&!&,a# na!6$e ( !"e ,n!$e$s* !"e Cns!&!6!&n %$an!s !"e Sena!e !"e )+e$ !

e#e,! &!s +n )$es&den!. I! ,ann! 5e &n!e$(e$ed +&!" n$ !a9en e$ 5* !"e 86d&,&a$*.T"e se#e,!&n ( !"e sena!e )$es&den! a((e,!s n#* !"e sena!$s !"emse#es +" a$e a!

#&5e$!* ! ,"se a! an* !&me !"e&$ ((&,e$s. T"e $emed* !"6s #&es &n !"e Sena!eSess&n Ha## n! &n !"e S6)$eme C6$!.

>THIS IS THE ISSUE #ELEVA!T U!+E# SECTI"! 35? ASS2<ING LANG THAT SC HAS 82RISDICTION !"e sess&n 6nde$ Sena!eP$es&den! P$-Tem)$e A$$an' +as VALID. I! +as me$e#* a ,n!&n6a!&n ( !"e

m$n&n% sess&n and !"a! a <INORIT OF 1 SENATORS ma* n! 5* #ea&n% !"eSess&n "a## )$een! !"e <A8ORIT OF 1 OTHER SENATORS ($m )ass&n% a

$es#6!&n +&!" !"e&$ 6nan&m6s ,nsen!.

W"en !"e Cns!&!6!&n sa*s !"a! a ma$&!* s"a## ,ns!&!6!e a 6$6m JTHE HO2SEDOES NOT <EAN ALL THE <E<ERS. Een a ma$&!* ( a## !"e mem5e$s ,ns!&!6!e

!"e H6se. T"e$e &s a d&((e$en,e 5e!+een a ma$&!* ( JALL THE <E<ERS OF THE

HO2SE and a ma$&!* ( JTHE HO2SE. T"e$e($e an a5s#6!e ma$&!* !"a! &s 1( a## !"e mem5e$s ( !"e sena!e = #an% ,ns!&!6!es ,ns!&!6!&na# ma$&!* ($ !"e

)6$)se ( a 6$6m ! d 56s&ness.

T"e ((&,e ( !"e Sena!e P$es&den! &s ne !"a! essen!&a##* de)ends n !"e +&## ( !"e

ma$&!* ( !"e sena!$s. Hen,e C6en, &s !"e ne+ Sena!e P$es&den!.

MN!e: = #an% *6n% !!a# n6m5e$ 5e,a6se a5sen! s& Sena!$ Tmas Cn(ess$. He &s

6! ( !"e ,6n!$*. <a$&!* ( = 1.



1/@. SANTIAGO VS. G2INGONA

• Sena!e ,nened as (##+s:

1 mem5e$s LA<P

7 mem5e$s LA3AS N2CD

1 mem5e$ LP

1 mem5e$ A9s*n Dem,$a!&,

1 mem5e$ PRP 1 mem5e$ Ga5a*-a*an

mem5e$s Inde)enden!

TOTAL = Mne )s&!&n +as a,an! 5e,a6se G<A 5e,ame V&,e

P$es&den!

• T"e$e +as an e#e,!&n ($ Sena!e P$es&den!. T"e$e +e$e ,n!ende$s Sena!$

Fe$nan and Sena!$ Ta!ad. * a !e ( ! Fe$nan +n as Sena!e P$es&den!.!"e +" !ed ($ Ta!ad +e$e ( ,6$se <&$&am and Ta!ad "&mse#(

• Sena!$ Ta!ad !"e$ea(!e$ man&(es!ed !"a! "e +as ass6m&n% !"e )s! as m&n$&!*

#eade$ s&n,e a,,$d&n% ! "&m n#* !"se +" "ad !ed ($ "&m 5e#n%ed ! !"e

Jm&n$&!*.

• T"&s +as ))sed 5* Sena!$ 8"nn* F#a&e$. He man&(es!ed !"a! 7 LA3AS N2CD

Sena!$s a$e a#s )a$! ( !"e m&n$&!* and !"e* ,"se Sena!$ G6&n%na asm&n$&!* #eade$.

• Sena!$ G6&n%na +as $e,%n&'ed 5* !"e Sena!e P$es&den! as <&n$&!* Leade$.

• Sena!$s San!&a% and Ta!ad &ns!&!6!ed ;2O WARRANTO )$,eed&n%s ! 6s!

Sena!$ G6&n%na as <&n$&!* Leade$ and ! de,#a$e Ta!ad as !"e $&%"!(6#

m&n$&!* #eade$.

• Ta!ad a$%6es !"a! !"e !e$m Jma$&!* $e(e$s ! !"e %$6) ( sena!$s +" !ed

($ !"e +&nn&n% sena!e )$es&den! and a,,e)!ed ,mm&!!ee ,"a&$mans"&)s.

A,,$d&n%#* !"e sa* !"a! !"se +" !ed ($ !"e #s&n% nm&nee and a,,e)!edn ,mm&!!ee ,"a&$mans"&)s ,m)$&se !"e Jm&n$&!*.

ISS2ES:

1 des !"e ,6$! "ae 6$&sd&,!&nK

+as !"e$e a &#a!&n ( !"e ,ns!&!6!&nK W"a! ,ns!&!6!es m&n$&!*K Was Se,!&n1 1 n! (##+ed &n !"e se#e,!&n ( Sena!e m&n$&!* #eade$K

SC:CO2RT HAS 82RISDICTION. T"e ,6$! "as 6d&,&a# )+e$ ! de!e$m&ne +"e!"e$ $

n! !"e$e "as 5een GADALE8. 56! !"&s &s n! !"e &ss6e "e$e.

<A8ORIT IS DEFINED AS THE N2<ER GREATER THAN HALF OR <ORE THAN HALFOF AN TOTAL. Se, 11 s&m)#* s!a!es !"a! !"e Sena!e P$es&den! m6s! 5!a&n !"e



!es ( m$e !"an Q ( ALL THE SENATORS. T"e Cns!&!6!&n des n! de#&nea!e+" s"a## ,m)$&se !"e ma$&!* m6," #ess !"e m&n$&!*.

W"&#e !"e Cns!&!6!&n manda!es !"a! !"e sena!e )$es&den! m6s! 5e e#e,!ed 5* a

n6m5e$ ,ns!&!6!&n% <ORE THAN Q OF ALL THE <E<ERS THEREOF &! des NOT)$&de !"a! !"e mem5e$s +" +&## n! !e ($ "&m s"a## IPSO FACT CONSTIT2TE

THE <INORIT. N #a+ $ $e%6#a!&n s!a!es !"a! !"e de(ea!ed ,and&da!e s"a##a6!ma!&,a##* 5e,me !"e m&n$&!* #eade$.

HISTOR ALL SHOWS !"a! Jma$&!* $e(e$s ! !"e )#&!&,a# )a$!* ! +"&," !"e ms!

n6m5e$ ( #a+ma9e$s 5e#n%ed +"&#e !"e Jm&n$&!* n$ma##* $e(e$$ed ! a )a$!*+&!" a #esse$ n6m5e$ ( mem5e$s.

<A8ORIT ma* a#s $e(e$ ! !"e %$6) $ )a$!* +&!" !"e #a$%e$ n6m5e$ ( !es

n! ne,essa$&#* m$e !"an Q. PL2RALIT.

<INORIT a %$6) $ )a$!* +&!" a sma## n6m5e$ ( !es !"an !"e ma$&!*.

e!+een 6ne6a# )a$!s $ n6m5e$s ,m)$&s&n% a +"#e !"e %$ea!e$ n6m5e$ +6#d5&6s#* 5e !"e ma$&!* +"&#e !"e #esse$ +6#d 5e !"e m&n$&!*.

6! +"e$e !"e$e a$e m$e !"an 6ne6a# %$6)&n%s &! &s n! as eas* ! sa* +"&," &s!"e m&n$&!* en!&!#ed ! se#e,! !"e #eade$ +"&," +&## $e)$esen! a## m&n$&!&es. e,a6se

+e "ae a m6#!&-)a$!* s*s!em !"e$e ,6#d 5e see$a# m&n$&!* )a$!&esne ( +"&,""as ! 5e &den!&(&ed as !"e dm&nan! m&n$&!*.

AS TO THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS IN CONGRESS:

W"&#e !"e Cns!&!6!&n &s e)#&,&! n !"e manne$ ( e#e,!&n% !"e Sena!e P$es&den! and!"e H6se S)ea9e$ &! &s "+ee$ dead s&#en! n !"e manne$ ( se#e,!&n% !"e !"e$

((&,e$s ( Cn%$ess. T"e ,ns!&!6!&n me$e#* sa*s !"a! Jea," H6se s"a## ,"ses6," !"e$ ((&,e$s as &! ma* deem ne,essa$*. Hen,e !"e me!"d ( ,"s&n% +"

+&## 5e s6," !"e$ ((&,e$s &s me$e#* a de$&a!&e ( !"e ee$,&se ( )$e$%a!&e

,n(e$$ed 5* !"e Cns!&!6!&n. S6," <ETHOD <2ST E PRESCRIED THE SENATEITSELF NOT THE CO2RTS.

T"e R2LES OF SENATE DO NOT PROVIDE FOR THE POSITIONS OF <A8ORIT

<INORIT LEADERS. In !"e a5sen,e ( and s)e,&(&, $6#es THIS CO2RT HAS NO

ASIS 2PON WHICH TO DETER<INE THE LEGALIT OF THE ACTS OF THE SENATE.T"e C6$!s ,ann! &n!e$ene &n !"e &n!e$na# a((a&$s ( !"e #e%&s#a!6$e.

I( +e +e$e ! 6)"#d !"e ,n!en!&n ( Ta!ad and San!&a% !"a! +6#d am6n! ! 6d&,&a# #e%&s#a!&n.

S&n,e n )$&s&n ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n $ an* !"e$ $6#e $ #a+ "as 5een &#a!ed NOA2SE OF POWER CAN E SHOWN. <ean&n% G6&n%na a,!ed ,$$e,!#* and Fe$nan

a#s a,!ed ,$$e,!#* &n $e,%n&'&n% G6&n%na as <&n$&!* Leade$.



1. PEOPLE VS. 8ALOS8OS

• Cn%$essman 8a#ss (&$s! d&s!$&,! am5N$!e +as ,n(&ned a! !"e na!&na#

)en&!en!&a$* +"&#e "&s ,ase ($ s!a!6!$* $a)e and a,!s ( #as,&&6sness &s

)end&n% a))ea#.

• He (&#ed a <OTION THAT HE E ALLOWED TO F2LL DISCHARGE THE D2TIES ( a

Cn%$essman &n,#6d&n% ATTENDANCE AT SESSIONS AND CO<<ITTEEHEARINGS des)&!e "&s ,n&,!&n ($ a nn-5a&#a5#e ((ense.

• He ,#a&ms !"a! "&s $e-e#e,!&n as ,n%$essman )$es as an E>PRESSION OF THE

POP2LAR WILL and ,ann! 5e $ende$ed &n6!&#e. "e ,#a&ms "e "as !"e <ANDATE

OF THE SOVEREIGN WILL

• He (6$!"e$ a$%6es !"a! 6nde$ Se, 1 a Cn%$essmanBs (6n,!&n &s ! a!!end

sess&ns. He a#s $e#&es n !"e ,ase ( AG2INALDO +e$e !"e ,6$! sa&d !"a! a)65#&, ((&,e$ s"6#d n! 5e $emed ($m ((&,e ($ a,!s dne )$&$ ! "&s )$esen!

!e$m ( ((&,e. T d !"e$+&se +6#d 5e de)$&&n% !"e $&%"! ( !"e )e)#e ! e#e,!!"e&$ ((&,e$s.

ISS2E:<a* 8a#ss a!!end sess&ns des)&!e "&s &m)$&snmen! ($ a nn-5a&#a5#e ((ense

+"&," "e ,mm&!!ed )$&$ ! "&s )$esen! !e$mK

SC:

2nde$ !"e Cns!&!6!&n )$&&#e%e ! 5e ($ee ($m a$$es! a))#&es n#* &( !"e ((ense &s)6n&s"a5#e 5* #ess !"an *ea$s ( &m)$&snmen!. T"e a,,6sed "as n! s"+n an*

$easn +"* "e s"6#d 5e eem)!ed ($m !"&s.T"e mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess ,ann! ,m)e# a5sen! mem5e$s ! a!!end sess&ns &( !"e

$easn ($ !"e ASENCE IS A LEGITI<ATE ONE. T"e ,n(&nemen! ( a Cn%$essman,"a$%ed +&!" a nn-5a&#a5#e ((ense m$e !"an *ea$s &s ,e$!a&n#* a6!"$&'ed 5*

#a+ and "as ,ns!&!6!&na# (6nda!&ns.T"e RATIONALE 5e"&nd ,n(&nemen! &s P2LIC SELF-DEFENSE. S,&e!* m6s! )$!e,!

&!se#( and se$es as an eam)#e and +a$n&n% ! !"e$s. A )e$sn &s !a9en &n!,6s!d* ($ )6$)se ( !"e adm&n&s!$a!&n ( 6s!&,e. I! &s !"e &n6$* ! !"e )65#&,

+"&," !"e S!a!e see9s ! $ed$ess &n ,$&m&na# ,ases.

T"e A%6&na#d ,ase a#s des n! a))#*. I! $e(e$s n#* ! adm&n&s!$a!&e $ema#s andNOT TO I<PRISON<ENT ARISING FRO< THE ENFORCE<ENT OF CRI<INAL LAW.

ELECTION TO HIGH GOVERN<ENT OFFICE DOES NOT FREE THE ACC2SED FRO<

THE CO<<ON RESTRAINTS OF GENERAL LAW.



W"a! "e &s see9&n% &s n! me$e eme$%en,* $ !em)$a$* #eaes ($m &m)$&snmen!.He &s see9&n% ! a!!end ,n%$ess&na# sess&n and mee!&n%s ($ / da*s $ m$e &n a

+ee9. THIS WO2LD VIRT2ALL <A3E HI< A FREE <AN.

As ! POP2LAR <ANDATE: !"e !e$s ( !"e d&s!$&,! e#e,!ed 8a#ss +&!" !"e (6##a+a$eness ( !"e #&m&!a!&ns ( "&s ($eedm ( a,!&n. T"e* d&d s +&!" !"e 9n+#ed%e

!"a! "e ,6#d d&s,"a$%e #e%&s#a!&e (6n,!&ns +&!"&n !"e ,n(&nes ( )$&sn n#*.

As ! E;2AL PROTECTION: !"e )e$($man,e ( #e%&!&ma!e and een essen!&a# d6!&es( a )65#&, ((e$ "as nee$ 5een an e,6se ! ($ee a )e$sn VALIDL IN PRISON.

Cn%$ess ,n!&n6es ! (6n,!&n +e## &n !"e )"*s&,a# a5sen,e ( ne ( &!s mem5e$s.C$&m&na# La+ En($,emen! )$ea&#s.

READ ORIG.11. ARROO VS. DE VENECIA

• 89e$ A$$* 5$6%"! a s6&! a%a&ns! S)ea9e$ 8DV e!, ($ !"e &#a!&n ( !"e R6#es

( H6se. T"e* a$e ,"a##en%&n% a#s !"e )assa%e ( RA 04 +"&," amended !"eNIRC 5* &m)s&n% s&n-!aes n 5ee$ and ,&%a$e!!es

• T"e 5&## $&%&na!ed ($m !"e H6se &! +as a))$ed n = $d $ead&n% and +as

!$ansm&!!ed ! !"e Sena!e.

• T"e &,ame$a# Cn(e$en,e Cmm&!!ee s65m&!!ed &!s $e)$! ! !"e H6se

Cn%$essman 8a&e$ C"a&$ ( !"e +a*s and means ,m!e de#&e$ed "&s

s)ns$s"&) s)ee,".

• D6$&n% &n!e$)e##a!&n 8O3ER ANNO2NCED THAT HE WAS GOING TO ;2ESTION

THE ;2OR2< ALTHO2GH 2NTIL THE END OF HIS INTERPELLATION HE NEVERDID.

• 89e$ ,"a##en%ed RA04 a$%6&n% !"a! &s +as )assed &n &#a!&n ( !"e $6#es (

!"e H6se +"&," $6#es em5d* !"e Cns!&!6!&na# manda!e &n Se, 1=. He

a$%6es !"a! a &#a!&n ( !"e H6se $6#es &s a &#a!&n ( !"e Cns!& &!se#(.

• S)e,&(&,a##* "e a##e%es !"a!:

o T"e *eas $ na*s +e$e n! as9ed 56! +as s&m)#* a))$ed n#* !

)$een! "&m ($m 6es!&n&n% !"e )$esen,e ( a 6$6m.o T"e C"a&$man de#&5e$a!e#* &%n$ed "&s 6es!&n&n%.

o T"e C"a&$man $e(6sed ! $e,%n&'e "&m and &ns!ead )$,eeded ! a,! n

A#5anBs m!&n ! de,#a$e !"e $e)$! a))$ed.o T"e C"a&$man s6s)ended !"e sess&n +&!"6! (&$s! $6#&n% n "&s

6es!&n&n%

o T"a! !"e sess&n +as "as!&#* ad6$ned ! )$een! "&m ($m ($ma##*

,"a##en%&n% !"e e&s!&n% ( a 6$6m.

ISS2E:

Was !"e$e GADALE8 +"en Cn%$ess ena,!ed RA 04K

SC:

NO. LAW RE<AINS VALID.W"a! &s a##e%ed ! "ae 5een &#a!ed &n !"e ena,!men! ( RA 04 a$e <EREL

INTERNAL R2LES OF PROCED2RE ( !"e H6se $a!"e$ !"an !"e Cns!&!6!&na#

$e6&$emen!s ($ !"e ena,!men! ( #a+. 89e$ des n! ,#a&m !"a! !"e$e +as n6$6m 56! n#* !"a! 5* sme mane6e$ a##e%ed#* &n &#a!&n ( !"e H6se $6#es

"e +as )$een!ed ($m 6es!&n&n% !"e )$esen,e ( 6$6m.



89e$ ,#a&ms !"a! !"e &#a!&n ( "6se $6#es &s a &#a!&n ( !"e ,ns!&!6!&n &!se#(.NO.

T"e $6#es ad)!ed 5* de#&5e$a!&e 5d&es s6," as !"e H6se a$e s65e,! !

$e,a!&n md&(&,a!&n $ +a&e$ 5* !"e 5d* ad)!&n% !"em. PARLIA<ENTARR2LES ARE <EREL PROCED2RAL AND WITH THEIR OSERVANCE THE CO2RT HAS

NO CONCERN. T"e* ma* 5e +a&ed $ d&s$e%a$ded 5* !"e #e%&s#a!&e 5d*. <e$e(a&#6$e ! ,n($m ! )a$#&amen!a$* 6sa%e +&## NOT &na#&da!e !"e a,!&n +"en !"e

$e6&s&!e n6m5e$ ( mem5e$s "ae a%$eed ! a )a$!&,6#a$ meas6$e.

T"e ,ns!&!6!&n em)+e$s ea," "6se ! de!e$m&ne &!s $6#es ( )$,eed&n%s. T"e)+e$ ! ma9e $6#es &s n! ne +"&," n,e ee$,&sed &s e"a6s!ed. I! &s a ,n!&n66s

)+e$ a#+a*s s65e,! ! 5e ee$,&sed 5* !"e H6se and +&!"&n !"e #&m&!a!&nss6%%es!ed and ASOL2TEL EOND THE CHALLENGE OF AN OTHER OD.

T"e (a&#6$e ! $e%a$d !"e $6#e &s NOT a s65e,! ma!!e$ ( 6d&,&a# &n6&$*. A #e%&s#a!&ea,! +&## n! 5e de,#a$ed &na#&d ($ nn ,m)#&an,e +&!" &n!e$na# $6#es. N ,6$! "as

ee$ de,#a$ed an a,! ( !"e #e%&s#a!6$e &d 6s! 5e,a6se ( nn-,m)#&an,e +&!" $6#es

( )$,ed6$e made 5* &!se#(.

In !"&s ,ase !"e$e &s NO R2LE IN THE HO2SE +"&," s)e,&(&,a##* $e6&$es !"a! &na))$&n% !"e &,am Cn(e$en,e Cmm&!!ee Re)$! !"e C"a&$ m6s! $es!a!e m!&nand ,nd6,! nm&na# !&n%. T"e manne$ 5* +"&," !"e $e)$! +as a))$ed "as a

ASIS IN LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE.

T"e Cns!&!6!&n des NOT $e6&$e !"a! !"e *eas and na*s ( !"e <em5e$s 5e !a9enee$* !&me !"e H6se "as ! !e. On#* &n !"e (##+&n% &ns!an,es +e$e *eas and

na*s a$e manda!$*:1 #as! and =$d $ead&n% ( a 5&##

$e6es! ( 1/ ( !"e mem5e$s )$esen!= $e)ass&n% ( a 5&## e$ !"e e! ( !"e P$es&den!.

A#s +"&#e &! &s !$6e !"a! A#5an med ($ ad6$nmen! 89e$ ,6#d "ae a! #eas!5e,!ed &( !"e$e +as an*!"&n% "e +an!ed ! sa*. THE FACT HOWEVER IS THAT HEDID NOT SA ANTHING T"e 6es!&n "e $a&sed +as n! a )&n! ( $de$ n$ a

6es!&n ( )$&&#e%e en!&!#ed ! )$e,eden,e.

As ! !"e ;2OR2< !"e $## ,a## es!a5#&s"ed !"e e&s!en,e ( a 6$6m. T"e 6es!&n( a 6$6m ,ann! 5e $a&sed $e)ea!ed#* es)e,&a##* +"en !"e 6$6m &s 5&6s#*

)$esen!.

LAW VALID.

CHA<PPa%e 111/



1. OS<ENA VS. PENDAT2N

• Osmena &n "&s )$&&#e%ed s)ee," ,"a$%ed P$es&den! Ga$,&a ($ e!end&n% )a$dn

($ a )$&,e.

• T"&s )$m)!ed !"e ,$ea!&n ( a s)e,&a# ,mm&!!ee ! &nes!&%a!e !"e a,,6sa!&ns

a%a&ns! Ga$,&a. A H6se Res#6!&n? /@ +as )assed $e6&$&n% Osmena !s65s!an!&a!e "&s ,"a$%es a%a&ns! P$es&den! Ga$,&a.

• Osmena s65m&!!ed a )e!&!&n ($ &n6n,!&n a%a&ns! Penda!6n e!, +" a$e

mem5e$ ( !"e S)e,&a# Cmm&!!ee ,$ea!ed 5* !"e H6se !"$6%" Res?/@.

• Osmena +an!s ! ann6# !"a! Res#6!&n n !"e %$6nd !"a! &! INFRINGES HIS

PARLIA<ENTAR I<<2NIT

• He a#s ,#a&ms !"a! !"e s!a!emen!s "e made +e$e n a,!&na5#e.

• Nee$!"e#ess OS<ENA +as FO2ND G2ILT OF SERIO2S DISORDERL

EHAVIOR. s6s)ended ($ 1/ mn!"s. T"e S)e,&a# Cmm&!!ee &n9ed !"e

P+e$ ( Cn%$ess ! D&s,&)#&ne I!s <em5e$s.

• Osmena a$%6es (6$!"e$: !"a! !"e H6se ,an n #n%e$ !a9e a,!&n a%a&ns! "&m

5e,a6se 5e($e Res/@ "ad 5een a))$ed !"e H6se "ad !a9en 6) !"e$56s&ness.

ISS2E:Can Osmena 5e "e#d #&a5#e ($ "&s s)ee,"K

SC:

T"e Cns!&!6!&n )$&des !"a! !"e s)ee," $ de5a!es &n Cn%$ess s"a## n! 5e6es!&ned &n an* !"e$ )#a,e. T"e* a$e )$&&#e%ed s)ee,". H+ee$ !"e )$&s&n

"as a#+a*s 5een 6nde$s!d ! mean !"a! a#!"6%" E>E<PT FRO< PROSEC2TION ORCIVIL ACTIONS ($ !"e +$ds 6!!e$ed &n Cn%$ess THE <E<ERS OF CONGRESS

<A NEVERTHELESS E ;2ESTIONED I! C"!)#ESS ITSEL&.

Pa$#&amen!a$* &mm6n&!* %6a$an!ees !"e #e%&s#a!$ ,m)#e!e ($eedm ( e)$ess&n5e($e !"e ,6$!s $ an* !"e$ ($6m. 2T !"&s &s n#* O2TSIDE THE

CONGRESSIONAL HALLS. I! des n! )$!e,! "&m ($m $es)ns&5&#&!* 5e($e !"e#e%&s#a!&e 5d* &!se#( +"enee$ "&s +$ds and ,nd6,! a$e ,ns&de$ed d&s$de$#* $

6n5e,m&n% a mem5e$ !"e$e(.

On !"e 6es!&n ( +"e!"e$ !"e s)ee," ,ns!&!6!es d&s$de$#* ,nd6,! !"e H6se &s

!"e s#e 6d%e ( +"a! ,ns!&!6!es d&s$de$#* 5e"a&6$. T"ese a$e ma!!e$s de)enden!



n (a,!6a# ,&$,6ms!an,es +"&," !"e H6se 9n+s 5es! and ,ann! 5e )$esen!ed &n5#a,9 and +"&!e 5e($e !"e C6$!s. I( !"e ,6$! +6#d $e&e+ !"e a,! ( !"e H6se

!"en &! &s !an!am6n! ! %&&n% a))e##a!e 6$&sd&,!&n ! a ,-e6a# 5$an," ( !"e%e$nmen!.

H6se Res#6!&n /@ $ema&ns VALID. T"e "6se "as e,#6s&e )+e$ ! d&s,&)#&ne !"e

,6$!s "ae n 6$&sd&,!&n ! &n!e$(e$e. I! &s &n"e$en! #e%&s#a!&e )$e$%a!&e !s6s)end.

1=. SANTIAGO VS. SANDIGANAAN

• <&$&am !"en a! !"e CID +as ,"a$%ed ($ &#a!&n ( AGCP ($ "a&n% a##+ed

!"e #e%a#&'a!&n ( s!a* ( sme d&s6a#&(&ed a#&ens.

• See$a# &n($ma!&n +e$e (&#ed a%a&ns! "e$ 5e($e !"e S.

• Pend&n% !"e $es#6!&n !"e )$se,6!&n med ! ($ !"e &ss6an,e ( PREVENTIVE

S2SPENSION ORDER a%a&ns! Sena!$ <&$&am.

• S %$an!ed !"e m!&n. SENATOR <IRIA< WAS S2SPENDED AS SENATOR and

($m an* !"e$ %e$nmen! )s&!&n ($ )e$&d ( @ da*s.

• Sena!$ assa&#ed !"e a6!"$&!* ( !"e S ! &ss6e a @-da* )$een!&e s6s)ens&n.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ S "ad !"e a6!"$&!* ! s6s)end an &n,6m5en! mem5e$ ( !"e Sena!e.

SC:

T"e a6!"$&!* ( !"e S ! $de$ )$een!&e s6s)ens&n ( an &n,6m5en! )65#&, ((&,&a#&s 5ased n RA =1@. S6s)ens&n )enden! e#&!e APPLIES TO ALL PERSONS INDICTED2PON A VALID INFOR<ATION +"e!"e$ a))&n!&e $ e#e,!&e )e$manen! $

!em)$a$* ,a$ee$ $ nn-,a$ee$.

I! &s a m&n&s!e$&a# d6!* ( !"e ,6$! ! $de$ s6s)ens&n 6)n de!e$m&na!&n ( !"ea#&d&!* ( !"e &n($ma!&n (&#ed 5e($e &!. On,e !"e &n($ma!&n &s (6nd ! 5e

s6((&,&en! &n ($m and s65s!an,e !"e ,6$! &s 56! ! &ss6e !"e s6s)ens&n $de$ as a

ma!!e$ ( ,6$se. A(!e$ a## a )$een!&e s6s)ens&n &s NOT A PENALT 5e,a6se &! &sn! &m)sed as a $es6#! ( 6d&,&a# )$,eed&n%s.

T"e S me$e#* ad"e$e ! !"e ,#ea$ and 6ne6&,a# manda!e ( !"e #a+. RA =1@des NOT s!a!e !"a! !"e )65#&, ((&,e$ ,n,e$ned m6s! 5e s6s)ended n#* &n !"e

((&,e +"e$e "e &s a##e%ed ! "ae ,mm&!!ed !"e a,!s. T"e +$d J((&,e APPLIES TOAN OFFICE WHICH THE OFFICER CHARGED <A E HOLDING NOT ONL THE

PARTIC2LAR OFFICE 2NDER WHICH HE STANDS ACC2SED.

T"&s )+e$ ( !"e S &s DISTINCT FRO< THE POWER OF CONGRESS TO DISCIPLINEITS OWN RAN3S +"&," !"e Cns!& )$&des. T"e s6s)ens&n ,n!em)#a!ed &n !"e

,ns!&!6!&n &s a )6n&!&e meas6$e !"a! &s &m)sed 6)n !"e de!e$m&na!&n ( !"eSena!e $ H6se 6)n &!s e$$&n% mem5e$.



In s"$! RA =1@ )$een!&e s6s)ens&n PRELI<INAR NOT A PENALT

Se, 1 Cns!& s6s)ens&n ( mem5e$ P2NITIVE A PENALT

RA =1@ des n! e,#6de ($m &!s ,e$a%e mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess. S +as ,$$e,!.

14. 2S s. PONS

• An &n($ma!&n +as (&#ed a%a&ns! Pns ($ &##e%a# &m)$!a!&n ( )&6m &n &#a!&n

( ACT =01. He +as (6nd %6&#!* and +as sen!en,ed ! *ea$s &n &#&5&d.

• Pns a))ea#ed a$%6&n% !"a! !"e #as! da* ( !"e s)e,&a# sess&n ( !"e P"&#&))&ne

Le%&s#a!6$e +as n FE 0. He ,n!ends !"a! ACT ==0 +as )assed n#* n<ARCH 1 NOT FE 0. Hen,e "e ,ann! 5e )$se,6!ed.

• A,,$d&n% ! !"e P2LISHED 8O2RNAL OF THE ASSE<L +"&," $e,$ds a## !"e

)$,eed&n%s !"e Assem5#* ad6$ned n Fe5 0 1@14 a! m&dn&%"!. T"e 6$na#

s"+s +&!" a5s#6!e ,e$!a&n!* !"a! !"e Le%&s#a!6$e ad6$ned SINE DIE a! 1m&dn&%"! n Fe5 0.

• Pns +an!s !"e adm&ss&n ( e!$ane6s e&den,e ! )$e !"a! &! +as $ea##* n

<a$," 1 +"en !"e Assem5#* ad6$ned. Pns &ns&s!s !"a! &! &s ( )65#&, 9n+#ed%e!"a! !"e Assem5#*Bs ,#,9 +as s!))ed n Fe5 0 1@14 and +as #e(! 6n!&# !"e

de!e$m&na!&n ( a## !"e$ )end&n% ma!!e$s. T"e HANDS OF THE CLOC3 WERESTAED &n $de$ ! ena5#e !"e Assem5#* ! e((e,! an ad6$nmen! +&!"&n !"e!&me (&ed ($ a s)e,&a# sess&n.

• Pns a$%6es !"a! 5* s!))&n% !"e ,#,9 a $es6#!an! e&# m&%"! $es6#! 5e,a6se &!

a#!e$s !"e )$5a!&e ($,e and ,"a$a,!e$ ( #e%&s#a!&e $e,$ds.

• On !"e !"e$ "and !"e %e$nmen! asse$!s !"a! !"e ,n!en!s ( #e%&s#a!&e

6$na#s a$e ,n,#6s&e e&den,e as ! !"e da!e ( ad6$nmen!.

ISS2E: W"a! &s !"e $ea# da!e ( ad6$nmen! ( !"e assem5#*K Can C6$!s !a9e

6d&,&a# n!&,e !"e$e( $ &s e!$ane6s e&den,e a##+ed ! )$e !"e$+&seK

SC:

F$m !"e&$ e$* na!6$e and 5e,! ( !"e $e,$ds ( !"e Le%&s#a!6$e a$e as &m)$!an!as !"se ( !"e 6d&,&a$* and ! IN;2IRE INTO THE VERACIT OF THE 8O2RNALS OFLEGISLAT2RE WHEN THE ARE ALREAD CLEAR AND E>PLICIT WO2LD E TO

VIOLATE THE ORGANIC LAWS OF THE GOVERN<ENT TO INVADE A COORDINATEAND CO-E;2AL RANCH OF GOVERN<ENT and TO INTERFERE WITH THE

LEGITI<ATE F2NCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE LEGISLAT2RE.

S&n,e !"e 6$na#s ,#ea$#* s!a!ed !"e a,!6a# !&me ( ad6$nmen! 1 m&dn&%"! Fe5 0

1@14 !"&s se!!#es !"e 6es!&n and !"e ,6$! ,ann! % 5e"&nd !"ese 6$na#s.



C6$!s CAN !a9e 6d&,&a# n!&,e ( Le%&s#a!&e 86$na#s: C6$!s a$e 56nd ! !a9e

6d&,&a# n!&,e ( +"a! !"e #a+ &s and ! ena5#e !"em ! de!e$m&ne +"e!"e$ !"e #e%a#$e6&s&!es ! !"e a#&d&!* ( a s!a!6!e "ae 5een ,m)#&ed +&!". I! &s !"e&$ RIGHT AND

D2T.

CO2RTS ,ann! % 5e"&nd !"e 6$na#s ,ann! a,,e)! !es!&mn&a# e&den,e as ama!!e$ ( )65#&, )#&,* and ! ens6$e s!a5&#&!*. THE ARE CONCL2SIVE EVIDENCE ASTO THE DATE OF AD8O2RN<ENT. E!$ane6s e&den,e s6," as !"e s!))&n% ( !"e

,#,9 ,ann! 5e adm&!!ed.

1/. CASCO VS. GI<ENE

• T"&s &s a $e&e+ ( !"e de,&s&n ( !"e A6d&!$ Gene$a# den*&n% !"e ,#a&m ($

$e(6nd 5* Cas,.

• P6$s6an! ! !"e FORE> <a$%&n Fee La+ !"e Cen!$a# an9 &ss6ed a ,&$,6#a$ (&&n% a

6n&($m <ARGIN FEE OF / n FORE> TRNS>.

• Cas, &n $de$ ! &m)$! 2$ea and F$ma#de"*de ($ &!s 56s&ness 56%"! FORE>

and )a&d <ARGIN FEES.

• H+ee$ &! #a!e$ ,#a&med !"a! 2$ea and F$ma#de"*de a$e eem)! ($m !"e

<a$%&n Fees "en,e !"e* n+ see9 a $e(6nd ( !"e ma$%&n (ees )a&d.

• T"&s +as den&ed 5* !"e AG 5e,a6se &! sa*s !"a! n#* 2REA FOR<ALDEHDE !"e

(&n&s"ed )$d6,! &s eem)! and !"a! 2REA JAND FOR<ALDEHED as $a+

ma!e$&a#s a$e n!.

• Cas, ,#a&ms "+ee$ !"a! !"e 5&## a))$ed &n Cn%$ess ,n!a&ned !"e

,n6n,!&n JAND 5e!+een J2REA and JFOR<ALDEHD and !"a! Cn%$ess&n!ended !"ese $a+ ma!e$&a#s ! 5e eem)!.

ISS2E:A$e !"e $a+ ma!e$&a#s 2REA and FOR<ALDEHD eem)! 5ased n !"e 5&## )assed &n

Cn%$essK

SC:

NO.I! &s +e##-se!!#ed !"a! !"e ENROLLED ILL – +"&," 6ses !"e !e$m J2REA

FOR<ALDEHDE &ns!ead ( J2REA AND JFOR<ALDEHDE – &s CONCL2SIVE 2PON

THE CO2RTS as $e%a$ds !"e TENOR OF THE <EAS2RE )assed 5* Cn%$ess and

a))$ed 5* !"e P$es&den!.

I( !"e$e "as 5een an* m&s!a9e &n !"e )$&n!&n% ( !"e 5&## 5e($e &! +as ,e$!&(&ed 5* !"e

((&,e$s ( Cn%$ess and a))$ed 5* !"e P$es&den! +"&," +e ,ann! s)e,6#a!en+ !"e $emed* &s 5* amendmen! $ ,6$a!&e #e%&s#a!&n n! 5* 6d&,&a# #e%&s#a!&n.



1. ASTORGA VS. VILEGAS

• A 5&## ( #,a# a))#&,a!&n +as (&#ed &n !"e HO2SE OF REPS )assed = $d $ead&n%

+&!"6! amendmen!s $e(e$$ed ! !"e Cmm&!!ee n #,a# %e$nmen!s +"&,"

+as a))$ed +&!" m&n$ amendmen!.

• T"&s m&n$ amendmen! +as !"a! J&ns!ead ( !"e C&!* En%&nee$ &! +&## 5e !"e

P$es&den! P$ Tem)$e ( !"e <6n&,&)a# a$d +" +&## s6,,eed !"e V&,e <a*$ &n,ase !"e #a!!e$ &s 6na5#e ! a,! as <a*$. !"&s &s !"e RO>AS A<END<ENT

• AT THE SENATE: s65s!an!&a# amendmen!s +e$e &n!$d6,ed 5* Sena!$ T#en!&n.

+"&," +e$e a))$ed 5* !"e Sena!e. T"e Ras Amendmen! des n! a))ea$ &n

!"e 6$na# ( !"e Sena!e as "a&n% 5een a,!ed 6)n.

• La!e$ !"e Se,$e!a$* ( !"e Sena!e sen! a #e!!e$ ! !"e H6se !"a! !"e H6se &##

"as 5een )assed 5* !"e Sena!e +&!" amendmen!s. A!!a,"ed +as a ,e$!&(&,a!&n (

amendmen! +"&," +as !"e Ras Amendmen! and NOT !"e T#en!&nAmendmen! +"&," +e$e d6#* a))$ed 5* !"e Sena!e.

• Na!6$a##* Sena!$ T#en!&n made a )$ess s!a!emen! sa*&n% !"a! !"e en$##ed

,)* s&%ned &n! #a+ +as a +$n% e$s&n

• T#en!&n a$%6es !"a! !"e #a+ s&%ned d&d n! em5d* !"e T#en!&n Amendmen!s

+"&," +e$e &n!$d6,ed and a))$ed 5* !"e Sena!e.

• T"e P$es&den! ( !"e P"&#&))&nes !"e$e($e +as ,m)e##ed ! +&!"d$a+ "&s

s&%na!6$e n !"e &##.

• As a $es6#! VILLEGAS THE <AOR OF <ANILA &ss6ed ,&$,6#a$s ! d&s$e%a$d !"e

RA 4/. He a#s $de$ed !"e C"&e( ( P#&,e ! $e,a## !"e / ((&,e$s ass&%ned !

!"e V&,e <a*$. <a*$ sa*s !"a! RA 4/ nee$ 5e,ame #a+ s&n,e &! +as n!)assed 5* Sena!e.

•

VICE <AOR ASTORGA ( ,6$se (&#ed ($ <andam6s ! ,m)#* +&!" RA 4/.• <AOR a$%6es !"a! !"e en!$&es &n !"e 6$na# a$e de,&s&e.

• VICE <AOR a$%6es !"a! !"e en$##ed 5&## &s ,n!$##&n%.

ISS2E:W"e!"e$ RA 4/ a,!6a##* 5e,ame #a+ s&n,e &! +as n! !"e 5&## a,!6a##* )assed 5*

Cn%$ess and !"a! &! #a,9 !"e a))$ed T#en!&n Amendmen!.



SC:NO. IT NEVER ECA<E LAW. ASTORGA LOSES.

Cn%$ess "as de&sed a s*s!em ($ a6!"en!&,a!&n% 5&##s d6#* a))$ed 5* !"es&%na!6$es ( !"e&$ $es)e,!&e )$es&d&n% ((&,e$s and se,$e!a$&es )$&n!ed n !"e ,)* (

!"e a))$ed 5&##. T"e (6n,!&n ( !"&s a!!es!a!&n !"e$e($e &s n! ( a))$a#.

T"e en$##ed 5&## d,!$&ne &s 5ased ma&n#* n !"e $es)e,! d6e ! !"e ,-e6a# and&nde)enden! de)a$!men!s +"&," $e6&$es !"e 6d&,&a# de)a$!men! ! a,,e)! as "a&n%

)assed Cn%$ess a## 5&##s A2THENTICATED IN THE <ANNER STATED. I( !"ea!!es!a!&n &s a5sen! and !"e same &s n! $e6&$ed ($ !"e a#&d&!* ( a s!a!6!e !"e

,6$!s ma* $es$! ! !"e 6$na#s and !"e$ $e,$ds ( !"e Cn%$ess ($ )$( ( &!sd6e ena,!men!.

As (a$ as !"e Cn%$ess &!se#( &s ,n,e$ned !"e$e &s n!"&n% sa,$san,! &n !"e

,e$!&(&,a!&n made 5* !"e )$es&d&n% ((&,e$s. I! &s me$e#* a mde ( a6!"en!&,a!&n.T"e #a+ ma9&n% )$,ess ends +"en !"e 5&## &s a))$ed 5* 5!" H6ses and !"e

,e$!&(&,a!&n des n! add ! !"e a#&d&!* ( !"e 5&## $ ,6$e an* de(e,! a#$ead* )$esen!

6)n &!s )assa%e. IN OTHER WORDS THE APPROVAL CONGRESS AND NOT THESIGNAT2RES OF THE PRESIDING OFFICERS +"&," &s essen!&a#.

As!$%aBs ,#a&m !"a! !"e a!!es!a!&n ( !"e )$es&d&n% ((&,e$s ( Cn%$ess &s ,n,#6s&e)$( ( !"e 5&##Bs d6e ena,!men! HAS EEN NE2TRALIED 5* !"e (a,! !"a! !"e

Sena!e P$es&den! de,#a$ed "&s s&%na!6$e n !"e 5&## ! 5e &na#&d and &ss6ed as65se6en! ,e$!&(&,a!&n !"a! !"e &na#&da!&n ( "&s s&%na!6$e mean! !"a! !"e 5&## "e

"ad ea$#&e$ s&%ned "ad nee$ 5een a))$ed 5* !"e Sena!e. O5&6s#* !"&sde,#a$a!&n "as m$e +e&%"! !"a! !"e a!!es!a!&n +"&," &! &na#&da!ed.

A5sen! s6," a!!es!a!&n as a $es6#! ( !"e DISCLAI<ER and ,nse6en!#* !"e$e 5e&n%

NO ENROLLED ILL ! s)ea9 ( +"a! e&den,e &s !"e$e ! de!e$m&ne +"e!"e$ $ n!!"e 5&## &s d6#* ena,!edK ANSWER: THE 8O2RNAL

T"e 86$na# ( !"e )$,eed&n%s &s n $d&na$* $e,$d. T"e Cns!&!6!&n $e6&$es &!.And !"e C6$! ,an &n6&$e +"e!"e$ !"e !e! ( !"e H6se &## s&%ned 5* !"e P$es&den!&s !"e same !e! )assed 5* 5!" H6ses. T"e Sena!e 86$na# d&s,#ses !"a!

s65s!an!&a# and #en%!"* amendmen!s TOLENTINO A<END<ENTS +e$e &n!$d6,edn !"e (#$ and a))$ed 5* !"e Sena!e 56! +e$e n! &n,$)$a!ed &n !"e )$&n!ed

!e! sen! ! !"e P$es&den!.

As a $es6#! !"e C6$! &s &n,#&ned ! de,#a$e !"a! !"e 5&## +as n! d6#* ena,!ed and!"e$e($e DID NOT ECO<E LAW. In (a,! 5!" !"e Sena!e P$es&den! and !"e

P$es&den! ( !"e P"&#&))&nes +&!"d$e+ !"e&$ s&%na!6$es !"e$e&n.

@this simpl0 me,ns th,t when the presiding -//icer repudi,tes his sign,ture in the,lleged enr-lled bill* then the j-urn,l prev,ils.



17. PHILIPPINE 82DGES ASSOC. VS. PRADO

• Se,!&n =/ ( R.A. N. 7=/4 +&!"d$a+s !"e ($an9&n% )$&&#e%e ($m !"e SC CA

RTC <eTC <TC LRC ROD e!,.

• T"e )e!&!&n assa&#s !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( R.A. N. 7=/4 n !"e %$6nd !"a!

&! d&d n! )ass !"e $e6&$ed $ead&n%s &n 5!" H6ses ( Cn%$ess and )$&n!ed

,)&es ( !"e 5&## &n &!s F&na# ($m +e$e n! d&s!$&56!ed amn% !"e mem5e$s 5e($e&!s )assa%e

• Pe!&!&ne$s ma&n!a&n !"a! !"e se,nd )a$a%$a)" ( Se,. =/ ,e$&n% !"e $e)ea# (

!"e ($an9&n% )$&&#e%e +as n! &n,#6ded &n !"e $&%&na# e$s&n ( Sena!e &##

N.7 $ ( H6se &## N. 4 as !"&s )a$a%$a)" a))ea$ed n#* &n !"e

Cn(e$en,e Cmm&!!ee Re)$!.• T"e )e!&!&ne$s a#s &n9e Se,. 74 ( !"e R6#es ( !"e H6se $e6&$&n% !"a!

amendmen! ! an* 5&## +"en !"e H6se and !"e Sena!e s"a## "ae d&((e$en,es

!"e$en ma* 5e se!!#ed 5* a ,n(e$$en,e ,mm&!!ee ( 5!" ,"am5e$s. T"e*s!$ess !"a! Se,. =/ +as nee$ a s65e,! ( an* d&sa%$eemen! 5e!+een 5!"

H6ses and s !"e se,nd )a$a%$a)" ,6#d n! "ae 5een a#&d#* added as anamendmen!.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ !"e +&!"d$a+a# ( ($an9&n% )$&&#e%es +as )$)e$#* &n,#6ded &n !"e

&## )assed 5* 5!" "6sesK

SC:I! &s a ma!!e$ ( $e,$d !"a! !"e Cn(e$en,e Cmm&!!ee Re)$! n !"e 5&## &n 6es!&n

+as $e!6$ned ! and d6#* a))$ed 5* 5!" !"e Sena!e and !"e H6se (Re)$es!a!&es. T"e$ea(!e$ !"e 5&## +as en$##ed +&!" &!s ,e$!&(&,a!&n 5* Sena!e

P$es&den! Ne)!a#& A. Gn'a#es and S)ea9e$ Ramn V. <&!$a ( !"e H6se (Re)$esen!a!&es as "a&n% 5een d6#* )assed 5* 5!" H6ses ( Cn%$ess. I! +as !"en

)$esen!ed ! and a))$ed 5* P$es&den! C$a'n C. A6&n n A)$&# = 1@@.

2nde$ !"e d,!$&ne ( se)a$a!&n ( )+e$s !"e C6$! ma* n! &n6&$e 5e*nd !"e,e$!&(&,a!&n ( !"e a))$a# ( 5&## ($m !"e )$es&d&n% ((&,e$s ( Cn%$ess. T"e

CASCO CASE #a&d d+n !"e $6#e !"a! !"e en$##ed 5&## &s ,n,#6s&e 6)n !"e 86d&,&a$*



e,e)! &n ma!!e$s !"a! "ae ! 5e en!e$ed &n !"e 6$na#s #&9e !"e *eas and na*s n!"e (&na# $ead&n% ( !"e 5&##.. T"e 6$na#s a$e !"emse#es a#s 5&nd&n% n !"e

S6)$eme C6$!

T &n6&$e &n! !"e e$a,&!* ( !"e 6$na#s ( !"e P"&#&))&ne #e%&s#a!6$e +"en !"e* a$eas +e "ae sa&d ,#ea$ and e)#&,&! +6#d 5e ! &#a!e 5!" !"e #e!!e$ and s)&$&! (

!"e $%an&, #a+s 5* +"&," !"e P"&#&))&ne Ge$nmen! +as 5$6%"! &n! e&s!en,e !&nade a ,$d&na!e and &nde)enden! de)a$!men! ( !"e Ge$nmen! and !

&n!e$(e$e +&!" !"e #e%&!&ma!e )+e$s and (6n,!&ns ( !"e Le%&s#a!6$e.

A))#*&n% !"ese )$&n,&)#es +e s"a## de,#&ne ! #9 &n! !"e )e!&!&ne$s ,"a$%es !"a!an amendmen! +as made 6)n !"e #as! $ead&n% ( !"e 5&## !"a! een!6a##* 5e,ame

R.A. N. 7=/4 and !"a! ,)&es !"e$e( &n &!s (&na# ($m +e$e n! d&s!$&56!ed amn%!"e mem5e$s ( ea," H6se !" !"e en$##ed 5&## and !"e #e%&s#a!&e 6$na#s ,e$!&(*

!"a! !"e meas6$e +as d6#* ena,!ed &.e. &n a,,$dan,e +&!" A$!&,#e VI Se,. (!"e Cns!&!6!&n. We a$e 56nd 5* s6," ((&,&a# ass6$an,es ($m a ,$d&na!e

de)a$!men! ( !"e %e$nmen! ! +"&," +e +e a! !"e e$* #eas! a 5e,m&n%

,6$!es*.

10. VERA VS. AVELINO

• A(!e$ T"e e#e,!&ns Cme#e, s65m&!!ed &!s $e)$! ! Cn%$ess !"e P$es&den!:

T"e Re)$! s!a!e !"a! !"e$e +as !e$$$&sm and &#en,e &n Pam)an%a N6ea

E,&a Ta$,#as +"&," )$een!ed !"e e)$ess&n ( !"e ))6#a$ +&##.

!"a! !"e$e +as ,e$,&n and &n!&m&da!&n !"a! ms! ( !"e $es&den!s #e(! !"e&$

"mes &n $de$ n! ! 5e s65e,!ed ! ))$ess&n man* ( !"em !ed ($ Rasas )$es&den! and !"a! !"e$e +as !e$$$&sm ! ens6$e !"e e#e,!&n ( !"e

mem5e$s ( !"e Na!&na#&s!a )a$!*

• A )$!es! a%a&ns! !"e e#e,!&n ( VERA DIO3NO RO<ERO +as (&#ed +&!" !"e SET

• T"e Sena!e ,nened and THE PENDAT2N RESOL2TION +as a))$ed. 2nde$ !"e

Res#6!&n )end&n% !"e !e$m&na!&n ( !"e )$!es! a%a&ns! !"e&$ e#e,!&n VERADIO3NO RO<ERO +" "ad 5een &n,#6ded amn% !"e 1 sena!$s +" +n and)$,#a&med 5* Cme#e, SHALL NOT E SWORN IN NOR SEATED AS SENATORS.B

• T"e = (&#ed !"&s ,ase ($ !"e ann6#men! ( !"e Penda!6n Res#6!&n and ($ !"em

! 5e a5#e ! ,,6)* !"e&$ sea!s and ee$,&se !"e&$ sena!$&a# )$e$%a!&es.

ISS2ES:

1 W"e!"e$ !"e SC "as 6$&sd&,!&nKPe!&!&ne$s (6$!"e$ &n9e !"e ANGARA DOCTRINE +"&," !"e* ,#a&m %$an!s SC

6$&sd&,!&n e$ !"e E#e,!$a# Cmm&ss&n:

SC:PREVIO2SL: 2nde$ !"e ALE8ANDRINO DOCTRINE mandam6s +&## n! #&e a%a&ns! !"e

#e%&s#a!&e 5d* and &!s ((&,e$s ! ,m)e# !"e )e$($man,e ( d6!&es )6$e#*#e%&s#a!&e &n ,"a$a,!e$. T"e ,6$!s ,ann! d&,!a!e !"e&$ #e%&s#a!&e (6n,!&ns e$

+"&," !"e* "ae e,#6s&e ,n!$#. W"en !"e$e &s a mem5e$ +" "as 5een e)e##ed

5* !"e #e%&s#a!&e 5d* !"e ,6$!s "ae n )+e$ &$$es)e,!&e ( +"e!"e$ !"ee)6#s&n +as $&%"! $ +$n% ! &ss6e a manda!e ! ,m)e# "&s $e&ns!a!emen!.



2nde$ 6$ ($m ( %e$nmen! !"e 6d&,&a# de)a$!men! "as n )+e$ ! $e&se een!"e ms! a$5&!$a$* and 6n(a&$ a,!&n ( !"e #e%&s#a!&e de)a$!men! !a9en &n )6$s6an,e

( a )+e$ ,mm&!!ed e,#6s&e#* ! !"a! de)a$!men! 5* !"e ,ns!&!6!&n.

HOWEVER: T"e O$%an&, A,! "ad sme &nna!&ns +"&," es!a5#&s"ed add&!&na#e,e)!&ns ! !"e +e## 9n+n d,!$&ne ( SEPARATION OF POWERS ($ &ns!an,e !"e

CREATION OF ELECTORAL TRI2NALS +"e$e&n !"e 86s!&,es ( !"e SC )a$!&,&)a!e &n!"e de,&s&n ( ,n%$ess&na# e#e,!&n )$!es!s.

2nde$ <a$56$* s. <ad&sn !"e ,6$! ma* ann6# an* #e%&s#a!&e ena,!men! !"a! (&a#s

! 5se$e !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# #&m&!a!&ns. A #e%&s#a!&e ena,!men! &s !"e a,! ( ana%en,* ( se$e&%n a6!"$&!*. I( &! ,n(#&,!s +&!" !"e Cns!&!6!&n !"en &! m6s! (a##.

Ina#&da!&n% &! &s a )#a&n ee$,&se ( 6d&,&a# )+e$ !"a! )+e$ es!ed &n !"e ,6$!s !ena5#e !"em ! adm&n&s!e$ 6s!&,e a,,$d&n% ! #a+. THIS IS NOT THE E>ERCISE OF

S2STANTIVE POWER ! $e&e+ and n6##&(* !"e a,!s ( Cn%$ess. I! &s s&m)#* aNECESSAR CONCO<ITANT OF THE POWER TO HEAR AND DISPOSE OF A CASE and

! de!e$m&ne &!s a#&d&!* a%a&ns! !"e #a+.

T"e An%a$a D,!$&ne &s n! a))#&,a5#e. In An%a$a !"e C6$! !9 6$&sd&,!&n 5e,a6se

!"e$e +as a ,n(#&,! ( 6$&sd&,!&n 5e!+een ,ns!&!6!&na# 5d&es "en,e !"e SC +as,m)e##ed ! de!e$m&ne !"e ,"a$a,!e$ s,)e and e!en! ( !"e&$ $es)e,!&e s)"e$es ( a,!&n.

IN THIS CASE !"e$e &s a,!6a##* n an!a%n&sm 5e!+een !"e Sena!e and !"e SET.

Cnse6en!#* !"e SC ,ann! &n!e$ene. F##+&n% !"e ALE8ANDRINO DOCTRINE !"e,6$! ,ann! en!e$!a&n !"&s )e!&!&n and $de$ !"e 5$an," ( #e%&s#a!6$e ! $e&ns!a!e a

mem5e$. T d s +6#d 5e ! es!a5#&s" 6d&,&a# )$edm&nan,e and ! 2PSET THECLASSIC PATTERN OF CHEC3S AND ALANCES WISEL WOVEN INTO O2R

INSTIT2TIONAL SET2P. T"e$e a$e 6nd65!ed#* man* +$n%s !"a! !"e 6d&,&a$* ma*n! ,$$e,! ($ &ns!an,e !"se &n#&n% )#&!&,a# 6es!&ns.

Des )$"&5&!&n #&eKSC: NO. )$"&5&!&n $e(e$s n#* ! )$,eed&n%s ( !$&56na#s ee$,&s&n% 6d&,&a# $m&n&s!e$&a# (6n,!&ns NOT LEGISLATIVE (6n,!&ns.

= ASS2<ING !"a! !"e SC "ad 6$&sd&,!&n d&d Sena!e e,eed &!s )+e$s &n ad)!&n%

!"e Penda!6n Res#6!&nKT"e d&s,6ss&ns ( !"e Cn-Cn s"+ed !"a! &ns!ead ( !$ans(e$$&n% ! !"e E#e,!$a#

T$&56na# a## !"e )+e$s ( !"e H6se $ Sena!e as !"e Js#e 6d%e ( !"e e#e,!&ns$e!6$ns and 6a#&(&,a!&ns ( &!s mem5e$s &! +as GIVEN ONL 82RISDICTION OVER

JALL CONTESTS $e#a!&n ! e#e,!&n e!,.

A,,$d&n% ! !"e de#&5e$a!&ns a ,m)$m&se )#an amendmen! +as s65m&!!ed

#&m&!&n% !"e )+e$ ( !"e ET ! 6d%&n% a## ,ases ,n!es!&n% !"e e#e,!&n $e!6$ns and

6a#&(&,a!&ns ( mem5e$s. In $ee,!&n% !"e La5$ad$ Amendmen! +"&," seemed !%&e ! !"e ET !"e )+e$ ! de!e$m&ne a#s !"e e#e,!&n ( mem5e$s +" "ae n!

5een )$!es!ed !"e Cn-Cn !"6s d&d NOT INTEND TO GIVE IT ALL THE F2NCTIONOF THE ASSE<L n !"e s65e,! ( e#e,!&n and 6a#&(&,a!&n ( mem5e$s.

An ELECTI"! C"!TEST rel,tes -nl0 t- st,tut-r0 c-ntests in which the c-ntest,nt

see;s n-t -nl0 t- -ut the intruder* but ,ls- t- h,ve himsel/ inducted int- the -//ice.



T"6s s&n,e !"e )+e$ ! de(e$-a!" !a9&n% 6n!&# !"e ,n!es! &s ad6d%ed des n!5e#n% ! !"e ET !"en &! m6s! 5e "e#d !"a! !"e Sena!e $ !"e H6se s!&## $e!a&ns s6,"

a6!"$&!* ($ &! "as n! 5een !$ans(e$$ed ! n$ ass6med 5* !"e ET. T"&s ,an 5e&n!e$)$e!ed &n +a*s:

1 !"a! s6," )+e$ ! de#a* a!" !a9&n% s!emmed ($m !"e ($me$ )$&&#e%e ( e&!"e$H6se ! 5e !"e 6d%e ( e#e,!&n $e!6$ns and 6a#&(&,a!&ns ( mem5e$s OR

!"a! &! &s an &n"e$en! )+e$ ! ee$* #e%&s#a!&e 5d* as a meas6$e ( se#(-)$ese$a!&n.

READ ORIG

= )&n!s:1 !"e a6!"$&!* ( !"e ET &s n#* e$ a## ,n!es!s $e#a!&n% ! ER; ( &!s mem5e$s &!

des n! e!end ! a## ma!!e$s and (6n,!&ns ( #e%&s#a!&e n !"e s65e,!. Cn%$ess s!&## $e!a&ns !"e a6!"$&!* ! de(e$ a!" !a9&n% ( mem5e$s )end&n% an

e#e,!&n ,n!es!= Cn%$ess 6nde$ )a$#&amen!a$* )$a,!&,e "as !"e )+e$ ! &n6&$e &n! !"e

,$eden!&a#s ( an* ( &!s mem5e$s. 6! !"e )+e$ ( !"e ET &s a #&m&!ed )+e$.

1@. AAS VS. SET

• A55as (&#ed an e#e,!&n ,n!es! 5e($e !"e SET a%a&ns! ,and&da!es ( LAAN

+" +e$e ea$#&e$ )$,#a&med as sena!$s.

• A55as med ($ !"e d&s6a#&(&,a!&n INHIITION ( sme sena!$s +" a$e

)a$! ( !"e SET n !"e %$6nd !"a! !"e* a$e a## &n!e$es!ed )a$!&es ! !"e ,ase. He+an!ed <ASS DIS;2ALIFICATION ( !"e sena!$s +" ,m)$&sed !"e SET. 8PE

Gn'a#es T&! G6&n%na 8e* L&na Taman &%a He a$%6es !"a! s6," &s$e6&$ed 5* )65#&, )#&,* (a&$ )#a* and d6e )$,ess.

• Sena!$ 8PE &n !"e mean!&me #6n!a$&#* &n"&5&!ed "&mse#(.

• In e((e,! A55as +as a#s )$)s&n% ! amend !"e SETBs $6#es s as ! )e$m&! !"e,n!es! 5e&n% de,&ded 5* n#* = mem5e$s !"e = 6s!&,es – a) Na$asa G6!'A55as )$)ses !"a! +"en m$e !"an 4 mem5e$s a$e d&s6a#&(&ed !"e $ema&n&n%

s"a## ,ns!&!6!e a 6$6m and !"a! &( n! #ess !"an = &! ma* ad)! $es#6!&ns 5*ma$&!* !e +&!"6! a5sen!&n.

ISS2E:

<a* !"e sena!$s 5e d&s6a#&(&ed ($m !"e SETK Is !"e A55as )$)sa# a#&dK

SC:NO. I! seems 6&!e ,#ea$ !"a! &n )$&d&n% ($ !"e SET ! 5e s!a((ed 5* 5!" SC

86s!&,es and Sena!$s !"e Cns!&!6!&n &n!ended !"a! 5!" !"se 6d&,&a# and#e%&s#a!&e ,m)nen!s CO<<ONL SHARE !"e d6!* and a6!"$&!* ( de,&d&n% a##

,n!es!s $e#a!&n% ! !"e ER; ( sena!$s.

In (a,! !"e )$es,$&5ed $a!& ( Sena!$s ! 86s!&,es &s ! 1 – an 6nm&s!a9a5#e&nd&,a!&n !"a! !"e #e%&s#a!&e ,m)nen! ,ann! 5e !!a##* e,#6ded ($m

)a$!&,&)a!&n &n !"e $es#6!&n ( !"e ,n!es!s. T"e )$)sed mass d&s6a#&(&,a!&n+6#d #eae !"e SET n a#!e$na!&e 56! ! a5andn a d6!* !"a! n !"e$ ,6$! $ 5d*

,an )e$($m 56! +"&," &! ,ann! #a+(6##* d&s,"a$%e &s s"$n ( !"e )a$!&,&)a!&n ( &!sen!&$e mem5e$s"&) ( Sena!$s.



Le! 6s n! 5e m&s6nde$s!d as sa*&n% !"a! n Sena!$-<em5e$ ma* &n"&5&! $d&s6a#&(* "&mse#( ($m s&!!&n% &n !"e SET. Ee$* Sena!$-<em5e$ ( !"e SET ma* as

"&s ,ns,&en,e d&,!a!es $e($a&n ($m )a$!&,&)a!&n% &n !"e $es#6!&n ( !"e ,ase +"en"e s&n,e$e#* (ee#s !"a! "&s )e$sna# &n!e$es!s $ 5&ases +6#d s!and &n !"e +a* (

5e,!&e and &m)a$!&a# 6d%men!.

2T +"a! +e a$e me$e#* sa*&n% &s !"a! !"e SET ,ann! #e%a##* (6n,!&n as s6,"a5sen! &!s ENTIRE <E<ERSHIP OF SENATORS and !"a! n amendmen! ( &!s $6#es

,an ,n(e$ n !"e = $ema&n&n% 86s!&,e-<em5e$s a#ne !"e )+e$ ( a#&d ad6d&,a!&n( sena!$&a# e#e,!&n ,n!es!.

17. ONDOC VS. PINEDA

• P&neda LDP s. nd, Na!&na#&s!a. T"e* a$e $&a# ,and&da!es &n !"e 4!"

d&s!$&,! ( Pam)an%a. P&neda +n 5* == !es and +as )$,#a&med +&nne$.

• nd, (&#ed a )$!es! 5e($e !"e HRET. T"e HRET $6#ed !"a! nd, +n 5* a

ma$%&n ( = !es.

• T"e LDP a##&es ( P&neda &n !"e HRET &ns&s!ed n !"e $e,6n! ( 5a##!s.

• 2n($!6na!e#* !"e $e,6n! 5a,9(&$ed and $es6#!ed &n !"e &n,$ease ( nd,Bs #ead

e$ P&neda. nd, n+ #eads 5* 17 !es

• <ed 5* "nes!* Cn%$essman CA<AS2RA ( !"e LDP !#d "&s LDP )a$!*-ma!es

!"a! 5e,a6se nd, $ea##* +n "e +as ,m)e##ed ! !e a%a&ns! P&neda,ns&s!en! +&!" !$6!" and 6s!&,e.

• On !"e ee ( !"e )$m6#%a!&n ( !"e nd, de,&s&n LDP C"&e( 8se C6an%,

E>PELLED CA<AS2RA ($m !"e LDP s!a!&n% !"a! "&s a,! +as &n&m&,a# 6ne!"&,a#and &mm$a# and +as a ,m)#e!e 5e!$a*a# ! !"e ,a6se and #*a#!* ! LDP.

• T"e (##+&n% da* a #e!!e$ +as sen! ! !"e HRET C"a&$ 86s!&,e <e#en,&-He$$e$a

&n($m&n% !"em !"a! Camas6$aBs nm&na!&n ($ !"e HRET "as 5een +&!"d$a+n 5*

LDP "en,e !"e* a$e $es,&nd&n% Camas6$aBs e#e,!&n ($ !"e HRET.

• e,a6se ( !"&s Jd&s!$ess&n% dee#)men! !"e = 86s!&,es-<em5e$s He$$e$a C$6'

Fe#&,&an ( !"e HRET as9ed !"a! !"e* 5e $e#&eed ($m !"e&$ ass&%nmen!s a! !"e

HRET 5e,a6se !"e* (e#! !"a! !"e 6nsea!&n% ( an &n,6m5en! mem5e$ ( Cn%$ess&s 5e&n% )$een!ed a! a## ,s!s. T"e* ,&!e )#&!&,a# (a,!$s a$e 5#,9&n% !"e

a,,m)#&s"men! ( !"e !as9 ( !"e HRET. T"e = 6s!&,es a$e )$)s&n%amendmen!s ! !"e ,m)s&!&n ( !"e HRET !"a! &s: =-=-= = mem5e$s ($m

)a$!* +&!" #a$%es! !e = ($ se,nd #a$%es! !e = ($m !"e SC.

• T"e SC d&$e,!ed = 6s!&,es ! $e!6$n ! !"e HRET.

• T"e HRET $es#ed ! ,an,e# !"e )$m6#%a!&n ( !"e nd, $6#&n%. T"&s &s

5e,a6se +&!"6! Camas6$aBs !e !"e de,&s&n #a,9s !"e ,n,6$$en,e ( /mem5e$s as $e6&$ed 5* !"e $6#es and !"e$e($e ,ann! 5e a#&d#* )$m6#%a!ed.



• nd, n! 5e&n% )$,#a&med (&#ed a ,ase ! ann6# !"e de,&s&n ( !"e H6se !

+&!"d$a+ Camas6$a ($m !"e HRET. nd, &s see9&n% !"e $e&ns!a!emen! (

Camas6$a ! !"e HRET.

• P&neda n !"e !"e$ "and )$a*s ($ !"e d&sm&ssa# ( !"e )e!&!&n. He a$%6es !"a!

Cn%$ess &s !"e s#e a6!"$&!* ! nm&na!e and e#e,! ($m &!s mem5e$s and !"a!!"e H6se "as !"e s#e )+e$ ! $eme an* mem5e$ ( !"e HRET +"enee$ !"e

$a!&n &n $e)$esen!a!&n ( )#&!&,a# )a$!&es "as ma!e$&a##* ,"an%ed. He ,n!ends!"a! Camas6$aBs e)6#s&n +as )6$e#* a )a$!* a((a&$ a )#&!&,a# 6es!&n &n !"e

"ands ( !"e H6se and 5e*nd !"e $ea," ( ,6$!s.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ Camas6$a ma* 5e !a9en 6! ( !"e HRET +"en "e +as e)e##ed ($m !"e

LDPK <a* !"e "6se $e6es! !"e dm&nan! )a$!* ! ,"an%e !"e )a$!*Bs $e)$esen!a!&n&n !"e HRETK Can !"e "6se $e$%an&'e $e)$esen!a!&n &n !"e HRET ( !"e ma$&!*

)a$!*K

SC:T"e ET +as ,$ea!ed ! (6n,!&n as a NONPARTISAN ,6$! een &( = ( &!s mem5e$s

a$e )#&!&,&ans. I! &s a nn-)#&!&,a# 5d* &n !"e sea ( )#&!&,&ans. I! +as ! 5e an&nde)enden! and &m)a$!&a# !$&56na# ($ !"e de!e$m&na!&n ( e#e,!&n ,n!es!s. T 5e

a5#e ! ee$,&se !"&s e,#6s&e 6$&sd&,!&n !"e ET m6s! 5e &nde)enden!. I!s 6$&sd&,!&n ! "ea$ and de,&de ,n%$ess&na# e#e,!&n ,n!es!s &s n! ! 5e s"a$e +&!"

!"e Le%&s#a!6$e n$ !"e C6$!s.

T"e ET &s a 5d* se)a$a!e and &nde)enden! ( !"e #e%&s#a!6$e. W"&#e ,m)sed ( ama$&!* ( !"e mem5e$s ( !"e #e%&s#a!6$e &! &s an &nde)enden! 5d*.

T"e H6se Res#6!&n $em&n% Camas6$a ($m !"e HRET 5e,a6se "e ,as! a !e

a%a&ns! "&s )a$!*-ma!e &s a ,#ea$ I<PAIR<ENT OF THE CONSTIT2TIONALPREPRROGATIVE OF THE HRET TO E THE SOLE 82GE OF THE ELECTION CONTEST

5e!+een P&neda and nd,.

T"e H6se INTERFERED &n !"e +$9 ( !"e HRET and &n d&n% s $ed6,ed !"e HRET&n! a me$e !# ($ !"e AGGRANDIE<ENT OF THE PART IN POWER LDP +"&,"

!"e = 6s!&,es and !"e #ne Na!&na#&s!a mem5e$ +6#d 5e )+e$#ess ! s!).

As 6d%es !"e mem5e$s ( !"e !$&56na# m6s! 5e nn-)a$!&san. T"e* m6s! d&s,"a$%e

!"e&$ d6!&es &n ,m)#e!e de!a,"men! and &m)a$!&a#&!* een &nde)enden,e ($m !"e)#&!&,a# )a$!* ! +"&," !"e* 5e#n%. DISLOALT TO THE PART &s n! a a#&d %$6nd

($ !"e e)6#s&n ( a mem5e$ ( !"e HRET. T"e )6$)se ( "&s e)6#s&n +as !

n6##&(* "&s !e &n !"e nd, ,ase s !"a! !"e HRETBs de,&s&n ma* n! 5e)$m6#%a!ed and +6#d ,#ea$ !"e +a* ($ LDP ! nm&na!e a $e)#a,emen! a! !"e

HRET.

F6$!"e$m$e Camas6$a "as a RIGHT TO SEC2RIT OF TEN2RE. <em5e$s ( !"eHRET a$e #&9e mem5e$s ( !"e 6d&,&a$* +" en* se,6$&!* ( !en6$e. <em5e$s"&)

ma* n! 5e !e$m&na!ed e,e)! ($ 6s! ,a6se s6," as: e)&$a!&n ( !e$m ( ((&,edea!" d&sa5&#&!* $es&%na!&n ($m !"e )#&!&,a# )a$!* "e $e)$esen!s e!,.

Camas6$aBs e)6#s&n &s !"e$e($e n6## and &d. T"e e)6#s&n ( Camas6$a 5* !"e

H6se ($m !"e HRET +as 6n6s! &n!e$(e$en,e +&!" !"e HRETBs d&s)s&!&n &n !"end, ,ase and ! de)$&e nd, ( !"e ($6&!s ( !"e HRETBs de,&s&n.



T"e HRETBs de,&s&n &n (a$ ( nd, &s !"e$e5* PRO<2LGATED.Camas6$a $e&ns!a!ed ! HRET – H6se de,&s&n &s ann6##ed.

171. DAA VS. SINGSON

• Ra6# Da'a +as a mem5e$ ( !"e CA $e)$esen!&n% LP.

• LDP $e$%an&'ed &!se#( and 4 mem5e$s ( !"e LP $es&%ned ! &n LDP.

• e,a6se ( !"&s )#&!&,a# $e-a#&%nmen! !"e H6se $e&sed !"e $e)$esen!a!&n &n !"e

CA. T"e H6se +&!"d$e+ !"e sea! ,,6)&ed 5* Da'a and %ae !"&s ! !"e ne+#*-

($med LDP. C"a&! S&n%sn.

• Da'a (&#ed a )e!&!&n ! ,"a##en%e "&s $ema# ($m !"e CA. He ,n!ends !"a! "&se#e,!&n ! !"e CA &s )e$manen! and !"a! $e$%an&'a!&n &n !"e H6se &s NOT5ased n a )e$manen! )#&!&,a# $e-a#&%nmen! 5e,a6se !"e LDP &s s!&## n! a d6#*

$e%&s!e$ed )#&!&,a# )a$!* and !"a! &! "as n! a!!a&ned )#&!&,a# s!a5&#&!*. He a$%6es!"a! a )a$!* m6s! s!and !"e !es! ( !&me ! )$e )e$manen,e.

• S&n%sn ,6n!e$ed 5* sa*&n% !"a! +"a! &s &n#ed &s a )#&!&,a# 6es!&n. He

a$%6es !"a! n+"e$e &n !"e Cns!&!6!&n &s &! $e6&$ed !"a! !"e )#&!&,a# )a$!* 5e

$e%&s!e$ed ! 5e en!&!#ed ! )$)$!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n a! !"e CA.

ISS2E:

Des !"e SC "ae 6$&sd&,!&nK <a* LDP s!&## 5e $e)$esen!ed a! !"e CA des)&!e &!s

5e&n% 6n$e%&s!e$edK

SC:C6$! "as 6$&sd&,!&n. W"a! &s &n#ed "e$e &s !"e #e%a#&!* n! !"e +&sdm ( !"e

a,! ( !"e H6se &n $em&n% Da'a ($m !"e CA. I! &s n! a )#&!&,a# 6es!&n. I! &s a#e%a# 6es!&n n !"e manne$ ( (&##&n% !"e CA as )$es,$&5ed &n !"e Cns!&!6!&n. Een

ass6m&n% !"a! &! +e$e a )#&!&,a# 6es!&n !"e C6$!s s!&## "ae !"e e)anded )+e$! ,"e,9 +"e!"e$ GADALE8 "as 5een ,mm&!!ed.



DAA #ses. T"e Cme#e, "as s65se6en!#* $e,%n&'ed LDP ($ $e%&s!$a!&n as a)#&!&,a# )a$!*. T"&s "as !a9en !"e +&nd 6! ( !"e sa&#s ( Da'a and "e m6s! n+

#&m) ! s"$e as 5es! as "e ,an.

T"e LDP "as 5een e&s!en,e ($ m$e !"an ne *ea$ n+. I!s !&!6#a$ "ead &s n #ess!"an !"e P$es&den! ( !"e P"&#&))&nes ad &!s P$es&den! &s Sena!$ Gn'a#es. W"&#e !"e$e

a$e s!&## sme &n!e$na# d&sa%$eemen!s !"ese a$e ! 5e e)e,!ed &n an* )#&!&,a#$%an&'a!&n. In (a,! een !"e mn#&!"&, Cmm6n&s! Pa$!* "as 6nde$%ne s&m&#a$

d&ssens&n 56! s6$e#* &! ,ann! 5e ,ns&de$ed !em)$a$* 5e,a6se ( s6," d&s,$d.T"e LDP n+ ,mmands !"e 5&%%es! (##+&n% &n !"e H6se !"e )a$!* "as !"6s n!

n#* s6$&ed 56! &n (a,! )$ea&#ed.

Hen,e !"e H6se "as !"e a6!"$&!* ! ,"an%e &!s $e)$esen!a!&n &n !"e CA ! $e(#e,!AT AN TI<E !"e ,"an%es !"a! ma* !$ans)&$e &n !"e )#&!&,a# a#&%nmen!s ( &!s

mem5e$s"&). I! &s 6nde$s!d !"a! S2CH CHANGES <2ST E PER<ANENT and d n!&n,#6de !"e !em)$a$* a##&an,es $ (a,!&na# d&&s&ns n! &n#&n% see$an,e (

)#&!&,a# #*a#!&es $ ($ma# d&sa((&#&a!&n.

F6$!"e$ +"en !"e L&5e$a# Pa$!* Da'a +as a##!!ed sea!s &n !"e CA &! d&d n!

e)$ess an* 5e,!&n.

17. COSETENG VS. <ITRA

• On !"e Cn%$ess&na# E#e,!&ns ( 1@07 Anna Dm&n&6e Cse!en% +as !"e n#*

,and&da!e 6nde$ 3AIA.

• T"e mem5e$s ( !"e CA +e$e a#s e#e,!ed 11 ,m&n% ($m !"e ma$&!* and 1

($m !"e ,a#es,ed <a$&!*.• A *ea$ #a!e$. LDP $%an&'ed +"&," #ed ! !"e $e$%an&'a!&n ( !"e $e)$esen!a!&n

&n !"e CA.

• Cse!en% +$!e ! S)ea9e$ <&!$a !"a! as $e)$esen!a!&e ( 3AIA s"e s"6#d 5e

a))&n!ed ! !"e CA. T"&s +as s6))$!ed 5* @ !"e$ ,n%$essmen.

• S"e #a!e$ (&#ed a )e!&!&n ($ 6 +a$$an! )$a*&n% !"a! !"e e#e,!&n ( sme LDP

,n%$essmen &n !"e CA 5e n6##&(&ed n !"e !"e$* !"a! &! &#a!ed !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#

manda!e ( )$)$!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n 5e,a6se !"e ne+ ma$&!* – LDP 1/0 6!

( +6#d n+ 5e en!&!#ed ! @ sea! n#*. S"e ,#a&ms !"a! s"e "as !"es6))$! ( !"e @ !"e$ ,n%$essmen as +e##.

• S"e (6$!"e$ ,#a&ms !"a! CA mem5e$s s"6#d "ae 5een nm&na!ed and e#e,!ed 5*

!"e&$ $es)e,!&e )#&!&,a# )a$!&es.

•

T"e LDP ,n%$essmen ))sed and a$%6ed !"a! 3AIA &s )a$! ( !"e ,a#es,edma$&!* +"&," s6))$!s !"e adm&n&s!$a!&n ( C$* and n! ( !"e m&n$&!*"en,e s"e &s 56nd 5* !"e ,"&,e ( !"e Ca#es,ed ma$&!* as ! +" s"a## s&! &n

!"e CA.

ISS2E:Dse !"e ,6$! "ae 6$&sd&,!&nK W"e!"e$ !"e ,n%$essmen &n !"e CA +e$e ,"sen

n !"e 5as&s ( )$)$!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n ($m !"e )#&!&,a# )a$!&esK



SC:C6$! "as 6$&sd&,!&n. N! a )#&!&,a# 6es!&n. As "e#d &n Da'a s. S&n%sn !"e &ss6e

&n !"&s ,ase &s !"e manne$ ( (&##&n% !"e CA and n! !"e +&sdm. Een &( !"e 6es!&n+e$e )#&!&,a# !"e ,6$! s!&## "as !"e )+e$ ! $e&e+ GADALE8 ,mm&!!ed 5* an*

5$an," $ &ns!$6men!a#&!* ( !"e %e$nmen!.

Cse!en% #ses. T"e ,m)s&!&n ( !"e "6se mem5e$s"&) &n !"e CA +as ASED ONA PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES. T"e$e a$e 1

mem5e$s ( !"e LDP &n !"e "6se. T"e* $e)$esen! 0 ( !"e "6se. 0 ( !"e 1mem5e$s &n !"e CA @. $ 1. Hen,e !"e LDP &s en!&!#ed ! 1 mem5e$s &n !"e CA.

!"e $ema&n&n% +e$e a))$!&ned ! !"e L&5e$a# Pa$!* as !"e ne! #a$%es! )a$!* &n !"eCa#es,ed <a$&!* and !"e #as! ne ! !"e 3L as !"e )$&n,&)a# ))s&!&n )a$!*.

T"e$e &s n d65! !"a! !"e a))$!&nmen! &n !"e CA +as dne n !"e 5as&s ()$)$!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n ( )#&!&,a# )a$!&es &n !"e H6se.

Een &( 3AIA +e$e ! 5e ,ns&de$ed as an ))s&!&n )a$!* &!s #ne mem5e$

Cse!en% $e)$esen!s n#* .4 ( !"e H6se mem5e$s"&) "en,e SHE IS NOT

ENTITLED TO ONE OF THE 1 SEATS IN THE CA. T 5e a5#e ! ,#a&m )$)$!&na#$e)$esen!a!&n a )#&!&,a# )a$!* s"6#d $e)$esen! a! #eas! 0.4 ( !"e "6se

mem5e$s"&) !"a! &s a! #eas! 17 ,n%$essmen.

T"e &nd$semen! ( @ !"e$ ,n%$essmen &n (a$ ( Cse!en% &s &n,nse6en!&a#

5e,a6se !"e* a$e n! mem5e$s ( "e$ )a$!*. T"e ,#a&m !"a! !"e mem5e$s &n !"e CAs"6#d 5e nm&na!ed and e#e,!ed 5* !"e&$ $es)e,!&e )#&!&,a# )a$!&es &s 6n!ena5#e.

T"e mem5e$s "ae 5een nm&na!ed and e#e,!&e 5* !"e H6se n! 5* !"e&$ )a$!* as)$&ded ($ &n !"e Cns!&!6!&n.

17=. G2INGONA VS. GONALES

• ased n !"e $6#e ( )$)$!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n ($m )#&!&,a# )a$!&es a

,m)$m&se +as $ea,"ed ($ !"e e#e,!&n ( mem5e$s ( !"e CA:

•PART <E<ERSHIP PROPORTIONAL CO<PRO<ISE

LDP 1/ 7./ 0NPC / ./

La9as = 1./ 1LP 1 ./ 1

• H+ee$ La9as +as %&en n#* 1 and n! 5e,a6se !"e 1./ +as n! $6nded

((.

• T"e 0 sena!$s ($m LDP ,"sen ($ CA +e$e: An%a$a He$$e$a A#a$e' A6&n

<e$,ad O)#e S!! and Rm6#.

• G6&n%na LA3AS ))sed !"e nm&na!&n ( Rm6#. G6&n%na a#s 6es!&ned

!"e a))&n!men! ( Tanada as #ne $e)$esen!a!&e ( LP.• ased n !"e ma!"ema!&,a# ,m)6!a!&n ( )$)$!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n ea," (

!"e )#&!&,a# )a$!&es a$e en!&!#ed ! add&!&na# ./ sea! G6&n%na ,#a&ms !"a! 5*!"e e#e,!&n ( Rm6# and Tanada &! 6nd6#* &n,$eased !"e mem5e$s"&) ( LDP

and !"e LP and $ed6,ed !"e mem5e$s"&) ( La9as and NPC.

ISS2E:C6$!Bs 6$&sd&,!&nK W"a! s"6#d 5e dne ! !"e ./ sea! ! +"&," ea," ( !"em &s

en!&!#edK <6s! !"e 1 mem5e$s &n !"e CA 5e a#+a*s (&##edK



SC:

C6$! "as 6$&sd&,!&n. T"e #e%a#&!* ( !"e (&##&n% 6) ( mem5e$s"&) ( !"e CA &s a 6s!&,&a5#e &ss6e n! a )#&!&,a# 6es!&n.

T"e LDP ma$&!* ,ne$!ed &!s ($a,!&na# "a#( &n! a +"#e n6m5e$ ($ an add&!&na#

( ne sena!$ ena5#&n% &! ! e#e,! &!s 0!"

mem5e$ Rm6#. In d&n% s !"e !"e$)a$!*Bs ($a,!&na# $e)$esen!a!&n +as ,$$es)nd&n%#* $ed6,ed #ea&n% !"a! )a$!*Bs

$e)$esen!a!&n &n CA ! #ess !"an !"e&$ $e)$esen!a!&n &n !"e Sena!e. T"&s &s CLEARLA VIOLATION OF THE SECTION 10 5e,a6se &! &s n #n%e$ &n ,m)#&an,e +&!" !"e

manda!e !"a! <E<ERSHIP IN THE CA SHO2LD E ASED ON THE PROPORTIONALREPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES. T"e e#e,!&n ( Rm6# %ae m$e

$e)$esen!a!&n ! !"e LDP and $ed6,ed !"e $e)$esen!a!&n ( e&!"e$ !"e La9as $NPC.

* add&n% !%e!"e$ "a#es ! ma9e a +"#e &s a 5$ea," ( !"e $6#e n )$)$!&na#

$e)$esen!a!&n 5e,a6se &! +&## %&e LDP an added mem5e$ &n !"e CA 5* 6!&#&'&n% !"e

($a,!&na# mem5e$s"&) ( !"e m&n$&!* )#&!&,a# )a$!* +" &s de)$&ed ( "a#( a$e)$esen!a!&n. Se,!&n 10 &s manda!$* &n ,"a$a,!e$ and des n! #eae an*

d&s,$e!&n ! !"e ma$&!* )a$!* &n !"e Sena!e.

G2IDELINES:

1 In !"e sena!e a )#&!&,a# )a$!* m6s! "ae a! #eas! d6#* e#e,!ed sena!$s ($ee$* sea! &n !"e CA.

W"e$e !"e$e a$e m$e !"an )#&!&,a# )a$!&es $e)$esen!ed a )#&!&,a# )a$!* +&!" as&n%#e sena!$ &n !"e Sena!e ,ann! ,#a&m a sea! &n !"e CA.

T"e ,ns!&!6!&n des NOT ,n!em)#a!e !"a! !"e CA m6s! a#+a*s &n,#6de 1 sena!$s

and 1 ,n%$essmen. W"a! !"e ,ns!&!6!&n $e6&$es &s !"a! !"e$e 5e a! #eas! ama$&!* ( !"e en!&$e mem5e$s"&). T"e ,ns!&!6!&n des NOT $e6&$e !"e e#e,!&n

and )$esen,e ( 1 sena!$s and 1 ,n%$essmen &n $de$ !"a! !"e CA ma* (6n,!&n

)$)e$#*. THE NEED NOT E F2LL CONSTIT2TED een &( !"e ,ns!&!6!&n )$&des($ !"e&$ ,m)s&!&n ! )e$($m !"e&$ (6n,!&ns.

T"e e#e,!&n ( RO<2LO LDP and TANADA LP +as ,#ea$#* a &#a!&n ( Se,!&n10. T"e&$ nm&na!&n +as dne 5* s"ee$ ($,e ( s6)e$&$&!* &n n6m5e$s and +as

dne &n %$ae a56se ( d&s,$e!&n.

IN SHORT /r,cti-n,l se,ts sh-uld never be r-unded -//. The se,ts sh-uld be v,c,nt.



174. ARNA2LT VS. NAARENO

•

T"&s &s a )e!&!&n ($ "a5eas ,$)6s ! $e#&ee A$na6#! ($m ,n(&nemen! a! &#&5&d• He +as ,n(&ned 5* Sena!e ($ "&s $e(6sa# ! name !"e )e$sn ! +"m "e %ae

P44 and ! ans+e$ sme 6es!&ns.

• T"e P"&#&))&ne Ge$nmen! 56%"! es!a!es 2ENAVISTA TA<OONG +$!"

P/< !!a#.

• P1<+as )a&d ! 6$! !"$6 a!!*-&n-(a,! A$na6#! P/3 a#s )a&d ! 6$! !"$6

A$na6#! !!a# P1./<

• H+ee$ !"e O$&%&na# +ne$ ( !"e Es!a!e +as San 86an De D&s Hs)&!a# 6nde$ a

,n!$a,! +&!" !"e %e$nmen! ($ / *ea$s #ease.

• S8DDH s#d &! ! 6$! 56! 6$! )a&d n#* !"e P13 d+n )a*men!.

• H+ee$ !"e es!a!es ,6#d "ae 5een 56%"! ($ n#* P=< and !"e Tam55n%

Es!a!e s"6#d "ae 5een ($ee 5e,a6se &! +as )$a,!&,a##* +ned 5* !"e %B!

+"en !"e &ns!a##men!s +e$e n! )a&d &! +as s#d ! R6$a# P$%$ess Adm&n.• SENATE ADOPTED RESOL2TION ? 0 ,$ea!&n% a s)e,&a# ,mm&!!ee ! &nes!&%a!e

!"e es!a!e dea#s.

• Amn% !"e +&!nesses eam&ned +as A$na6#! – +"* d&d %B! "ae ! )a* P1./< !

6$! +"en "&s &n!e$es! +as n#* P3 +"&," +as ($(e&!ed an*+a*K

• A$na6#! !es!&(&ed !"a! "e $e,e&ed !"e ,"e,9s and )ened an a,,6n! &n !"e name

( "&s )$&n,&)a# 6$! ! de)s&! !"e P1./<. He #a!e$ +&!"d$e+ !"em P/3 ($

Ass, A%en,&es and P443 )a*a5#e ! ,as".



• THIS P443 +as !"e s65e,! ( &nes!&%a!&n ! de!e$m&ne +" !"e 6#!&ma!e

$e,&)&en! +as.

• A$na6#! s!a!ed !"a! "e %ae !"e P443 ! sme )e$sn 56! +"se NA<E HE

CANBT RE<E<ER.

• e,a6se ( "&s )e$s&s!en! $e(6sa# ! name !"e $e,&)&en! !"e Sena!e ,&!ed A$na6#!

($ CONTE<PT and !"6s "e +as ,n(&ned

• A$na6#! "+ee$ ,#a&ms !"a! !"e 6es!&ns as9ed ( "&m +e$e &n,$&m&na!$*.• He ,n!ends !"a! !"e Sena!e "as n )+e$ ! )6n&s" "&m ($ ,n!em)! ($

$e(6s&n% ! $eea# !"e name ( !"e 5ene(&,&a$* 5e,a6se s6," &n($ma!&n &s&mma!e$&a# and +&## n! se$e an* &n!ended $ )6$)$!ed #e%&s#a!&n and !"a! "&s

$e(6sa# ! ans+e$ des n! 5s!$6,! !"e #e%&s#a!&e )$,ess.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ !"e Sena!e "as !"e )+e$ ! ,&!e A$na6#! ($ ,n!em)!K

SC:

es. On,e &n6&$* adm&!!ed $ es!a5#&s"ed ! 5e +&!"&n !"e 6$&sd&,!&n ( a #e%&s#a!&e5d* ! ma9e !"en !"e &nes!&%a!&n% ,mm&!!ee "as !"e POWER TO RE;2IRE A

WITNESS ! ans+e$ an* 6es!&n )e$!&nen! ! !"a! &n6&$* s65e,! ! !"e ,ns!& $&%"!a%a&ns! se#(-&n,$&m&na!&n.

H+e$e !"e 6es!&n m6s! 5e <ATERIAL OR PERTINENT O THE S28ECT OF

IN;2IR OR INVESTIGATION. T"e !es! ( ma!e$&a#&!* &s: direct rel,ti-n t- the subject m,tter -/ inuir0 ,nd n-t b0 indirect rel,ti-n t- ,n0 pr-p-sed -r p-ssible legisl,ti-n.

RATIONALE: ne,ess&!* ( #e%&s#a!&e a,!&n de!e$m&ned 5* !"e &n($ma!&n %a!"e$edas a +"#e.

T"e )+e$ ( &n6&$* &s an ESSENTIAL AND APPROPRIATE A2>ILIAR ! !"e

#e%&s#a!&e (6n,!&n. Le%&s#a!6$e ,ann! #e%&s#a!e +&se#* $ e((e,!&e#* &n !"e a5sen,e ( &n($ma!&n a56! !"e ,nd&!&ns +"&," !"e #e%&s#a!&n &s &n!ended ! a((e,! $ ,"an%e.

W"en #e%&s#a!&e 5d* des n! &!se#( )ssess !"e $e6&s&!e &n($ma!&n $e,6$sem6s! 5e "ad ! !"e$s +" d )ssess &!. S !"e means ( CO<P2LSION &s essen!&a#! 5!a&n +"a! &s needed.

T"e (a,! !"a! !"e Cns!& e)$ess#* %&es Cn%$ess !"e )+e$ ! )6n&s" mem5e$s

des n! ne,essa$&#* &m)#* e,#6s&n ( !"e )+e$ ! )6n&s" nn-mem5e$s ($,n!em)!.

6! n!e !"a! n )e$sn ,an 5e )6n&s"ed ($ ,n!6ma,* as a +&!ness 6n#ess!es!&mn* $e6&$ed &n a ma!!e$ e$ +"&," Cn%$ess "ad 6$&sd&,!&n ! &n6&$e.

F6$!"e$ !"e C6$! "as NO POWER TO INTERFERE WITH LEGISLATIVE ACTION. I! "asn )+e$ ! de!e$m&ne +"a! ! a))$e $ n! ! a))$e !"e ,6$! ,ann! sa* +"a!

&n($ma!&n &s ma!e$&a# ! !"e s65e,! ma!!e$ ( &n6&$*. I! &s n! +&!"&n !"e C6$!Bs)+e$ ! de!e$m&ne +"a! #e%&s#a!&e meas6$es Cn%$ess ma* !a9e a(!e$ ,m)#e!&n (

#e%&s#a!&e &n6&$*.

Sena!e &s a#s a ,n!&n6&n% 5d* NO TI<E LI<IT AS TO ITS POWER TO P2NISH FORCONTE<PT.



17/. ENGON VS. SENATE L2E RION

• T"&s &s a )e!&!&n ($ )$"&5&!&n ! en&n SR ($m $e6&$&n% en%'n ! !es!&(*

$e%a$d&n% !"e sa#e ( e6&!* ( 39* Rm6a#de' ! C$* A6&nBs $e#a!&e R&,a$d

L)a.

• Case +as a56! !"e ,n!$# e$ !"e 5&%%es! 56s&ness en!e$)$&ses &n !"e

P"&#&))&nes !"$6%" mass&e &n(6s&n ( %e$nmen! (6nds !"$6 39* Rm6a#de'

and +&!" !"e a&d ( ENGON LAW OFFICE +" a##e%ed#* mane6e$ed (6nds

6s&n% d6mm* ,$)$a!&ns.

• Sena!e m&n$&!* (#$ #eade$ 8PE de#&e$ed a s)ee," 5e($e !"e Sena!e n !"e

a##e%ed !a9e e$ ( ne ,m)an* 5* R&,a$d L)a C$*Bs 5$!"e$-&n-#a+

• T"e ma!!e$ +as $e(e$$ed ! !"e SR Cmm&!!ee. en%'n and L)a +e$e

s65)enaed 56! de,#&ned ! !es!&(*.

• EARLIER ,&&# ,ases +e$e (&#ed 5* PCGG 5e($e !"e Sand&%an5a*an ! $e,e$ &##-

%!!en +ea#!" ( Rm6a#de'. T"e ,ases &m)#eaded en%'n.

• NOW en%'n ,#a&ms !"a! !es!&(*&n% 5e($e !"e Sena!e #6e R&55n Cmm&!!ee

m&%"! 6nd6#* )$e6d&,e !"em &n !"e ,ases 5e($e !"e Sand&%an5a*an.

• T"e* ,#a&m !"a!

o 1 !"e #6e R&55n "as n a#&d #e%&s#a!&e )6$)se n! &n a&d ( #e%&s

o !"e sa#e ( !"e Rm6a#de' ,$) &s )6$e#* a )$&a!e a((a&$.



o = !"e &n6&$* +6#d &#a!e !"e&$ $&%"! ! d6e )$,ess

ISS2E:Des !"e ,6$! "ae 6$&sd&,!&n e$ !"&s ,aseK Can sena!e ,nd6,! &n6&$*K

SC:

CO2RT HAS 82RISDICTION ! de!e$m&ne !"e s,)e and e!en! ( !"e )+e$ ( !"eSRC ! ,nd6,! &n6&$&es &n! !"e )$&a!e a((a&$s &n )6$)$!ed a&d ( #e%&s#a!&n.

2T !"e$e a$e #&m&!s n Cn%$essB )+e$. T"e )+e$ ( 5!" "6ses ! ,nd6,!

&n6&$&es &n a&d ( #e%&s#a!&n &s NOT ASOL2TE. T"e &nes!&%a!&n m6s! 5e:1 &n a&d ( #e%&s#a!&n

&n a,,$dan,e +&!" d6#* )65#&s"ed $6#es ( )$,ed6$e= !"e $&%"!s ( )e$sns a))ea$&n% $ a((e,!ed 5* s6," &n6&$&es s"a## 5e $es)e,!ed.

T"e R6#es ( SRC )$&de !"a! !"e sena!e ma* $e(e$ ! an* ,mm&!!ee an* s)ee,"

(&#ed 5* a sena!$ +"&," &n &!s 6d%men! $e6&$es #e%&s#a!&n. TO ASCERTAIN THECHARACTER OR NAT2RE OF IN;2IR $es$! ! !"e SPEECH 6nde$ +"&," s6," &n6&$*

&s )$)sed ! 5e made.

He$e THE SPEECH OF ENRILE CONTAINED NO S2GGESTION OF CONTE<PLATEDLEGISLATION. He &s me$e#* ,a##&n% 6)n !"e sena!e ! #9 &n! !"e )ss&5#e &#a!&n

5* !"e P$es&den! n )$"&5&!&n ( ,e$!a&n $e#a!&es &n %B! dea#&n%s. NO INTENDEDLEGISLATION IS INVOLVED HERE. T"6s &! &s NOT IN AID OF LEGISLATION.

A#s s&n,e !"e$e &s a )end&n% ,ase 5e($e !"e Sand&%an5a*an. T"e$e &s a )ss&5&#&!*

( ,n(#&,!&n% 6d%men!s 5e!+een #e%&s#a!&e and 6d&,&a# 5d&es and &n(#6en,e (

Cmm&!!ee 6d%men! n ,6$! 6d%men!. Se)a$a!&n ( )+e$s.

17. TOLENTINO VS. SOF

• )e!&!&ns (&#ed &n !"ese ,ases ($ !"e de,#a$a!&n ( 6n,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( R.A. N.

771 !"e$+&se 9n+n as !"e E)anded Va#6e-Added Ta La+.

• Sme ( !"e )e!&!&ne$s T#en!&n 3&#s5a*an In, P"&#&))&ne A&$#&nes PAL

R, and C"am5e$ ( Rea# Es!a!e and 6&#de$s Ass,&a!&n UCREA $e&!e$a!e

)$e&6s ,#a&ms made 5* !"em !"a! R.A. N. 771 d&d n! $&%&na!e e,#6s&e#*&n !"e H6se ( Re)$esen!a!&es as $e6&$ed 5* A$! VI X 4 ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n.

• A#!"6%" !"e* adm&! !"a! H. N. 111@7 +as (&#ed &n !"e H6se ( Re)$esen!a!&es

+"e$e &! )assed !"$ee $ead&n%s and !"a! a(!e$+a$d &! +as sen! ! !"e Sena!e

+"e$e a(!e$ (&$s! $ead&n% &! +as $e(e$$ed ! !"e Sena!e Wa*s and <eansCmm&!!ee !"e* ,m)#a&n !"a! !"e Sen,te did n-t p,ss it -n sec-nd ,nd third

re,dings.

• Ins!ead +"a! !"e Sena!e d&d +as ! )ass &!s +n e$s&n S. N. 1= +"&," &!

a))$ed n <a* 4 1@@4.

• Pe!&!&ne$ T#en!&n adds !"a! +"a! !"e Sena!e ,mm&!!ee s"6#d "ae dne +as

! amend H. N. 111@7 5* s!$&9&n% 6! !"e !e! ( !"e 5&## and s65s!&!6!&n% &! +&!"



!"e !e! ( S. N. 1=. T"a! +a* &! &s sa&d !"e 5&## $ema&ns a H6se 5&## and !"eSena!e e$s&n 6s! 5e,mes !"e !e! n#* !"e !e! ( !"e H6se 5&##.

• T#en!&n ,n!ends !"a! !"e +$d e,#6s&e#* +as Inse$!ed ! md&(* $&%&na!e

and !"e +$ds as &n an* !"e$ 5&##s s&, +e$e e#&m&na!ed s as ! s"+ !"a!

!"ese 5&##s +e$e n! ! 5e #&9e !"e$ 5&##s 56! m6s! 5e !$ea!ed as a s)e,&a# 9&nd.

• T"e add&!&n ( !"e +$d e,#6s&e#* &n !"e P"&#&))&ne Cns!&!6!&n and !"e

de,&s&n ! d$) !"e )"$ase as n !"e$ &##s &n !"e Ame$&,an e$s&n a,,$d&n%! )e!&!&ne$s s"+s !"e &n!en!&n ( !"e ($ame$s ( 6$ Cns!&!6!&n ! $es!$&,!

!"e Sena!es )+e$ ! )$)se amendmen!s ! $een6e 5&##s.

Iss6e:

W"e!"e$ !"e Sena!e "ad !"e )+e$ ! &n!$d6,e amendmen!sK W6#d &! s!&## 5e

,ns&de$ed a 5&## !"a! $&%&na!ed ($m !"e "6seK

SC:LAW VALID.

T"e ena,!men! ( S. N. 1= &s n! !"e n#* &ns!an,e &n +"&," !"e Sena!e )$)sedan amendmen! ! a H6se $een6e 5&## 5* ena,!&n% &!s +n e$s&n ( a $een6e 5&##.

T"e )+e$ ( !"e Sena!e ! )$)se amendmen!s m6s! 5e 6nde$s!d ! 5e (6##)#ena$* and ,m)#e!e as n !"e$ &##s. T"6s 5e,a6se $een6e 5&##s a$e $e6&$ed !

$&%&na!e e,#6s&e#* &n !"e H6se !"e Sena!e ,ann! ena,! $een6e meas6$es ( &!s+n +&!"6! s6," 5&##s. A(!e$ a $een6e 5&## &s )assed and sen! e$ ! &! 5* !"e

H6se "+ee$ !"e Sena!e ,e$!a&n#* ,an )ass &!s +n e$s&n n !"e same s65e,!ma!!e$. T"&s (##+s ($m !"e COE;2ALIT OF THE TWO CHA<ERS ( Cn%$ess.

T"e )+e$ ( !"e Sena!e ! )$)se $ ,n,6$ +&!" amendmen!s &s a))a$en!#*

+&!"6! $es!$&,!&n. I! +6#d seem !"a! 5* &$!6e ( !"&s )+e$ !"e Sena!e ,an)$a,!&,a##* $e-+$&!e a 5&## $e6&$ed ! ,me ($m !"e H6se and #eae n#* a !$a,e (

!"e $&%&na# 5&##.

T"e a5e-men!&ned 5&##s a$e s6))sed ! 5e &n&!&a!ed 5* !"e H6se (

Re)$esen!a!&es 5e,a6se &! &s m$e n6me$6s &n mem5e$s"&) and !"e$e($e a#sm$e $e)$esen!a!&e ( !"e )e)#e. <$ee$ &!s mem5e$s a$e )$es6med ! 5e m$e(am&#&a$ +&!" !"e needs ( !"e ,6n!$* &n $e%a$d ! !"e ena,!men! ( !"e #e%&s#a!&n

&n#edT"e Sena!e &s "+ee$ a##+ed m6," #ee+a* &n !"e ee$,&se ( &!s )+e$ ! )$)se

$ ,n,6$ +&!" amendmen!s ! !"e 5&##s &n&!&a!ed 5* !"e H6se ( Re)$esen!a!&es. I!

&s a#s a,,e)!ed )$a,!&,e ($ !"e Sena!e ! &n!$d6,e +"a! &s 9n+n as anamendmen! 5* s65s!&!6!&n +"&," ma* en!&$e#* $e)#a,e !"e 5&## &n&!&a!ed &n !"e H6se

( Re)$esen!a!&es.

In !"e ee$,&se ( !"&s )+e$ !"e Sena!e ma* )$)se an en!&$e#* ne+ 5&## as a

s65s!&!6!e meas6$e. As )e!&!&ne$ T#en!&n s!a!es &n a "&%" s,"# !e! a ,mm&!!ee! +"&," a 5&## &s $e(e$$ed ma* d an* ( !"e (##+&n%:

1 ! end$se !"e 5&## +&!"6! ,"an%es ! ma9e ,"an%es &n !"e 5&## em&!!&n% $ add&n% se,!&ns $ a#!e$&n% &!s #an%6a%e-

= ! ma9e and end$se an en!&$e#* ne+ 5&## as a s65s!&!6!e &n +"&," ,ase &! III 5e9n+n as a ,mm&!!ee 5&## $

4 ! ma9e n $e)$! a! a##.



177. GARCIA VS. <ATA

• Ga$,&a +as a $ese$e ((&,e$ n a,!&e d6!* +" +as $ee$sed ! &na,!&e s!a!6s.

He (&#ed an a,!&n ($ mandam6s ! ,m)e# !"e DND and AFP ! $e&ns!a!e "&m !a,!&e se$&,e and $ead6s! "&s $an9 and )a* em#6men!s.

• Ga$,&a ,#a&ms !"a! "&s $ee$s&n ! &na,!&e s!a!6s &s &#a!&n ( RA 1 +"&,"

)$"&5&!s !"e $ee$s&n ( ((&,e$s +&!" a! #eas! 1 *ea$s ( se$&,e.

• On !"e !"e$ "and !"e AFP and DND ,n!end !"a! !"e sa&d )$&s&n ( RA 1

"as n $e#ean,e $ )e$!&nen,e ! !"e 56d%e! &n 6es!&n $ ! an* a))$)$&a!&n

&!em !"e$e&n. RA 1 +as an a))$)$&a!&n #a+ ($ 1@/-/7.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ RA 1 &s a#&dK Des &! ,n!a&n $&de$ &n an a))$)$&a!&n 5&##K

SC:

T"e &n,n%$6&!* and &$$e#ean,* a$e a#$ead* e&den!. Se,!&n 11 ( RA 1 (a&#s !d&s,#se !"e $e#ean,e ! an* a))$)$&a!&n &!em. RA 1 &s an a))$)$&a!&n #a+ ($

!"e )e$a!&n ( %e$nmen! +"&#e Se,!&n 11 $e(e$s ! a (6ndamen!a# %e$nmen!a#



)#&,* ( ,a##&n% ! a,!&e d6!* and !"e $ee$s&n ( &na,!&e s!a!6!e ( $ese$e ((&,e$s&n !"e AFP.

Hen,e &! +as A NON-APPROPRIATION ITE< INSERTED IN AN APPROPRIATION

<EAS2RE &n &#a!&n ( !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# )$"&5&!&n a%a&ns! RIDERS ! !"e %ene$a#a))$)$&a!&n a,!. I! +as &ndeed a ne+ and ,m)#e!e#* 6n$e#a!ed )$&s&n a!!a,"ed

! !"e GAA.

I! a#s &#a!es !"e $6#e n ne-5&## ne s65e,!. T"e s65e,! ! 5e ,ns&de$ed m6s!5e e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e ( !"e a,!. W"en an a,! ,n!a&ns )$&s&ns +"&," a$e ,#ea$#*

n! em5$a,ed &n !"e s65e,! ( !"e a,! as e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e s6," )$&s&ns a$e&d &n)e$a!&e and +&!"6! e((e,!.

SECTION 11 &s 6n,ns!&!6!&na#. Ga$,&a ,ann! ,m)e# !"e AFP ! $e&ns!a!e "&m.

Las! )$&n!ed =@ 1: A<

CHA<PPa%e 4= 111/

170. DE<ETRIA VS. ALA

• Assa&#ed "e$e &s !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( Se,!&n 44 ( !"e 6d%e! Re($m De,$ee

( 1@77.

• Deme!$&a as ,n,e$ned ,&!&'en (&#ed a !a)a*e$Bs s6&! a##e%&n% !"a! Se, 44

a6!"$&'es !"e ILLEGAL TRANSFER OF P2LIC <ONE. Se,!&n 44 %$an!s !"e

PRESIDENT THE A2THORIT TO TRANSFER AN F2ND APPROPRIATED FORDIFFERENT DEPART<ENTS TO AN PROGRA< PRO8ECT OF AN DEPART<ENT.

ISS2E:

Des Se, 44 &#a!e !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# )$&s&n n a))$)$&a!&nsK

SC:ES. N2LL AND VOID.

T"e )$"&5&!&n ! !$ans(e$ an a))$)$&a!&n ($m ne &!em ! an!"e$ &s e)#&,&! and,a!e%$&,a# 6nde$ !"e Cns!&!6!&n. H+ee$ a #ee+a* +as %$an!ed ! a(($d "eads (

!"e d&((e$en,e 5$an,"es ( %e$nmen! CONSIDERALE FLE>IILIT &n !"e 6se (



)65#&, (6nds. T"e Cns!&!6!&n !"6s a##+ed !$ans(e$ ( (6nds ($ )6$)ses (a6%men!&n% an &!em ($m sa&n%s &n an!"e$ &!em &n !"e a))$)$&a!&n.

Se, 44 6nd6#* e!ended !"&s )$&&#e%e. I! em)+e$ !"e P$es&den! ! &nd&s,$&m&na!e#*

!$ans(e$ (6nds WITHO2T REGARD AS WHETHER THE F2NDS TO E TRANSFERREDARE ACT2ALL SAVINGS &n !"e &!em ($m +"&," !"e same a$e ! 5e !a9en and

WITHO2T REGARDS AS TO WHETHER THE TRANSFER IS FOR THE P2RPOSE OFA2G<ENTING !"e &!em ! +"&," sa&d !$ans(e$ &s ! 5e made.

I! %es 5e*nd !"e !en$ ( !"e s!anda$ds se! ($!" 5* !"e Cns!&!6!&n. Se, 44 &s n6##

and &d.

17@. PHILCONSA VS. ENRI;2E

• Pe!&!&ne$s assa&# a#&d&!* ( RA 7=: T"e Gene$a# A))$)$&a!&ns A,! ($ 1@@4.

• T"e GAA ,n!a&ns a s)e,&a# )$&s&n a))#&,a5#e ! Cn%$ess. I! a##+ed an*

mem5e$ ( ,n%$ess !"e REALIGN<ENT OF ALLOCATION FOR OPERATIONALE>PENSES )$&ded !"a! !"e !!a# ( sa&d a##,a!&n &s n! e,eeded.

• P"&#,nsa ,#a&ms !"a! n#* !"e Sena!e P$es&den! and !"e S)ea9e$ a$e !"e nes

a6!"$&'ed 6nde$ !"e Cns!&!6!&n ! $ea#&%n sa&n%s n! !"e &nd&&d6a# mem5e$s

( Cn%$ess !"emse#es.

• La!e$ P$es&den! FVR s&%ned !"e #a+ 56! VETOED ,e$!a&n )$&s&ns ( !"e #a+ and

&m)sed ,e$!a&n ,nd&!&ns: T"a! !"e AFP-C"&e( ( S!a(( &s a6!"$&'ed ! 6sesa&n%s ! a6%men! !"e )ens&n (6nds 6nde$ !"e Re!&$emen! and Se)a$a!&n

ene(&!s S*s!em ( !"e AFP.

ISS2E:W"e!"e$ RA 7= &s &#a!&e ( Se,!&n / A$! . W"e!"e$ !"e en6me$a!&n &s

e,#6s&eK



SC:

ES. 2nde$ !"e s)e,&a# )$&s&n a))#&,a5#e ! Cn%$ess !"e mem5e$s ( Cn%$essa$e %&en !"e )+e$ ! de!e$m&ne !"e ne,ess&!* ( $ea#&%nmen! ( !"e sa&n%s &n !"e

a##!men! ($ !"e&$ )e$a!&n% e)enses. T"e* a$e &n !"e 5es! )s&!&n ! d s5e,a6se "e* a$e !"e nes +" 9n+ +"e!"e$ !"e$e a$e sa&n%s $ de(&,&en,&es &n

a))$)$&a!&n. HOWEVER ONL THE SENATE PRESIDENT AND THE SPEA3ER OF THEHO2SE ARE ALLOWED TO APPROVE THE REALIGN<ENT.

F6$!"e$ ,nd&!&ns m6s! 5e me!: 1 !"e (6nds ! 5e $ea#&%ned a$e a,!6a##* sa&n%s

and !"e !$ans(e$ &s ($ !"e )6$)se ( a6%men!&n% !"e &!ems ( e)end&!6$es !+"&," sa&d !$ans(e$ &s ! 5e made.

As ! !"e s)e,&a# )$&s&n %&en ! !"e AFP-C"&e( ( S!a(( &! &s a#s VOID. T"e #&s! (

!"se +" ma* 5e a6!"$&'ed ! !$ans(e$ (6nds &s e,#6s&e. T"e AFP-C"&e( ( S!a((ma* n! 5e %&en s6," a6!"$&!*.

10. PHILCONSA s. GI<ENE

• P"&#,nsa assa&#s ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( RA =0= +"&," a##+s $e!&$emen! %$a!6&!*

and ,mm6!a!&n ( a,a!&n and s&,9 #eaes ! Sena!$s and Cn%$essmen.

• T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e )$&s&n ($ !"e $e!&$emen! ( mem5e$s and ((&,e$s (

Cn%$ess +as NOT E>PRESSED IN THE TITLE OF THE ILL. I! +as me$e#* !&!#ed

as JAn A,! Amend&n% Se, 1 ( CA 10 10 as Amended Ra =@

• 2nde$ !"e 5&## $e!&$emen! and %$a!6&!* +&## 5e a##+ed ! mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess

+" "ae se$ed a! #eas! 1 *ea$s $e%a$d#ess ( a%e ( an am6n! e6a# ! 1*ea$ sa#a$* ($ ee$* 4 *ea$s se$&,e.

• T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e !&!#e des n! %&e an* &n9#&n% $ n!&,e ! !"e )65#&, a56!

!"e $e!&$emen! %$a!6&!&es and )$&&#e%es.

ISS2E

W"e!"e$ !"e !&!#e ( RA =0= &s %e$mane ! !"e s65e,! ma!!e$ &n !"e a,!K

SC:



• CA 10 )$&des ($ 5!" $e!&$emen! and &ns6$an,e 5ene(&!s

• RA =@ sa*s $e!&$emen! 5ene(&!s a$e %$an!ed ! GSIS mem5e$s

• 2nde$ RA =0= !"e $e!&$emen! 5ene(&!s a$e %$an!ed ! mem5e$s ( GSIS +"

"ae $ende$ed a! #eas! *ea$s ( se$&,e. T"&s &s $e#a!ed and %e$mane ! !e

s65e,! ( CA 10.

• HOWEVER S2CCEEDING PARAGRAPHS $e(e$s ! mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess +" a$e

NOT <E<ERS OF THE GSIS. T"6s ! )$&de $e!&$emen! 5ene(&!s ! !"ese((&,&a#s +6#d $e#a!e ! a s65e,! ma!!e$ +"&," &s NOT GER<ANE TO CA 10.

• In !"e$ +$ds !"e )$!&n ( !"e amendmen! $e!&$emen! 5ene(&!s ($ Cn%$ess

mem5e$s &s n! $e#a!ed &n an* manne$ ! !"e s65e,! ( CA 10.

• T"6s RA =0= &s n! $ea##* amend&n% $e#a!&n% ! RA =@ $ CA 10.

• THE LAW DOES ONT E>PRESS THE S28ECT OF THE ACT.

T"e P6$)se ( !"e $e6&$emen! !"a! !"e s65e,! ( an a,! s"6#d 5e e)$essed &n &!s

!&!#e:1 ! )$een! s6$)$&se ($a6d 6)n !"e Le%&s#a!6$e 5e,a6se n !"e = $d $ead&n% n#*

!"e !&!#e +&## 5e "ea$d ! (a&$#* a))$a&se !"e )e)#e !"$6%" s6," )65#&,a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&n ! &n($m !"e

)65#&, ( a )end&n% 5&## s !"e* ,an ,me ($+a$d and 5e,!= ! )$een! a #a+ +&!" see$a# s65e,! ma!!e$

T"e Cns!&!6!&na# $e6&$emen! &s sa!&s(&ed +"en:

1 ALL PARTS ( !"e #a+ $e#a!e ! !"e s65e,! e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e AND &! &s n! ne,essa$* !"a! !"e !&!#e 5e a ,m)#e!e &nde ( !"e ,n!en!.

N !e,"n&,a# ,ns!$6,!&n &s $e6&$ed n#* )$a,!&,a# ,ns!$6,!&n.

T"e$e &s S2FFICIENT CO<PLIANCE &( !"e !&!#e e)$esses !"e %ene$a# s65e,! 56! !"e)$&s&ns ( !"e s!a!6!e a$e %e$mane ! !"e %ene$a# s65e,!.

RA =0= N2LL and VOID.

101. INS2LAR L2<AR VS. CTA

• Ins6#a$ #6m5e$ &s a #&,ensed ($es! ,n,ess&na&$e. T"e ,m)an* )6$,"ased &#

and m!$ (6e# ($ &!s )e$a!&ns. I! )a&d s)e,&(&, !aes n s6," &#s.

• La!e$ &! ,#a&med $e(6nd n !"e / s)e,&(&, !aes )a&d )6$s6an! ! RA 14=/ Se,

/. Se,!&n / a##+s )a$!&a# eem)!&n ( m&ne$s #%%e$s

•T"e CIR den&ed !"e $e(6nd ,#a&m&n% )$es,$&)!&e )e$&d ( / *ea$s 56! na))ea# ! !"e CTA a )a$!&a# $e(6nd +as a##+ed.

• F6$!"e$ !"e CIR ,#a&ms !"a! Se, / ,ann! 5e !"e 5as&s ( a $e(6nd 5e,a6se &! &s

n6## and &d ($ &! &#a!es !"e $6#e !"a! ee$* 5&## s"6#d em5$a,e n#* ne

s65e,! +"&," s"a## 5e e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e !"e$e(.

• RA 14=/ &s en!&!#ed JAn A,! ! P$&de <eans ($ In,$eas&n% !"e H&%"+a* S)e,&a#

F6nd. T"e CIR ,#a&ms !"a! +"a! se,!&n / )$&des &s a DECREASE $a!"e$ !"an an

INCREASE &n !"e F6nd s&n,e &! %$an!s PARTIAL E>E<PTION OF <INERS ANDLOGGERS FRO< THE SPECIFIC TA>.



ISS2E: Des &! ,n!a&n ,n!a&n n#* ne-s65e,! and )$,#a&ms 6s! ne )#&,*K

SC:

ES. Een &( Se, / &s &n e((e,! a )a$!&a# eem)!&n ($m !"e &m)sed &n,$ease !asa&d )$&s&n s!&## "as $e(e$en,e ! !"e s)e,&(&, !a n &# and (6e#. IT IS NOT A

DEVIATION FRO< THE GENERAL S28ECT OF THE LAW.

RA 14e=/ dea#s +&!" n#* ne s65e,! and )$,#a&ms 6s! ne )#&,*: JT"e need !&n,$ease !"e H&%"+a* S)e,&a# F6nd !"$6%" !"e &m)s&!&n ( s)e,&(&, !a n &#s.

T"e )6$)se ( !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# )$&s&n &s ! )$"&5&! d6)#&,&!* &n #e%&s#a!&n +"&,"+6#d (a&# ! a))$&se !"e )65#&, ( !"e NAT2RE SCOPE AND CONSE;2ENCES ( #a+.

LAW VALID.

Las! )$&n!ed =@ 1: A<

CHA<PPa%e 47 111/

10. TIO VS. VR

• T& assa&#s ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( PD 1@07 JAn A,! C$ea!&n% VR +&!" 5$ad )+e$s

! $e%6#a!e !"e &de%$am &nd6s!$*

• Se,!&n 1 ( !"e #a+ )$&des ($ !"e &m)s&!&n ( !a ( = n %$ss $e,e&)!s

)a*a5#e ! !"e #,a# %e$nmen!.• T"e )e!&!&ne$s ,#a&m !"a! se,!&n 1 &s a $&de$ and n! %e$mane ! !"e s65e,!

ma!!e$ ( !"e de,$ee. He ,#a&ms !"a! &! &#a!es !"e $6#e !"a! ee$* 5&## s"a##

em5$a,e n#* ne s65e,! +"&," s"a## 5e e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e !"e$e(.

ISS2E: Is se,!&n 1 a $&de$K

SC:



NOT A RIDER. T"e ,ns!&!6!&na# )$&s&n &s ,m)#&ed +&!" as #n% as !"e !&!#e &sCO<PREHENSIVE ENO2GH TO INCL2DE THE GENERAL P2RPOSE WHICH A STAT2TE

SEE3S TO ACHIEVE.I! &s n! ne,essa$* !"a! !"e !&!#e e)$ess ea," and ee$* end. T"e $e6&$emen! &s

sa!&s(&ed &(1 a## !"e )a$!s ( !"e s!a!6!e a$e RELATED

ARE GER<ANE TO THE S28ECT <ATTER E>PRESSED IN THE TITLE $ as #n% as= !"e* a$e NOT INCONSISTENT +&!" $ ($e&%n ! !"e %ene$a# s65e,! and !&!#e een

&( !"e* ,n!a&n an* n6m5e$ ( )$&s&ns n ma!!e$ "+ d&e$se.4 as #n% as &! ma* 5e ,ns&de$ed &n (6$!"e$an,e ( !"e s65e,! 5* PROVIDING THE

<ETHOD AND <EANS ( ,a$$*&n% 6! !"e %ene$a# s65e,!.

T"e $6#e a#s &s !"a! !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# $e6&$emen! as ! !"e !&!#e ( !"e 5&## s"6#dn! 5e s na$$+#* ,ns!$6ed as ! ,$&))#e $ &m)ede !"e )+e$ ( #e%&s#a!&n. I!

s"6#d 5e %&en a PRACTICAL RATHER THAN TECHNICAL ,ns!$6,!&n.

LAW VALID. N! a $&de$.

10=. PHIL 82DGES ASSOC VS. PRADO

• Se, =/ ( RA 7=/4 &m)#emen!ed 5* !"e P"&#&))&ne Ps!a# C$)$a!&n +&!"d$a+s

!"e FRAN3ING PRIVILEGES ( 6d%es.

• T"e* assa&# !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( !"e #a+ sa*&n% !"a! !"e&$ ((&,&a# (6n,!&ns +&##5e )$e6d&,ed 5* !"e +&!"d$a+a# ( !"e )$&&#e%e.

• T"e* ,n!end !"a! RA 7=/4 em5$a,es m$e !"an ne s65e,! and des n!

e)$ess &!s )6$)se.

• T"e !&!#e ( RA 7=/4 &s JAn A,! C$ea!&n% !"e P"&# Ps!a# C$) De(&n&n% I!s P+e$s

F6n,!&ns Res)ns&5&#&!&es Re%6#a!&n and F$ O!"e$ P6$)ses Cnne,!ed

T"e$e+&!"



• T"e* ,#a&m !"a! !"e $e)ea# ( !"e ($an9&n% )$&&#e%e &s n! &n,#6ded &n !"e $&%&na#

e$s&n ( !"e "6se $ sena!e and +as a )$d6,! n#* ( !"e &,am Cn(e$en,e

Re)$!

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ &! s6((&,&en!#* ,m)#&es +&!" Se, 1K

SC:ES. LAW VALID.

T"e )6$)ses ( !"e $6#e !"a! ee$* 5&## )assed 5* Cn%$ess s"a## em5$a,e n#* nes65e,! +"&," s"a## 5e e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e !"e$e( a$e:

1 ! )$een! "d%e-)d%e $ #%-$##&n% #e%&s#a!&n ! )$een! s6$)$&se $ ($a6d 6)n !"e #e%&s#a!6$e 5* means ( )$&s&ns &n 5&## (

+"&," !"e !&!#e %&es n &n!&ma!&n +"&," m&%"! 5e e$#9ed and 6n&n!en!&na##*ad)!ed

= ! (a&$#* a))$&se !"e )e)#e !"$6%" s6," )65#&,a!&n ( !"e s65e,! ( #e%&s#a!&n.

T"e !&!#e ( !"e 5&## &s n! $e6&$ed ! 5e an &nde ! !"e 5d* ( !"e a,! $ ! 5e,m)$e"ens&e as ! ,e$ ee$* s&n%#e de!a&# ( !"e meas6$e. I! "as 5een "e#d !"a!

&( !"e !&!#e (a&$#* &nd&,a!es !"e %ene$a# s65e,! and $easna5#* ,e$s a## !"e)$&s&ns ( !"e a,! and &s n! ,a#,6#a!ed ! m&s#ead !"e #e%&s#a!6$e $ !"e )e)#e

!"e$e &s S2FFICIENT CO<PLIANCE +&!" !"e $e6&$emen!.

T $e6&$e ee$* end and means ne,essa$* ($ !"e a,,m)#&s"men! ( !"e %ene$a#5e,!&es ( !"e s!a!6!e ! 5e e)$essed &n &!s !&!#e +6#d n! n#* 5e 6n$easna5#e

56! +6#d a,!6a# $ende$ #e%&s#a!&n &m)ss&5#e.

He$e !"e WITHDRAWAL OF FRAN3ING PRIVILEGES IS GER<ANE ! !"e

a,,m)#&s"men! ( !"e )$&n,&)a# 5e,!&e ( !"e #a+ THE CREATION OF A <ORE

EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE POSTAL SSTE<.

T"e $e)ea# ( a s!a!6!e n a %&en s65e,! &s )$)e$#* ,nne,!ed +&!" !"e s65e,!

ma!!e$ ( a ne+ s!a!6!e n !"e same s65e,! and !"e$e($e a $e)ea#&n% se,!&n &n!"e ne+ s!a!6!e &s a#&d n!+&!"s!and&n% !"a! !"e !&!#e &s s&#en! n !"e s65e,!.

W"en a s!a!6!e $e)ea#s a ($me$ #a+ s6," REPEAL IS <EREL THE EFFECT NOT THES28ECT OF THE STAT2TE.

W"a! &s $e6&$ed 5* !"e ,ns!&!6!&n &s !"a! !"e S28ECT 5e e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e.

T"e ,ns!& des n! $e6&$e !"a! !"e EFFECT 5e e)$essed &n !"e !&!#e.

104. TOLENTINO VS. SEC OF FINANCE

• Pe!&!&ne$s assa&# !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( E-VAT #a+ RA 771

• A#!"6%" !"e* adm&! !"a! H. N. 111@7 +as (&#ed &n !"e H6se ( Re)$esen!a!&es

+"e$e &! )assed !"$ee $ead&n%s and !"a! a(!e$+a$d &! +as sen! ! !"e Sena!e+"e$e a(!e$ (&$s! $ead&n% &! +as $e(e$$ed ! !"e Sena!e Wa*s and <eans

Cmm&!!ee !"e* ,m)#a&n !"a! !"e Sena!e d&d n! )ass &! n se,nd and !"&$d$ead&n%s. Ins!ead +"a! !"e Sena!e d&d +as ! )ass &!s +n e$s&n S. N. 1=

+"&," &! a))$ed n <a* 4 1@@4.

• T"e$e +as a#s an a$%6men! 5* T#en!&n !"a! !"e Sena!e &## 1= d&d n! )ass =

READINGS ON SEPARATE DAS as $e6&$ed 5* !"e Cns!&!6!&n 5e,a6se !"e nd and =$d $ead&n%s +e$e dne n !"e same da*. <a$," 4 1@@4.



• SC: T"&s +as 5e,a6sen Fe5 4 and <a$," !"e P$es&den! "ad ,e$!&(&ed S &##

as 6$%en!. T"e )$es&den!&a# ,e$!&(&,a!&n d&s)ensed +&!" !"e $e6&$emen! n! n#*

( )$&n!&n% 56! a#s !"a! ( !"e $ead&n% ( !"e 5&## n se)a$a!e da*s.T"e )"$ase Je,e)! +"en !"e P$es&den! Ce$!&(&es !"e ne,ess&!* ( &!s &mmed&a!e

ena,!men! 6a#&(&es !"e s!a!ed ,nd&!&ns 5e($e a 5&## ,an 5e,me a #a+: 1!"e5&## "as )assed = $ead&n%s n se)a$a!e da*s &! "as 5een )$&n!ed &n &!s (&na#

($m and d&s!$&56!ed = da*s )$&$ ! &!s (&na# a))$a#.• THE PRESIDENTS CERTIFICATION. T"e (a##a,* &n !"&n9&n% !"a! H6se &## 111@7

and Sena!e &## 1= a$e d&s!&n,! and 6n$e#a!ed meas6$es a#s a,,6n!s ($ !"e

)e!&!&ne$s 3&#s5a*ans and PALs ,n!en!&n !"a! 5e,a6se !"e P$es&den!se)a$a!e#* ,e$!&(&ed ! !"e need ($ !"e &mmed&a!e ena,!men! ( !"ese meas6$es

"&s ,e$!&(&,a!&n +as &ne((e,!6a# and &d. T"e ,e$!&(&,a!&n "ad ! 5e made ( !"e

e$s&n ( !"e same $een6e 5&## +"&," a! !"e mmen! +as 5e&n% ,ns&de$ed.O!"e$+&se ! (##+ )e!&!&ne$s !"e$* &! +6#d 5e ne,essa$* ($ !"e P$es&den! !

,e$!&(* as man* 5&##s as a$e )$esen!ed &n a "6se ( Cn%$ess een !"6%" !"e5&##s a$e me$e#* e$s&ns ( !"e 5&## "e "as a#$ead* ,e$!&(&ed. I! &s en6%" !"a! "e

,e$!&(&es !"e 5&## +"&," a! !"e !&me "e ma9es !"e ,e$!&(&,a!&n &s 6nde$,ns&de$a!&n. S&n,e n <a$," 1@@4 !"e Sena!e +as ,ns&de$&n% S. N. 1=

&! +as !"a! 5&## +"&," "ad ! 5e ,e$!&(&ed. F$ !"a! ma!!e$ n 86ne 1 1@@= !"eP$es&den! "ad ea$#&e$ ,e$!&(&ed H. N. @ 1 ($ &mmed&a!e ena,!men! 5e,a6se &!

+as !"e ne +"&," a! !"a! !&me +as 5e&n% ,ns&de$ed 5* !"e H6se. T"&s 5&## +as#a!e$ s65s!&!6!ed !%e!"e$ +&!" !"e$ 5&##s 5* H. N. 111@7.

• As ! +"a! P$es&den!&a# ,e$!&(&,a!&n ,an a,,m)#&s" +e "ae a#$ead* e)#a&ned &n

!"e ma&n de,&s&n !"a! !"e )"$ase 44 e,e)! +"en !"e P$es&den! ,e$!&(&es ! !"e

ne,ess&!* ( &!s &mmed&a!e ena,!men! e!,. &n A$!. VI X 6a#&(&es n! n#*!"e $e6&$emen! !"a! )$&n!ed ,)&es U( a 5&## &n &!s (&na# ($m Um6s! 5e

d&s!$&56!ed ! !"e mem5e$s !"$ee da*s 5e($e &!s )assa%e 56! a#s !"e$e6&$emen! !"a! 5e($e a 5&## ,an 5e,me a #a+ &! m6s! "ae )assed !"$ee

$ead&n%s n se)a$a!e da*s. T"e$e &s n! n#* !e!6a# s6))$! ($ s6,",ns!$6,!&n 56! "&s!$&,a# 5as&s as +e##.

• T"e e,e)!&n &s 5ased n !"e )$6den!&a# ,ns&de$a!&n !"a! &( &n a## ,ases !"$ee

$ead&n%s n se)a$a!e da*s a$e $e6&$ed and a 5&## "as ! 5e )$&n!ed &n (&na# ($m5e($e &! ,an 5e )assed !"e need ($ a #a+ ma* 5e $ende$ed a,adem&, 5* !"e,,6$$en,e ( !"e e$* eme$%en,* $ )65#&, ,a#am&!* +"&," &! &s mean! ! add$ess.

• Pe!&!&ne$s (6$!"e$ ,n!end !"a! a %$+&n% 56d%e! de(&,&! &s n! an eme$%en,*

es)e,&a##* &n a ,6n!$* #&9e !"e P"&#&))&nes +"e$e 56d%e! de(&,&! &s a ,"$n&,

,nd&!&n. Een &( !"&s +e$e !"e ,ase an en$m6s 56d%e! de(&,&! des n! ma9e!"e need ($ R.A. N. 771 an* #ess 6$%en! $ !"e s&!6a!&n ,a##&n% ($ &!s

ena,!men! an* #ess an eme$%en,*.

• A))a$en!#* !"e mem5e$s ( !"e Sena!e &n,#6d&n% sme ( !"e )e!&!&ne$s &n

!"ese ,ases 5e#&eed !"a! !"e$e +as an 6$%en! need ($ ,ns&de$a!&n ( S. N.1= 5e,a6se !"e* $es)nded ! !"e ,a## ( !"e P$es&den! 5* !&n% n !"e 5&## n

se,nd and !"&$d $ead&n%s n !"e same da*. W"&#e !"e 6d&,&a# de)a$!men! &s n!

56nd 5* !"e Sena!es a,,e)!an,e ( !"e P$es&den!s ,e$!&(&,a!&n !"e $es)e,! d6e,e6a# de)a$!men!s ( !"e %e$nmen! &n ma!!e$s ,mm&!!ed ! !"em 5* !"eCns!&!6!&n and !"e a5sen,e ( a ,#ea$ s"+&n% ( %$ae a56se ( d&s,$e!&n

,a6!&n a s!a* ( !"e 86d&,&a# "and.

• A! an* $a!e +e a$e sa!&s(&ed !"a! S. N. 1= $e,e&ed !"$6%" ,ns&de$a!&n &n

!"e Sena!e +"e$e &! +as d&s,6ssed ($ s& da*s. On#* &!s d&s!$&56!&n &n adan,e &n&!s (&na# )$&n!ed ($m +as a,!6a##* d&s)ensed +&!" 5* "#d&n% !"e !&n% n se,nd

and !"&$d $ead&n%s n !"e same da* <a$," 4 1@@4. O!"e$+&se s6((&,&en! !&me5e!+een !"e s65m&ss&n ( !"e 5&## n Fe5$6a$* 0 1@@4 n se,nd $ead&n% and &!s



a))$a# n <a$," 4 1@@4 e#a)sed 5e($e &! +as (&na##* !ed n 5* !"e Sena!en !"&$d $ead&n%.

• T"e )6$)se ($ +"&," !"$ee $ead&n%s n se)a$a!e da*s &s $e6&$ed &s sa&d ! 5e

!+-(#d- 1 ! &n($m !"e mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess ( +"a!. !"e* m6s! !e n and

! %&e !"em n!&,e !"a! a meas6$e &s )$%$ess&n% !"$6%" !"e ena,!&n%)$,ess- !"6s ena5#&n% !"em and !"e$s &n!e$es!ed &n !"e meas6$e ! )$e)a$e

!"e&$ )s&!&ns +&!" $e(e$en,e ! &!. 8. G. S2THERLAND STAT2TES ANDSTAT2TOR CONSTR2CTION 1.4 ). 0 U1@7 T"ese )6$)ses +e$e

s65s!an!&a##* a,"&eed &n !"e ,ase ( R.A. N. 771.

10/. GONALES VS. <ACARAIG

• Cn%$ess )assed !"e Gene$a# A))$)$&a!&ns &## 1@0@. I! e#&m&na!ed $ de,$eased

,e$!a&n &!ems &n,#6ded &n !"e )$)sed 56d%e! as s65m&!!ed 5* !"e )$es&den!.

• W"en )$esen!ed ! !"e P$es&den! ($ "e$ s&%na!6$e &! +as s&%ned 56! 7 SPECIALPROVISIONS and Se, // Gene$a# P$&s&n +e$e VETOED.

• T"e sena!e !"en )assed a $es#6!&n sa*&n% !"a! !"e P$es&den!Bs Ve! +as

6n,ns!&!6!&na#.

• Se, // )$&ded a: JP$"&5&!&n A%a&ns! !"e Res!$a!&n $ In,$ease (

Re,mmended A))$)$&a!&ns D&sa))$ed $ Red6,ed 5* Cn%$ess – N &!em (

a))$)$&a!&n $e,mmended 5* !"e P$es&den! &n !"e 6d%e! +"&," "as 5een d&sa))$ed $ $ed6,eds"a## 5e $es!$ed $ &n,$eased 5* !"e 6se ( a))$)$&a!&ns a6!"$&'ed ($ !"e$ )6$)ses 5*a6%men!a!&n. An &!em ($ a))$)$&a!&n ($ an* )6$)se $e,mmended 5* !"e P$es&den! s"a## 5e



deemed ! "ae 5een d&sa))$ed 5* Cn%$ess &( n ,$$es)nd&n% a))$)$&a!&n ($ !"e s)e,&(&,)6$)se &s )$&ded &n !"e GA

• T"e $easn +"* !"e P$es&den! e!ed !"e )$&s&n +as: !"a! &! &#a!es Se,!&n

// – n6##&(*&n% !"e )+e$ ( !"e P$es&den! ! a6%men! an* &!em ($m sa&n%s &n!"e$ &!ems.

• )-n:,les et ,l cl,im th,t the PresidentBs Line(Vet- in ,ppr-pri,ti-n bills is limited

t- items ,nd d-es n-t c-ver pr-visi-ns.• T"e* ,#a&m !"a! C$* e,eeded "e$ a6!"$&!* +"en s"e e!ed Se, // +"&," a$e

PROVISIONS s6," !"a! +"en !"e P$es&den! 5e,!s ! a PROVISION ( an

a))$)$&a!&n 5&## s"e ,ann! ee$,&se !"e ITE<-VETO POWER 56! s"6#d e! !"een!&$e 5&##.

• T"e* (6$!"e$ ,#a&m !"a! !"e I!em-Ve! P+e$ des n! ,a$$* +&!" &! !"e )+e$ !

s!$&9e 6! ,nd&!&ns $ $es!$&,!&ns ($ !"a! +6#d 5e #e%&s#a!&n.

• Las!#* !"e* ,#a&m !"a! Se, // ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n +"&," )$&des ($ !"e

P$es&den!Bs A6%men!a!&n P+e$s – "as ! 5e )$&ded ($ 5* #a+ !"6s Cn%$ess

"as !"e )$e$%a!&e ! #&m&! !"e ee$,&se ( !"e same.• On !"e !"e$ "and !"e S#%en ,#a&ms !"a! Se, // &s a,!6a##* a $&de$ 5e,a6se &! &s

e!$ane6s ! an a))$)$&a!&n a,! !"e$e($e !"e P$es&den! a#&d#* e!ed &!.

S#%en (6$!"e$ ,#a&ms !"a! !"e ,ns!&!6!&n em)+e$s !"e P$es&den! ! e!

PROVISIONS $ !"e$ d&s!&n,! and see$a5#e )a$!s ( an A))$)$&a!&ns &##

ISS2E: D&d !"e P$es&den! e,eeded !"e &!em-e! )+e$K Can !"e P$es&den! e!

PROVISIONS ( an a))$)$&a!&ns 5&##K W"a! &s !"e s,)e ( &!em-e!K

SC:

VETO WAS VALID. COR WAS CORRECT.Se, 7 ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n Pa$a%$a)" 1 $e(e$s ! !"e %ene$a# e! )+e$ ( !"e

P$es&den!. I( ee$,&sed &! +6#d $es6#! ! !"e e! ( !"e ENTIRE ILL.

Se, 7 ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n Pa$a%$a)" $e(e$s ! !"e ITE< VETO )+e$ $ LINE

VETO. I! a##+s !"e ee$,&se ( e! e$ )a$!&,6#a$ &!ems &n an APPROPRIATIONREVEN2E OR TARIFF ILL. T"e )+e$ %&en ! !"e P$es&den! ! d&sa))$e an* &!em

&n an A))$)$&a!&ns &## des n! %$an! !"e a6!"$&!* ! e! a )a$! ( an &!em and !a))$e !"e $ema&n&n% )$!&n ( !"e same &!em.

T"e !e$ms ITE< and PROVISION a$e d&((e$en!.

An ITE< $e(e$s ! !"e )a$!&,6#a$s de!a&#s !"e d&s!&n,! and see$a5#e )a$!s ( !"e5&##. I! &s !"e &nd&&s&5#e s6m ( mne* ded&,a!ed ! a s!a!ed )6$)se. I! 5&6s#*

means an &!em +"&," &n &!se#( &s a SPECIFIC APPROPRIATION ( mne* n! sme%ene$a# )$&s&n ( #a+ +"&," 6s! "a))ens ! 5e )6! &n an a))$)$&a!&n 5&##.

T"e ,#a&m ( !"e )e!&!&ne$s !"a! !"e P$es&den! ma* n! e! a )$&s&n +&!"6!

e!&n% !"e en!&$e 5&## n! n#* d&s$e%a$ds !"e 5as&, )$&n,&)#e !"a! a d&s!&n,! andsee$a5#e )a$! ( a 5&## ma* 5e s65e,! ( a se)a$a!e e! 56! a#s e$#9s !"e

,ns!&!6!&na# manda!e !"a! an* PROVISION &n !"e %ene$a# a))$)$&a!&ns 5&## s"a##$e#a!e s)e,&(&,a##* ! sme )a$!&,6#a$ )$&s&n !"e$e&n and !"a! an* s6," )$&s&n

s"a## 5e #&m&!ed &n &!s )e$a!&n ! !"e a))$)$&a!&n ! +"&," &! $e#a!es.In s"$! A PROVISION &n an a))$)$&a!&n 5&## &s #&m&!ed &n &!s )e$a!&n ! sme

)a$!&,6#a$ a))$)$&a!&n and DOES NOT RELATE TO THE ENTIRE ILL.T"e P$es&den! ma* e! )$&s&ns.

Even ,ssuming th,t pr-visi-ns ,re be0-nd vet- p-wers* Se, // ma* s!&## 5e e!ed

(##+&n% !"e DOCTRINE OF INAPPROPRIATE PROVISIONS. Se, //:



1 &s a )$&s&n !"a! des n! $e#a!e ! an* )a$!&,6#a$ a))$)$&a!&n &#a!es Se,/ !"e d&sa))$ed $ $ed6,ed &!ems a$e n+"e$e ! 5e (6nd n !"e (a,e ( !"e 5&##

= !"e e!ed se,!&ns a$e m$e an e)$ess&n ( Cn%$ess&na# )#&,* $e%a$d&n%a6%men!a!&n )+e$s $a!"e$ !"an a !$6e 56d%e!a$* a))$)$&a!&n.

Se, // &s !"6s an &na))$)$&a!e )$&s&n !"a! s"6#d 5e !$ea!ed as ITE<S FOR

P2RPOSES OF VETO POWERS.

As ! !"e ,#a&m !"a! Cn%$ess s"6#d 5e a##+ed ! &m)se $es!$&,!&ns $ ,nd&!&ns

&n an a))$)$&a!&ns 5&## +"&," !"e* ,#a&m &s 5e*nd e!-)+e$s

I! ,ann! 5e den&ed !"a! Le%&s#a!6$e "as !"e )+e$ ! )$&de 6a#&(&,a!&ns and

,nd&!&ns &n A))$)$&a!&n &##s as ! #&m&! "+ !"e mne* s"a## 5e s)end e!,. A#s&! ,ann! 5e den&ed !"a! !"e Ee,6!&e &s n! a##+ed ! e! a ,nd&!&n $

6a#&(&,a!&n 56! a##+&n% !"e a))$)$&a!&n &!se#( ! s!and.HOWEVER ($ !"ese ! a))#* THE RESTRICTIONS SHO2LD E S2CH IN THE REAL

SENSE OF THE TER< n! sme ma!!e$s +"&," a$e m$e )$)e$#* dea#! +&!" &n ase)a$a!e #e%&s#a!&n. Res!$&,!&ns $ Cnd&!&ns m6s! e"&5&! a CONNECTION WITH

<ONE ITE<S IN A 2DGETAR SENSE IN THE SCHED2LE OF E>PENDIT2RES.

T"6s !"e !es! &s ne ( APPROPRIATENESS. Se, // a))ea$s ! 5e a ,nd&!&n 56!a,!6a##* !"e* a$e GENERAL LAW <EAS2RES <ORE APPROPRIATE FOR a s65s!an!&e

se)a$a!e #e%&s#a!&n.

10. ENGON VS. DRILON

• Pe!&!&n assa&#&n% !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( !"e P$es&den!Bs Ve! ( ,e$!a&n )$&s&ns

( !"e GAA 1@@ $e#a!&n% ! !"e )a*men! ( !"e ad6s!ed )ens&ns ( $e!&$ed SCand CA 6s!&,es

• RA @1 +as ena,!ed ! )$&de !"e $e!&$emen! )ens&ns ( $e!&$ed SC and CA

6s!&,es. T"&s +as amended 5* RA 17@7 %&&n% &den!&,a# 5ene(&!s ! mem5e$s (

Cn-Cms and mem5e$s ( !"e AFP.

• La!e$ "+ee$ 6nde$ PD 44 !"e A2TO<ATIC AD82ST<ENT ($ !"e $e!&$emen!

)ens&ns ($ 82STICES +as n! $es!$ed. !"e a6!ma!&, ad6s!men! a))#&ed n#*! AFP ((&,&a#s



• Rea#&'&n% !"e 6na((a&$ness ( !"e d&s,$&m&na!&n a%a&ns! 6s!&,es Cn%$ess

a))$ed a 5&## ($ !"e $e-ena,!men! ( !"e $e)ea#ed )$&s&ns ( RA 17@7.

Cn%$ess +an!ed ! $es!$e !"e $e!&$emen! )ens&ns ( 86s!&,es.

• T"6s &n !"e GAA ( 1@@ Cn%$ess made a))$)$&a!&ns ($ !"e 86d&,&a$* ($ !"e

)a*men! ( ad6s!ed )ens&n $a!es.

• <ean+"&#e !"e $e!&$ed 6s!&,es (&#ed a ,ase ! !"e ,6$! ($ $ead6s!men! ( !"e

mn!"#* )ens&ns a$%6&n% !"a! PD 44 +"&," $e)ea#ed RA 17@7 d&d n! 5e,me#a+ ($ #a,9 ( a#&d )65#&,a!&n. T"e ,6$! %$an!ed !"e )e!&!&n.

• P$es&den! C$* "+ee$ e!ed !"e "6se 5&##: !"a! &! +6#d e$de !"e e$*

(6nda!&n ( !"e GB! ,##e,!&e e(($! ! ad"e$e (a&!"(6##* and en($,e s!$&,!#*

!"e )#&,* n sa#a$* s!anda$d&'a!&n. S"e a#s ,#a&ms !"a! !"e %e$nmen! s"6#dn! )e$m&! !"e %$an! ( d&s!&n,! )$&&#e%es ! %$6)s a#$ead* en*&n% )$e(e$en!&a#

!$ea!men!.

• T"e $e!&$ed 6s!&,es (&#ed !"&s ,ase ,#a&m&n% !"a!:

o 1 !"e s65e,! e! &s n! an &!em e!

o !"e e! &s &#a!&e ( !"e d,!$&ne ( se)a$a!&n ( )+e$s !"e$e 5e&n%

a SC de,&s&n (a$a5#* ! !"em

SC:INVALID VETO.

T"e %ene$a# (6nd ad6s!men! &s an ITE< +"&," a))$)$&a!es P/< ! ena5#e%e$nmen! ! mee!s &!s 5#&%a!&ns. T"e %ene$a# (6nd ad6s!men! &s !"e &!em &!se#(.

T"&s +as n! e!ed 5* !"e P$es&den!. W"a! +e$e e!ed +e$e <ETHODS ANDSSTE<S )#a,ed 5* Cn%$ess ! &ns6$e !"a! )e$manen! and ,n!&n6&n% 5#&%a!&ns !

,e$!a&n ((&,&a#s s6," as $e!&$emen! )ens&ns +6#d 5e )a&d as !"e* (a## d6e.T"e e!ed )$!&ns a$e NOT ITE<S !"e* +e$e PROVISIONS. T"e$e +as n s)e,&(&,

a))$)$&a!&n ( mne* &n#ed. I! ,an 5e seen !"a! )$!&ns ( !"e &!em "ae 5een,"))ed 6) &n! e!ed and 6ne!ed )a$!s.

Gene$a# R6#e: T"e )$es&den! m6s! e! !"e 5&## &n &!s en!&$e!*.

E,e)!&n:

1 a))$)$&a!&n $een6e !a$&(( 5&##s &!em-e! a##+ed – ! a&d $&de$s 5e&n%a!!a,"ed ! a))$)$&a!&ns meas6$es 56! n#* a )a$!&,6#a$ &!em ma* 5e e!ed

ITE< $e(e$s ! )a$!&,6#a$s de!a&#s !"e d&s!&n,! and see$a5#e )a$!s

T"e ,ns!&!6!&n )$&des !"a! n#* a )a$!&,6#a$ &!em $ &!ems ma* 5e e!ed. T"e

)+e$ ! d&sa))$e an* &!em $ &!ems &n an a))$)$&a!&ns 5&## des n! %$an! !"ea6!"$&!* ! e! a )a$! ( an &!em and ! a))$e !"e $ema&n&n% )$!&n ( !"e same

&!em.

Add&!&na##* !"e P$es&den! ,ann! se! as&de $ $ee$se a (&na# and ee,6!$*

6d%men! 5* !"e C6$! !"$6%" !"e ee$,&se ( e! )+e$.

107. PHILCONSA VS. ENRI;2E

• Cn%$ess ena,!ed !"e GAA ( 1@@4. Cn%$ess a))$)$&a!ed P0.== ($ de5!

se$&,&n% 56! &! a))$)$&a!ed n#* P=7 ($ ed6,a!&n. Pe!&!&ne$s ,#a&m !"a!

Cn%$ess ,ann! %&e de5! se$&,&n% !"e "&%"es! )$&$&!* ($ &! +6#d 5e &#a!&e( !"e Cns!&!6!&n $e6&$&n% ed6,a!&n ! "ae !"e "&%"es! (6nd&n%.

• Cn%$ess a#s added a s)e,&a# )$&s&n +"&," )$&des !"a!:o 1 T"e A))$)$&a!&n ($ De5! Se$&,e s"a## 5e 6sed ($ !"e )a*men! ( )$&n,&)a# and &n!e$es!

( ($e&%n dmes!&, de5!s. T"a! an* )a*men! &n e,ess ( !"e am6n! a))$)$&a!ed s"a## 5es65e,! ! !"e a))$a# ( !"e P$es&den! and +&!" ,n,6$$en,e ( Cn%$ess.



• T"e P$es&den! e!ed !"&s )$&s&n 56! d&d n! e! !"e P0 a))$)$&a!&n ($

de5! se$&,e.

• Pe!&!&ne$s ,#a&m !"a! !"e P$es&den! ,ann! e! !"e S)e,&a# )$&s&n +&!"6!

e!&n% !"e en!&$e am6n! ( P0.

• T"e S#%en "+ee$ ,6n!e$ed !"a! !"e S)e,&a# )$&s&n d&d n! $e#a!e ! !"e

&!em ( a))$)$&a!&n ($ de5! se$&,e and !"6s ,6#d e$* +e## 5e !"e s65e,! (

an &!em e!. T"e P$es&den! &n "&s e! messa%e sa&d !"a! !"e$e &s a#$ead* ana6!ma!&, )$&s&n n de5! se$&,&n% )$&ded ($ 6nde$ !"e F$e&%n $$+&n%

A,!. T"e GAA ,ann! 5e 6sed ! amend ! F$e&%n $$+&n% A,!.

ISS2E: &s !"e e! a#&dK

SC:I! &s $ead&#* a))a$en! !"a! !"e s)e,&a# )$&s&n &s an INAPPROPRIATE PROVISION

$e(e$$&n% ! (6nds !"e$ !"an !"e P0 a))$)$&a!ed &n !"e GAA. T"e e!ed )$&s&n&s ,#ea$#* an a!!em)! ! $e)ea# !"e F$e&%n $$+&n% A,! and ! $ee$se !"e de5!

)a*men! )#&,*. T"6s !"e $e)ea# ( sa&d #a+ s"6#d 5e dne &n a se)a$a!e #a+ n! &n!"e a))$)$&a!&ns #a+.

T"e %ene$a# $6#e &s !"a! !"e P$es&den! "as ! e! !"e en!&$e 5&## and n! me$e#* )a$!s!"e$e(. T"e e,e)!&n &s !"e )+e$ ( !"e P$es&den! ! e! an* )a$!&,6#a$ &!em &!em

e! &n an a))$)$&a!&ns 5&##. He$e !"e )$es&den! m6s! e! !"e en!&$e &!em.

A GA &s a s)e,&a# !*)e ( #e%&s#a!&n +"se ,n!en! &s #&m&!ed ! s)e,&(&ed s6ms (

mne*. e,a6se !"e Cns!&!6!&n $e6&$es !"a! )$&s&ns &n an a))$)$&a!&n 5&##m6s! $e#a!e s)e,&(&,a##* ! sme )a$!&,6#a$ a))$)$&a!&n ! +"&," &! $e#a!es an*

)$&s&n +"&," des n! $e#a!e ! an* )a$!&,6#a$ &!em $ +"&," e!ends &!s )e$a!&n5e*nd !"e &!em +&## 5e ,ns&de$ed an INAPPROPRIATE PROVISION WHICH CAN E

VETOED SEPARATEL.

T"6s !"e s,)e ( !"&s &!em e! &na))$)$&a!e )$&s&n s"6#d 5e an* )$&s&n:

1 +"&," des n! $e#a!e ! an* )a$!&,6#a$ &!em +"&," e!ends !"e )e$a!&n 5e*nd !"e &!em ( a))$)$&a!&n= an 6n,ns!&!6!&na# )$&s&n +"&," a$e &n!ended ! amend !"e$ #a+s.

T"6s !"e e! ( !"e s)e,&a# )$&s&n n de5! se$&,e &s VALID. I! &s an &na))$)$&a!e

)$&s&n. I! $e(e$s ! (6nds !"e$ !"an !"e P0 a))$)$&a!ed &n !"e GAA. T"&ss"6#d 5e !"e s65e,! ( a se)a$a!e #e%&s#a!&n n! !"$6%" !"e GAA.

!"&s &s a ,m)#&,a!ed ,ase.. $ead !"e $&%.

T"e$e a$e !"e$ e!es made:VALID VETOES:

1 !"e de5! se$&,&n%

!"e S!a!e 2n& and C##e%es. $e#&n% (6nd= !"e )6$,"ase ( m&#&!a$* e6&)men! – !"&s &s an &na))$)$&a!e )$&s&n. I! &s a

$&de$. I! )$&ded ($ Cn%$ess&na# a))$a#..

4 !"e AFP )ens&n – !"e AFP C"&e( ( S!a(( "as n )+e$ ! a6%men!/ Dea,!&a!&n ( CAFG2 – an!"e$ $&de$ &na))$)$&a!e )$&s&n.



INVALID VETOES:

1 !"e 7-= adm&n&s!$a!&e s. ,n!$a,! $a!& ($ $ad ma&n!enan,e. Cn%$ess)$&ded !"a! n#* = ( !"e !!a# a))$)$&a!&n ($ $ad ma&n!enan,e s"6#d 5e

,n!$a,!ed 6! 56! !"e P$es&den! +an!ed 7 ! 5e ,n!$a,!ed 6! 5e,a6se &! +6#d5e m$e e((&,&en! e,nm&,a#. W"en !"e )$es&den! e!ed "e a$%6ed !"a! &! +as

&na))$)$&a!e. VETO INVALID. T"e )$&s&n &s APPROPRIATE. I! s)e,&(&es "+ !"esa&d &!em s"a## 5e e)ended 7 adm&n&s!$a!&e = ,n!$a,!. T"&s ,ann! 5e

e!ed se)a$a!e#* ($m !"e &!ems ! +"&," !"e* $e#a!e s #n% as !"e* a$ea))$)$&a!e &n !"e 56d%e!a$* sense.

)6$,"ase ( AFP med&,&nes

- !"&s &s a#s APPROPRIATE PROVISION. T"&s &s &n ,m)#&an,e +&!" !"e d$6% )#&,* (!"e DOH &! d&$e,!#* $e#a!es and &s &nse)a$a5#e ($m a))$)$&a!&n.

Las! )$&n!ed =@ 1: A<

CHA<PPa%e /111/

100. CIR VS. LINGAEN

• L&n%a*en G6#( E#e,!$&, and P+e$ C )e$a!es a )+e$ )#an! )6$s6an! !

m6n&,&)a# ($an,"&se. I! )a*s 1 %$ss ea$n&n%s ! !"e )$&n,&a# !$eas6$* as

($an,"&se !a.

• IR "+ee$ ,##e,!s / !a $a!e n %$ss $e,e&)!s )6$s6an! ! !"e NIRC &ns!ead

( !"e #+e$ $a!es &n !"e m6n&,&)a# ($an,"&se.

• <ean+"&#e RA =04= +as ena,!ed %$an!&n% !"em a #e%&s#a!&e ($an,"&se &m)s&n%

a ($an,"&se !a.



• CIR a$%6es !"a! L&n%a*en s"6#d 5e #&a5#e ($ !"e / !a &ns!ead ( !"e #+e$

($an,"&se 5e,a6se NIRC a))#&es ! e&s!&n% and (6!6$e ($an,"&ses. T"e ($an,"&ses

( L&n%a*en +e$e a#$ead* &n e&s!en,e a! !"e !&me ( ad)!&n ( sa&d amendmen!.CIR ,#a&ms !"a! !"e $&%&na# ($an,"&se d&d n! ,n!a&n a )$&s !"a! !"e 1 !a &s

&n #&e6 ( a## !aes "en,e !"e ($an,"&se ,n!a&ned a $ese$a!&n ,#a6se !"a! !"e*s"a## 5e s65e,! ! amendmen! and a#!e$a!&n 5* !"e Le%&s#a!6$e.

ISS2E:

W"e!"e$ !"e / !a 6nde$ NIRC assessed n !"e %$ss $e,e&)!s $ea#&'ed 5e($e !"ee((e,!&&!* ( RA =04= &s ,##e,!&5#e.

W"e!"e$ !"e !a &s 6n&($m and e6a# 5e,a6se !"e #a+ &m)ses n#* !a +"&#e!"e$ !a)a*e$s s&m&#a$#* s&!6a!ed s!&## (##+ !"e NIRC +"&," &m)ses /.

SC:

RA =04= %$an!ed L&n%a*en a #e%&s#a!&e ($an,"&se and )$&ded !"a! n#* s"6#d5e )a&d &n #&e6 ( a## !aes &m)sed 5* an* a6!"$&!* m6n&,&)a# )$&n,&a# $ na!&na#

n+ $ &n !"e (6!6$e. T"e #a+ )$&ded !"a! !"&s +as e((e,!ed 2PON THE DATE THE

ORIGINAL FRANCHISE WAS GRANTED. T"6s 5* &$!6e ( RA =04= L&n%a*en &s #&a5#e! )a* n#* !"e !a e((e,!&e ($m $&%&na# da!e +"en m6n&,&)a# ($an,"&se +as

%$an!ed.

A TA> IS 2NIFOR< WHEN IT OPERATES WITH THE SA<E FORCE AND EFFECT IN

EVER PLACE WHERE THE S28ECT OF IT IS FO2ND. 2NIFOR<IT <EANS THAT ALLPROPERT ELONGING TO THE SA<E CLASS SHALL E TA>ED ALI3E.

6! !a eem)!&ns a$e nee$ deemed &#a!&e ( e6a# )$!e,!&n ,#a6se. T"e

Le%&s#a!6$e "as !"e &n"e$en! )+e$ ! se#e,! !"e s65e,! ( !aa!&n 56! a#s ! %$an!eem)!&ns.

He$e RA =04= me$e#* !$ans(e$$ed $ $e-,#ass&(&ed L&n%a*enBs )+e$ )#an! ($m !"e

,#ass )$&ded ($ &n A,! 7 ! A,! ==. T"6s &! n#* e((e,!ed !"e !$ans(e$ ( a

!aa5#e )$)e$!* ($m ne ,#ass ! an!"e$. +"&," )$&des ($ 5ene(&!s ( !a$ed6,!&n

We d n! "ae !"e +&sdm ! &n6&$e &n! s6," a,!. A#s !"e NIRC )$&s&n &s nee$&n!ended ! "ae 6n&e$sa# a))#&,a!&n.

10@. TOLENTINO VS. SOF

• Same ,ase assa&#&n% ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( e)anded a! #a+.

• T"e #a+ &s ,"a##en%ed ($ 5e&n% $e%$ess&e and &#a!es 6n&($m&!* and e6a#&!* (

!aa!&n 5e,a6se:o L+ &n,me %$6)s +6#d 5e a "&%"e$ )$)$!&n ($m !"e&$ &n,mes !"an

)a*men!s made 5* "&%"e$-&n,me %$6)s.

o T"a! a 6n&($m 1 !a &s $e%$ess&e 5e,a6se +"en 5e($e !"e !a n

,ns6m)!&n ( %ds 5* "&%"e$-&n,me 5$a,9e!s )a&d a $a!e "&%"e$ !"an



1 !"&s &s n+ $ed6,ed. S&m&#a$#* !"se ($m !"e #+e$ &n,me 5$a,9e!s6sed ! )a* n#* =- / 56! n+ !"e* )a* "&%"e$.

ISS2E: Is EVAT $e%$ess&eK

SC:

IT IS E;2ITALEI! d&s!$&56!es !"e !a 56$den ! as man* %ds and se$&,es as )ss&5#e )a$!&,6#a$#*

! !"se +"&," a$e +&!"&n !"e $ea," ( "&%"e$-&n,me %$6)s een as !"e #a+eem)!s 5as&, %ds and se$&,es. T"e %ds and )$)e$!&es s65e,! ! VAT a$e

!"se 6sed $ ,ns6med 5* "&%"e$-&n,me %$6)s. On !"e !"e$ "and sma##56s&nesses +&!" ann6a# %$ss sa#es ( #ess !"an P/T a$e eem)!.

Re%$ess&&!* &s n! a ne%a!&e s!anda$d ($ ,6$!s ! en($,e. W"a! Cn%$ess &s

$e6&$ed 5* !"e Cns!&!6!&n ! d &s ! e#e a )$%$ess&e s*s!em ( !aa!&n. T"&s&s a d&$e,!&e ! Cn%$ess. T"ese )$&s&ns a$e )6! &n !"e ,ns!&!6!&n as <ORAL

INCENTIVES TO LEGISLATION n! a 6d&,&d&a##* en($,ea5#e $&%"!s.

1@. ARA VALLE COLLEGE VS. A;2INO

a))$)$&a!&n ($ )65#&, )6$)se

• AVC &s an ed6,a!&na# ,$). T"e s,"# s6%"! !"e ann6#men! ( a JNOTICE OF

SEI2RE and NOTICE OF SALE ( &!s #! and 56&#d&n% &n an%ed A5$a ($ NON-

PA<ENT OF REAL PROPERT TA>ES P/14.

• T"e s,"# ((e$s )$&ma$* "&%" s,"# and ,##e%e ,6$ses. I! "as a ))6#a!&n (

m$e !"an 1 s!6den!s #,a!ed $&%"! &n !"e "ea$! ( an%6ed. T"e s!$6,!6$e &s

o H&%" s,"# and ,##e%e a! !"e ma&n 56&#d&n%

o Ren!ed ! a ,mme$,&a# es!a5#&s"men! 1s! (#$



o D&$e,!$ and "&s (am&#* nd (#$

• AVC a$%6es !"a! !"e )$&ma$* 6se ( sa&d #! and 56&#d&n% &s ed6,a!&na# and !"6s

eem)! ($m RPT. T"6s AVC ,#a&ms !"a! !"e se&'6$e and sa#e a$e +&!"6! #e%a#5as&s.

• T"e m6n&,&)a# !$eas6$e$ "+ee$ ,n!ends !"a! !"e #! and 56&#d&n% a$e 6sed ($:

o 1 ed6,a!&na# )6$)se ,##e%e

o as )e$manen! $es&den,e ( !"e P$es&den! and D&$e,!$ and "&s (am&#*&n,#6d&n% &n #a+s and %$and,"&#d$en

o = ,mme$,&a# )6$)se 1s! (#$ &s $en!ed ! a ,mme$,&a# es!a5#&s"m!

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ !"e #! and 56&#d&n% &s eem)! ($m RPTK W"e!"e$ &! &s 6sede,#6s&e#* ($ ed6,a!&na# )6$)sesK

SC:

T"e !es! ( eem)!&n ($m !aa!&n &s !"e 2SE OF THE PROPERT ($ )6$)sesmen!&ned &n !"e Cns!&!6!&n.

I! m6s! 5e s!$essed "+ee$ !"a! +"&#e !"&s C6$! a##+s a m$e #&5e$a# and nn-$es!$&,!&e &n!e$)$e!a!&n ( !"e )"$ase Je#6s&e#* 6sed ($ ed6,a!&na# )6$)ses

$easna5#e em)"as&s "as a#+a*s 5een made !"a! E>E<PTION E>TENDS TOFACILITIES WHICH ARE INCIDENTAL TO OR REASONAL NECESSAR FOR THE

ACCO<PLISH<ENT OF THE <AIN P2RPOSE.

T"6s +"&#e !"e 6se ( !"e nd (#$ &s ($ $es&den!&a# )6$)ses ( !"e D&$e,!$ and

P$es&den! &! (&nds 6s!&(&,a!&n 6nde$ !"e CONCEPT OF INCIDENTAL 2SE. Hen,e &! &s,m)#&men!a$* ! !"e ma&n $ )$&ma$* )6$)se ed6,a!&na#.

2T !"e #ease ( !"e 1s! (#$ ! N$!" <a$9e!&n% C$)$a!&n CANNOT 5e ,ns&de$ed&n,&den!a# ! !"e )6$)se ( ed6,a!&n.

Hen,e !"e s,"# 56&#d&n% and #! s"6#d 5e !aed ECA2SE THE FIRST FLOOR IS

EING 2SED FOR CO<<ERCIAL P2RPOSES. T"6s s&n,e n#* a )$!&n &s 6sed ($

,mme$,e &! &s n#* (a&$ !"a! HALF OF THE ASSESSED TA> 5e $e!6$ned ! !"e s,"#.

Las! )$&n!ed =@ 1: A<

CHA<P Pa%e /@ 111/

1@1. PASC2AL VS. SEC DPWHa))$)$&a!&n ($ a )65#&, )6$)se

• T"e Ge$n$ ( R&'a# Pas,6a# (&#ed a ,ase ($ &n6n,!&n assa&#&n% !"e

,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( RA @.

• RA @ &s an A,! A))$)$&a!&n% F6nds ($ P65#&, W$9s. I! ,n!a&ned an &!em (

P0/ ($ !"e ,ns!$6,!&n and $e)a&$ ( (eede$ $ads and !e$m&na#s &n San

An!n& Pas&%.



• I! &s a##e%ed !"a! !"e )$e,!ed (eede$ $ads "ae n! 5een ,ns!$6,!ed and d

n! ,nne,! ! an* %e$nmen! )$)e$!*. In (a,! !"e #ands &n +"&," sa&d (eede$

$ads +e$e ! 5e ,ns!$6,!ed 5e#n%ed ! Sena!$ 6#6e!a.

• 6#6e!a )$m&sed !"a! "e +&## dna!e !"e (eede$ $ads ! !"e m6n&,&)a#&!* (

)as&%.

• H+ee$ n deed ( dna!&n +as ee$ ee,6!ed.

• Hen,e Pas,6a# n+ ,n!ends !"a! !"e a))$)$&a!&n ( P0/ +as &##e%a#5e,a6se &! ,e$s )$&a!e )$)e$!* and !"a! &! des n! ,e$ )65#&, $ads 56!

)$&a!e s!$ee!s &n a )$&a!e s65d&&s&n.

• Pas,6a# med ! en&n !"e )$esen! ,ns!$6,!&n ( !"e (eede$ $ads.

• 6#6e!aBs de(ense: J&! &s n! &##e%a# 5e,a6se !"e #a+ "as 5een a))$ed 5*

Cn%$ess and !"e P$es&den! and Cn%$ess &s !"e s6$,e ( a## #a+s

ISS2E: Is !"e a))$)$&a!&n a#&dK

SC:

N2LL AND VOID. Le%&s#a!6$e &s +&!"6! )+e$ ! a))$)$&a!e )65#&, (6nds ($an*!"&n% 56! a )65#&, )6$)se. I! &s !"e ESSENTIAL CHARACTER OF THE DIRECT

O8ECT ( !"e e)end&!6$e +"&," m6s! de!e$m&ne &!s a#&d&!* and NOT THE<AGNIT2DE OF INTERESTS TO E AFFECTED.

I!CI+E!TAL $E!E&IT "# A+VA!TA)E T" THE PU$LIC >E.). pr-m-ti-n -/ priv,teinterests ,nd pr-spects -/ priv,te business? +"ES !"T =USTI&% THE USE "& PU$LIC

M"!E%.

T"e !es! ( ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( a #a+ $e6&$&n% 6se ( )65#&, (6nds &s WHETHER THE

STAT2TE IS DESIGNED TO PRO<OTE P2LIC INTERESTS as ))sed ! !"e

(6$!"e$an,e ( !"e adan!a%e ( &nd&&d6a#s even i/ e,ch ,dv,nt,ge t- individu,lsincident,ll0 serve the public.

RATIONALE: T"e $&%"! ! a))$)$&a!e (6nds &s ,$$e#a!&e ! !"e $&%"! ! !a. S&n,e

!a&n% )+e$s m6s! 5e ee$,&sed ($ )65#&, )6$)ses n#* !"en mne* $a&sed 5*

!aa!&n ,an 5e e)ended n#* ($ )65#&, )6$)ses a#s.

Inasm6," as !"e #and n +"&," !"e )$e,!ed (eede$ $ads +e$e ! 5e ,ns!$6,!ed

5e#n%ed !"en ! 6#6e!a !"e $es6#! &s !"a! sa&d a))$)$&a!&n +as ($ a )$&a!e)6$)se and "en,e n6## and &d.

T"e dna!&n made ! !"e %e$nmen! sme / mn!"s a(!e$ ($ !"e )6$)se (

%&&n% a sem5#an,e ( #e%a#&!* STILL DOES NOT C2RE THE ASIC DEFECT.

NO APPROPRIATION OF STATE F2NDS CAN E <ADE FOR OTHER THAN A P2LICP2RPOSE.

1@. GASTON VS. REP2LIC PLANTERS AN3

a))$)$&a!&n ($ )65#&, )6$)se.

• Pe!&!&ne$s a$e s6%a$ )$d6,e$s and )#an!e$s and m&##e$s (&#ed a <ANDA<2S !

&m)#emen! !"e )$&a!&'a!&n ( Re)65#&, P#an!e$s an9 and ($ !"e !$ans(e$ ( !"e

s"a$es &n !"e %e$nmen! 5an9 ! s6%a$ )$d6,e$s and )#an!e$s. 5e,a6se !"e*



a$e a##e%ed#* !"e !$6e 5ene(&,&a# +ne$s ( !"e 5an9 s&n,e !"e* )a* P1. )e$)&,6# ( s6%a$ ($m !"e )$,eeds ( s6%a$ )$d6,e$s as STAILIATION FEES

• T"e s"a$es a$e ,6$$en!#* "e#d 5* P"&#s6,m S6%a$ Re%6#a!$* Adm&n.

• T"e S#%en ,6n!e$ed !"a! !"e s!a5&#&'a!&n (ees a$e ,ns&de$ed %e$nmen! (6nds

and !"a! !"e !$ans(e$ ( s"a$es ! ($m P"&#s6,m ! !"e s6%a$ )$d6,e$s +6#d5e &$$e%6#a$.

ISS2E: W"a! &s !"e na!6$e ( !"e P1. s!a5&#&'a!&n (ees ,##e,!ed ($m s6%a$

)$d6,e$sK A$e !"e* (6nds "e#d &n !$6s! ($ !"em $ a$e !"e* )65#&, (6ndsK A$e !"e

s"a$es &n !"e 5an9 )a&d 6s&n% !"ese (ees +ned 5* !"e %e$nmen! P"&#s6,m $)$&a!e#* 5* !"e d&((e$en! s6%a$ )#an!e$s ($m +"m s6," (ees +e$e ,##e,!edK

SC:P2LIC F2NDS. W"&#e &! &s !$6e !"a! !"e ,##e,!ed (ees +e$e 6sed ! 56* s"a$es &n

RP &! d&d n! ,##e,! sa&d (ees ($ !"e a,,6n! ( s6%a$ )$d6,e$s. T"e s!a5&#&'a!&n(ees +e$e ,"a$%ed n s6%a$ )$d6,ed and m&##ed +"&," ACCR2ED TO PHILS2CO<

6nde$ PD ==0.

T"e (ees ,##e,!ed ARE IN THE NAT2RE OF A TA. +"&," &s +&!"&n !"e )+e$ ( !"es!a!e ! &m)se FOR THE PRO<OTION OF THE S2GAR IND2STR. T"e* ,ns!&!6!e

s6%a$ #&ens. T"e ,##e,!&ns a,,$6e ! a SPECIAL F2NDS. I! &s #e&ed n! )6$e#* ($!aa!&n 56! ($ $e%6#a!&n ! )$&de means TO STAILIE THE S2GAR IND2STR.

T"e #e* &s )$&ma$&#* an ee$,&se ( )#&,e )+e$s.

T"e (a,! !"a! !"e S!a!e "as !a9en mne* )6$s6an! ! #a+ &s s6((&,&en! ! ,ns!&!6!e!"em as STATE F2NDS even th-ugh held /-r , speci,l purp-se. Ha&n% 5een #e&ed

($ a s)e,&a# )6$)se !"e $een6es a$e !$ea!ed as a s)e,&a# (6nd adm&n&s!e$ed &n!$6s! ($ !"e )6$)se &n!ended. On,e !"e )6$)se "as 5een (6#(&##ed $ a5andned

!"e 5a#an,e +&## 5e !$ans(e$$ed ! !"e %ene$a# (6nds ( %B!.

I! &s a s)e,&a# (6nd s&n,e !"e (6nds a$e de)s&!ed &n PN n! &n !"e Na!&na# T$eas6$*.

T"e s6%a$ )#an!e$s a$e NOT ENEFICIAL OWNERS. T"e mne* &s ,##e,!ed ($m !"emn#* 5e,a6se !"e* &! &s a#s !"e* +" a$e ! 5e 5ene(&!ed ($m !"e e)end&!6$e ((6nds de$&ed ($m &!. T"e &nes!&n% ( !"e (6nds &n RP &s n! a#&en ! !"e )6$)se

s&n,e !"e an9 &s a ,mmd&!* 5an9 ($ s6%a$ ,n,e&ed ($ !"e s6%a$ &nd6s!$*B%$+!" and dee#)men!.

#evenues derived /r-m t,es c,nn-t be used purel0 /-r priv,te purp-ses -r /-r the

eclusive bene/it -/ priv,te pers-ns. The St,bili:,ti-n &und is t- be utili:ed /-r thebene/it -/ the E!TI#E SU)A# I!+UST#%* ,nd ,ll its c-mp-nents* st,bili:,ti-n -/

d-mestic ,nd /-reign m,r;ets* since the sug,r industr0 is -/ vit,l imp-rt,nce t- thec-untr0Bs ec-n-m0 ,nd n,ti-n,l interest.

1@=. G2INGONA VS. CARAG2Ea))$)$&a!&n ($ a )65#&, )6$)se

• G6&n%na e! a# 6es!&ns !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( !"e a6!ma!&, a))$)$&a!&n ($

de5! se$&,e &n !"e 1@@ 56d%e! )6$s6an! ! PD 01. T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e GAAa))$)$&a!ed P@4 ($ de5! se$&,e +"&#e n#* P7 ($ ed6,a!&n ,n!$a$* ! !"e

,ns!&!6!&na# )$&s&n ass&%n&n% !"e "&%"es! 56d%e!a$* )$&$&!* ! ed6,a!&n.



• T"e* asse$! !"a! !"e$e m6s! 5e de(&n&!eness ,e$!a&n!* and ea,!ness &n an

a))$)$&a!&n !"e$+&se &! &s 6nd6e de#e%a!&n ( #e%&s#a!&e )+e$ ! !"e

P$es&den! +" +6#d "ae )+e$ ! de!e$m&ne &n adan,e !"e am6n!a))$)$&a!ed ($ de5! se$&,e.

• T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e PDs &ss6ed 5* !"en P$es&den! <a$,s d&d n! s!a!e s)e,&(&,

am6n!s ! 5e )a&d.

ISS2E: Is !"e #a+ a#&dK

SC: VALID.T"e #e%&s#a!&e &n!en!&n &s !"a! !"e am6n! needed s"6#d 5e a6!ma!&,a##* se! as&de

&n $de$ ! ena5#e !"e Re)65#&, ! )a* !"e )$&n,&)a# &n!e$es! and !aes n !"e #ans

$ &nde5!edness &n,6$$ed as !"e* (a## d6e s !"a! !"e$e +6#d 5e n need ! ena,! ase)a$a!e #a+ a))$)$&a!&n% (6nds. T"e )6$)se ( !"e #a+ &s ! ena5#e !"e

%e$nmen! ! ma9e )$m)! )a*men! $ adan,es ($ a## #ans ! )$!e,! andma&n!a&n !"e ,$ed&! s!and&n% ( !"e ,6n!$*.

Een &( !"e PDS d n! s!a!e s)e,&(&, am6n!s ! 5e )a&d !"e am6n!s nee$!"e#ess

a$e made ,e$!a&n 5* #e%&s#a!&e )a$ame!e$s )$&ded ($ &n !"e de,$ees. T"e ee,6!&e&s n! ( 6n#&m&!ed d&s,$e!&n as ! !"e am6n!s ! 5e d&s56$sed ($ de5! se$&,&n%.

T"e manda!e &s ! )a* n#* !"e )$&n,&)a# &n!e$es! !aes and !"e$ n$ma# 5an9&n%,"a$%es and as +"en !"e* s"a## 5e,me d6e. NO 2NCERTAINT ARISES &n ee,6!&e

&m)#emen!a!&n as !"e #&m&! +&## 5e !"e ea,! am6n!s s"+n &n !"e 59s ( !"eT$eas6$*.

T"e a6!ma!&, a))$)$&a!&n )$&des !"e FLE>IILIT ($ !"e e((e,!&e ee,6!&n (

de5! mana%emen! )#&,&es. A#s !"e* am6n! needed ! ,e$ !"e )a*men! ()$&n,&)a# &n!e$es!s and !aes s"6#d 5e made aa&#a5#e as !"e* (a## d6e +&!"6!

ne,ess&!* ( )e$&d&, ena,!men!s ( se)a$a!e #a+s SINCE OTH THE PERIOD ANDNECESSITIES ARE INCAPALE OF DETER<INATION IN ADVANCE.

I! ena5#es !"e %B! ! !a9e adan!a%e ( (a$a5#e !6$n ( ma$9e! ,nd&!&ns 5*$edeem&n% "&%"-&n!e$es! se,6$&!&es and 5$$+&n% a! #+e$ $a!es $ ! s"&(! ($m STD! LTD en!e$ &n! de5!-!-e6&!* $ de5!-!-asse! s+a)s. A#s !"&s a6!ma!&,

a))$)$&a!&n 5&a!es !"e se$&6s d&((&,6#!&es &n de5! se$&,&n% a$&s&n% ($m an*de&a!&n ($m +"a! "as 5een )$e&6s#* )$%$ammed.

1@4. PHILCONSA VS. ENRI;2EE>EC2TIVE.

• Gene$a# A))$)$&a!&ns A,! ( 1@@4 RA 7= +as )assed and a))$ed 5*

Cn%$ess. I! a6!"$&'ed !"e mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess ! )$)se and &den!&(*)$e,!s &n JP$9 a$$e#s a##!!ed ! !"em and ! $ea#&%n !"e&$ $es)e,!&e



)e$a!&n% 56d%e!s. A#s !"e )$es&den! e!ed sme )$&s&ns and &m)sed,nd&!&ns n an &!em &n !"e a))$)$&a!&ns 5&##

• Pe!&!&ne$s assa&# !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( !"e CDF. Pe!&!&ne$s ,#a&m !"a! !"e )+e$

%&en ! !"e mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess ! )$)se and &den!&(* !"e )$e,!s and

a,!&&!&es ! 5e (6nded 5* !"e C6n!$*+&de Dee#)men! F6nd &s an en,$a,"men!5* !"e #e%&s#a!6$e n ee,6!&e )+e$ s&n,e sa&d )+e$ &n an a))$)$&a!&n a,! &s

&n &m)#emen!a!&n ( a #a+. T"e* a$%6e !"a! !"e )$)sa# and &den!&(&,a!&n ( !"e)$e,!s d n! &n#e !"e ma9&n% ( #a+s $ !"e $e)ea# and amendmen! !"e$e(

!"e n#* (6n,!&n %&en ! !"e Cn%$ess 5* !"e Cns!&!6!&n

ISS2E: D !"e* "ae #e%a# s!and&n%K

SC: ES.W"e$e a e! &s ,#a&med ! "ae 5een made +&!"6! $ &n e,ess ( !"e a6!"$&!*

es!ed n !"e P$es&den! !"e &ss6e ( an &m)e$m&ss&5#e &n!$6s&n ( !"e Ee,6!&e &n!!"e dma&n ( !"e Le%&s#a!6$e a$&ses. T !"e e!en! !"e )+e$s ( Cn%$ess a$e

&m)a&$ed s &s !"e )+e$ ( ea," mem5e$ !"e$e( s&n,e "&s ((&,e ,n(e$s a $&%"! !)a$!&,&)a!e &n !"e ee$,&se ( !"e )+e$s ( !"a! &ns!&!6!&n.

An a,! ( !"e Ee,6!&e +"&," &n6$es !"e &ns!&!6!&n ( Cn%$ess ,a6ses a

DERIVATIVE S2IT 56! nne!"e#ess s65s!an!&a# &n6$* +"&," ,an 5e 6es!&ned 5*an* mem5e$ ( Cn%$ess. In s6," ,ase an* mem5e$ ( Cn%$ess ,an $es$! ! !"e

,6$!s.

I! &s !$6e !"a! !"e Cns!&!6!&n )$&des a me,"an&sm ($ e$$&d&n% a e!. Sa&d$emed* "+ee$ &s aa&#a5#e n#* +"en !"e )$es&den!&a# e! &s 5ased n )#&,* $

)#&!&,a# ,ns&de$a!&ns. I! &s NOT AVAILALE +"en !"e e! &s ,#a&med ! 5e 2LTRA

VIRES. W"en &! &s 6#!$a &$es &! 5e,mes !"e d6!* ( !"e C6$! ! d$a+ !"e d&&d&n%#&ne +"e$e !"e ee$,&se ( ee,6!&e )+e$ ends and !"e 56nds ( #e%&s#a!&e

6$&sd&,!&n 5e%&n.

ISS2E: Is !"e CDF a#&dK

SC: 2nde$ !"e Cns!&!6!&n !"e s)end&n% )+e$ ,a##ed 5* 8ames <ad&sn as !"e)+e$ ( !"e )6$se 5e#n%s ! Cn%$ess s65e,! n#* ! !"e e! )+e$ ( !"e

P$es&den!. T"e P$es&den! ma* )$)se !"e 56d%e! 56! s!&## !"e (&na# sa* n !"e ma!!e$( a))$)$&a!&ns &s #d%ed &n !"e Cn%$ess.

T"e )+e$ ( a))$)$&a!&n ,a$$&es +&!" &! !"e )+e$ ! s)e,&(* !"e )$e,! $ a,!&&!*

! 5e (6nded 6nde$ !"e a))$)$&a!&n #a+. I! ,an 5e as de!a&#ed and as 5$ad asCn%$ess +an!s &! ! 5e.

T"e C6n!$*+&de Dee#)men! F6nd &s e)#&,&! !"a! &! s"a## 5e 6sed ($

&n($as!$6,!6$e )6$,"ase ( am56#an,es and ,m)6!e$s and !"e$ )$&$&!* )$e,!sand a,!&&!&es and ,$ed&! (a,&#&!&es ! 6a#&(&ed 5ene(&,&a$&es. . . . I! +as Cn%$ess &!se#(

!"a! de!e$m&ned !"e )6$)ses ($ !"e a))$)$&a!&n.Ee,6!&e (6n,!&n 6nde$ !"e C6n!$*+&de Dee#)men! F6nd &n#es

&m)#emen!a!&n ( !"e )$&$&!* )$e,!s s)e,&(&ed &n !"e #a+.

T"e a6!"$&!* %&en ! !"e mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess &s n#* ! )$)se and &den!&(*)$e,!s ! 5e &m)#emen!ed 5* !"e P$es&den!. 2nde$ A$!&,#e >LI ( !"e GAA ( 1@@4

!"e P$es&den! m6s! )e$($,e eam&ne +"e!"e$ !"e )$)sa#s s65m&!!ed 5* !"e



mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess (a## +&!"&n !"e s)e,&(&, &!ems ( e)end&!6$es ($ +"&," !"eF6nd +as se! 6) and &( 6a#&(&ed "e ne! de!e$m&nes +"e!"e$ !"e* a$e &n #&ne +&!"

!"e$ )$e,!s )#anned ($ !"e #,a#&!*. T"e$ea(!e$ &( !"e )$)sed )$e,!s 6a#&(* ($(6nd&n% 6nde$ !"e F6nd &! &s !"e P$es&den! +" s"a## &m)#emen! !"em.

In sh-rt* the pr-p-s,ls ,nd identi/ic,ti-ns m,de b0 the members -/ C-ngress ,re

merel0 rec-mmend,t-r0.

T"e Cns!&!6!&n &s a ($ame+$9 ( a +$9a5#e %e$nmen! and &!s &n!e$)$e!a!&nm6s! !a9e &n! a,,6n! !"e ,m)#e&!&es $ea#&!&es and )#&!&,s a!!endan! ! !"e

)e$a!&n ( !"e )#&!&,a# 5$an,"es ( %e$nmen!. P$&$ ! !"e GAA ( 1@@1 !"e$e+as an 6neen a##,a!&n ( a))$)$&a!&ns ($ !"e ,ns!&!6en!s ( !"e mem5e$s (

Cn%$ess +&!" !"e mem5e$s ,#se ! !"e Cn%$ess&na# #eade$s"&) $ +" "#d ,a$ds($ "$se-!$ad&n% %e!!&n% m$e !"an !"e&$ #ess (a$ed ,##ea%6es. T"e mem5e$s (

Cn%$ess a#s "ad ! $e,9n +&!" an 6ns*m)a!"e!&, P$es&den! +" ,6#d ee$,&se "&se! )+e$ ! ,an,e# ($m !"e a))$)$&a!&n 5&## a )e! )$e,! ( a Re)$esen!a!&e $

Sena!$.

T"e C6n!$*+&de Dee#)men! F6nd a!!em)!s ! ma9e e6a# !"e 6ne6a#. I! &s a#s a

$e,%n&!&n !"a! &nd&&d6a# mem5e$s ( Cn%$ess (a$ m$e !"an !"e P$es&den! and!"e&$ ,n%$ess&na# ,##ea%6es a$e #&9e#* ! 5e 9n+#ed%ea5#e a56! !"e needs (!"e&$ $es)e,!&e ,ns!&!6en!s and !"e )$&$&!* ! 5e %&en ea," )$e,!.

Las! )$&n!ed =@ 1: A<

CHA<P Pa%e = 111/

1@/. WE VS. DE LEON

E>EC2TIVE POWER.



• T"&s &s !"e H65e$! We55- V&',nde <assa,$e ,ase. H65e$! &s ,-a,,6sed &n !"e

,$&me ( Ra)e +&!" Hm&,&de.

• 8ess&,a A#(a$ &s !"e s!a$ +&!ness.

• A#(a$ 6a#&(&ed 6nde$ !"e W&!ness P$!e,!&n P$%$am RA @01. T"6s s"e +as

n! &n,#6ded &n !"e Cm)#a&n! $ In($ma!&n

• H65e$! ,n!ends !"a! !"e DO8 (a&#ed ! &n,#6de A#(a$ &n !"e &n($ma!&n ($ "e$

a##e%ed ,ns)&$a!$&a# )a$!&,&)a!&n &n !"e sa&d ,$&me.• H65e$! ,"a##en%es !"e #a+ RA @01 ,#a&m&n% !"a! &! ,ns!&!6!es an &n!$6s&n &n!

!"e 6d&,&a# )$e$%a!&e ($ &! &s n#* !"e ,6$! +"&," "as !"e )+e$ ! d&s,"a$%ean a,,6sed as a s!a!e +&!ness 6nde$ !"e R6#es n C$&mP$.

ISS2E: Can !"e DO8 !"e ee,6!&e 5$an," a))$e !"e d&s,"a$%e ( a s!a!e +&!ness

SC: VALID.T"e PROSEC2TION OF CRI<ES )e$!a&ns ! !"e ee,6!&e de)a$!men! +"se )$&n,&)a#

)+e$ and $es)ns&5&#&!* &s ! see ! &! !"a! 6$ #a+s a$e (a&!"(6##* ee,6!ed. A

ne,essa$* ,m)nen! ( !"&s )+e$ ! ee,6!e 6$ #a+s &s THE RIGHT TOPROSEC2TE THEIR VIOLATORS. T"e $&%"! ! )$se,6!e es!s !"e )$se,6!$ +&!" a

WIDE RANGE OF DISCRETION and !"e d&s,$e!&n ( +"e!"e$ +"a! and +"m !,"a$%e !"e ee$,&se ( +"&," DEPENDS ON A SMORGASBOARD OF FACTORS

WHICH ARE EST APPRECIATED PROSEC2TORS.

T"e #a+ &s a#&d &n es!&n% !"e DO8 +&!" !"e )+e$ ! de!e$m&ne +" ,an 6a#&(* as a+&!ness and +" s"a## 5e %$an!ed &mm6n&!* ($m )$se,6!&n.

F6$!"e$ !"e R6#es n C$&mP$ a))#* n#* 5e,a6se !"e ,6$!s "ae a#$ead* a,6&$ed

6$&sd&,!&n e$ !"e ,$&me and !"e a,,6sed. T"e d&s,"a$%e ( an a,,6sed ! 5e as!a!e +&!ness &s NOT AN INHERENT 82DICIAL PREROGATIVE. C6$!s d s n#* as

)a$! ( !"e ee$,&se ( !"e&$ 6$&sd&,!&n.

F6$!"e$ !"e R6#es ( C$&mP$ a$e n! 5e*nd ,"an%e 5* #e%&s#a!&n des&%ned !

&m)$e !"e adm&n&s!$a!&n ( 6$ 6s!&,e s*s!em. F$ a m$e e((e,!&e adm&n&s!$a!&n( ,$&m&na# 6s!&,e !"e$e +as a ne,ess&!* ! )ass !"e #a+ )$!e,!&n% a +&!ness and%$an!&n% "e$ ,e$!a&n $&%"!s and 5ene(&!s ! ens6$e !"e&$ a))ea$an,e &n ,6$!.

T"6s H65e$!Bs ,"a##en%e ! !"e a#&d&!* ( RA @01 ,ann! s6,,eed.

1@7. C&&# L&5e$!&es 2n&n s. ES)$"&5&!&n a%a&ns! "#d&n% an!"e$ ((&,e $ em)#*men!



• Pe!&!&ne$s assa&# ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( EO 04: a##+&n% mem5e$s ( ,a5&ne! 2se,s

Ase,s ! "#d !"e$ %e$nmen! ((&,es &n add&!&n ! !"e&$ )$&ma$* )s&!&ns.

T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"&s $6ns ,6n!e$ ! Se, 1= +"&," )$&des !"a! Jmem5e$s (Ca5&ne! de)6!&es ass&s!an!s s"a## n! "#d an* !"e$ ((&,e $ em)#*men!

d6$&n% !"e&$ !en6$eY

• EO 04: a##+s !"ese )e)#e ! "#d n! m$e !"an )s&!&ns.

• T"e Se,$e!a$* ( 86s!&,e O$dne' &ss6ed an )&n&n s!a!&n% !"a! !"e mem5e$s (Ca5&ne! ma* "#d an!"e$ )s&!&n &( a##+ed 5* !"e )$&ma$* (6n,!&ns ( !"e&$

$es)e,!&e )s&!&ns. T"6s !"&s &s !"e #e%a# 5as&s $e#&ed 6)n &n &ss6&n% EO 04

• T"e )e!&!&ne$s (6$!"e$ a$%6e !"a! !"e E04 adds ! !"e e,e)!&ns 6nde$ Se,

1=. T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e )"$ase J6n#ess !"e$+&se )$&ded 5* !"&s,ns!&!6!&n s"6#d $e(e$ n#* ! !"e (##+&n% e,e)!&ns:

o 1 !"e VP ma* 5e a))&n!ed as mem5e$ ( ,a5&ne!

o !"e Se, ( DO8 &s an e-((&,& mem5e$ ( !"e 8C.

• Pe!&!&ne$s (6$!"e$ a$%6e !"a! !"e e,e)!&n 6nde$ A$!&,#e I>- Se, 7 n !"e

C&&# Se$&,e Cmm&ss&n a))#&es n#* ! ((&,e$s and em)#*ees ( !"e ,&&#

se$&,e and ,ann! e!end ! A$!&,#e VII Se, 1= !"e Ca5&ne! e!,

ISS2E: Des !"e )$"&5&!&n 6nde$ Se, 1= n !"e )$"&5&!&n a%a&ns! Ca5&ne!mem5e$s adm&! e,e)!&ns made ($ a))&n!&e ((&,&a#s 6nde$ A$!&,#e I>- Se, 7

SC: NO.

A#!"6%" A$!&,#e I>- Se, 7 a#$ead* ,n!a&ns a 5#an9e! )$"&5&!&n a%a&ns! !"e"#d&n% ( m6#!&)#e ((&,es $ em)#*men! &n %e$nmen! !"e ($ame$s ( !"e

Cns!&!6!&n sa+ &! (&! ! FOR<2LATE A SI<ILAR PROVISION 6nde$ A$!&,#e VIIs)e,&(&,a##* )$"&5&!&n% !"e P$es&den! VP mem5e$s ( Ca5&ne! ($m "#d&n% an* !"e$

((&,e $ em)#*men! d6$&n% !"e&$ !en6$e.

E&den!#* !"e &n!en! +as ! I<POSE A STRICTER PROHIITION n !"e P$es&den! and"&s ((&,&a# (am&#*.

In (a,! !"e +$d&n% ( Se, 1= &n A$!&,#e VII &s s!$&,!e$. T"e d&s6a#&(&,a!&n &sASOL2TE 5e,a6se !"e$e a$e n 6a#&(&,a!&ns made. T"e )$"&5&!&n 6nde$ A$!&,#e

VII &s a##-em5$a,&n% and ,e$s OTH P2LIC AND PRIVATE ((&,e $ em)#*men!.

L9&n% ,#se$ &n! Se, 1= se,nd sen!en,eY a%a&n !"e$e &s a s+ee)&n% a##-

em5$a,&n% )$"&5&!&n &m)sed n !"e P$es&den! and mem5e$s ( Ca5&ne! +"&,")$"&5&!&ns a$e n! s&m&#a$#* &m)sed n !"e$ )65#&, ((&,&a#s n$ mem5e$s (

Cn%$ess n$ mem5e$s ( ,&&# se$&,e AFP. T"&s &s an!"e$ )$( ( !"e &n!en! ( !"e($ame$s ! !$ea! !"e P$es&den! and mem5e$s ( "&s ((&,&a# (am&#* A CLASS IN ITSELF.

Cmm&ss&ne$ F' s!a!ed: We a,!6a##* "ae ! 5e s!$&,!e$ +&!" !"e P$es&den! and

mem5e$s ( Ca5&ne! 5e,a6se !"e* ee$,&se m$e )+e$s and !"e$e($e m$e ,"e,9s

and $es!$a&n!s n !"em a$e ,a##ed ($ 5e,a6se !"e$e &s m$e )ss&5#&#!* ( a56se.

In s"$! A$!&,#e I>- Se, 7 #a*s !"e %ene$a# $6#e a))#&,a5#e ! 5!" e#e,!&e and

a))&n!&e ((&,a#s. A$!&,#e VII Se, 1= n !"e !"e$ "and &s mean! ! 5e !"e e,e)!&na))#&,a5#e n#* ! !"e P$es&den! VP <em5e$s ( Ca5&ne!.

2TY !"e )$"&5&!&n a%a&ns! "#d&n% d6a# $ m6#!&)#e ((&,es m6s! n! 5e ,ns!$6ed

as a))#*&n% ! )s!s ,,6)&ed 5* !"ese ee,6!&e ((&,&a#s1 WITHO2T ADDITIONAL CO<PENSATION



IN AN E>-OFFICIO CAPACIT= AS PROVIDED FOR LAW AND

4 AS RE;2IRED TH PRI<AR F2NCTIONS OF SAID OFFICIALBS OFFICE.mean&n% !"e* ,an "#d an!"e$ ((&,e

T"e $easn &s !"a! !"ese )s!s d n! ,m)$&se Jan* !"e$ ((&,e s&n,e !"e* a$e

<EREL AN I<POSITION OF ADDITIONAL D2TIES AND F2NCTIONS.F$ eam)#e &! +6#d 5e a5s6$d &( !"e P$es&den! ,ann! 5e !"e ,"a&$man ( !"e NSC.

T"e !e$m e-((&,& means J($m ((&,e $ J5* &$!6e ( ((&,e.

I! $e(e$s ! an a6!"$&!* de$&ed ($m ((&,&a# ,"a$a,!e$ n! e)$ess#* ,n(e$$ed 6)n

!"e &nd&&d6a# 56! $a!"e$ anneed ! !"e ((&,&a# )s&!&n.I! a#s means an* a,! dne &n ((&,&a# ,"a$a,!e$ $ as a ,nse6en,e ( ((&,e and

+&!"6! an* !"e$ a))&n!men! !"an !"a! ,n(e$$ed 5* !"e ((&,e.

N!e a#s !"a! !"e add&!&na# d6!&es m6s! n! n#* 5e ,#se#* $e#a!ed ! 56! m6s! 5e

$e6&$ed 5* !"e ((&,&a#Bs )$&ma$* (6n,!&ns. I( !"e (6n,!&ns $e6&$ed ! 5e )e$($meda$e me$e#* &n,&den!a# $em!e#* $e#a!ed &n,ns&s!en! &n,m)a!&5#e $ a#&en ! !"e

)$&ma$* (6n,!&n !"en &! +6#d 5e )$"&5&!ed.

e,a6se e-((&,& )s&!&n &s $ea##* )a$! ( !"e )$&n,&)a# ((&,e !"en &! (##+s !"a!

!"e$e +6#d 5e n $&%"! ! $e,e&e add&!&na# ,m)ensa!&n. T"ese se$&,es a$ea#$ead* )a&d ($ and ,e$ed 5* !"e ,m)ensa!&n ($m "&s )$&n,&)a# ((&,e. n!

en!&!#ed ! )e$ d&em "n$a$&6m a##+an,e $ an* !"e$ e6)"em&sm

LAW IS N2LL AND VOID.

1@0. IN RE: VALEN2ELA)$"&5&!&n a%a&ns! m&dn&%"! a))&n!men!s



• On <a$," = !"e )$es&den! a))&n!ed Va#en'6e#a and Va##a$!a as RTC 6d%es.

• A#s a))&n!men!s ! !"e CA "ae 5een made da!ed <a$," 11 1@@0 !"e da*

5e($e !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# 5an n a))&n!men!s

• <a* 4 1@@0 – !"e C"&e( 86s!&,e $e,e&ed a #e!!e$ ($m !"e P$es&den! $e6es!&n%

($ !"e (&na# #&s! ( nm&nees s !"a! !"e a,an,* ,6#d 5e (&##ed 6) +&!"&n @ da*s($m !"e !&me !"e a,an,* ,,6$$ed A$!&,#e VIII Se, 4.

• DO8 Se,$e!a$* e## $e6es!ed a JG2IDANCE ($m !"e C"&e( 86s!&,e $e%a$d&n%!"e )ss&5&#&!* ( "#d&n% an &mmed&a!e mee!&n% ( !"e 8C ! (&## 6) !"e a,an,*.

• T"e C"&e( 86s!&,e $e)#&ed sa*&n% !"a! !"e$e a$e n sess&ns s,"ed6#ed ($ !"e 8C

6n!&# a(!e$ !"e <a* 11 1@@0 e#e,!&ns. And s !"e* s!&## need ! 6nde$!a9e a

(6$!"e$ s!6d* ( !"e ma!!e$. T"e C"&e( 86s!&,e a#s sa&d !"a! !"e #&s! ( nm&nees

+&## (##+ a(!e$ !"e e#e,!&ns. T"e C8 ,nenes !"e 8C.

• H+ee$ &! a))ea$s !"a! !"e 86s!&,e Se,$e!a$* e## and sme mem5e$s ( !"e

8C "e#d a se,$e! mee!&n% and ,ame ! an a%$eemen! !"a! &( !"e C8 s!&## des n!

,a## $ ,nene !"e 8C !"en !"e* +&## 5e ,ns!$a&ned ! ,nene &n $de$ ! (&##6) !"e a,an,*. And s Se,$e!a$* e## and !"e !"e$s me! $e%a$d#ess ( !"e C8Bs

+&s"es.

• T"e C8 #a!e$ $e,e&ed a #e!!e$ ($m !"e P$es&den! sa*&n% !"a! !"e Je#e,!&n-5an

)$&s&n n Se, 1/ a))#&es n#* ! ee,6!&e a))&n!men!s $ a))&n!men!s &n!"e ee,6!&e 5$an," n! !"e 6d&,&a$*. T"e P$es&den! a#s $e&!e$a!ed "&s

$e6es! ($ !"e (&na# #&s! ( nm&nees

ISS2Es:H+ &s !"e $e6&$emen! ( (&#&n% 6) a,an,&es &n !"e 6d&,&a$* ! 5e &n!e$)$e!edK

Des !"e )$"&5&!&n &n Se, 1/ ,me &n! )#a*K Is !"e )$es&den! )$"&5&!ed ($mma9&n% an* a))&n!men!sK

SC:D6$&n% !"e )e$&d s!a!ed &n Se, 1/ !"e P$es&den! &s ne&!"e$ $e6&$ed n$ a##+ed !

ma9e a))&n!men!s ! !"e ,6$!s. T"&s means !"a! A$!&,#e VIII Se, 4 s&m)#* means

!"a! !"e P$es&den! &s $e6&$ed ! (&## a,an,&es &n !"e ,6$!s +&!"&n !"e !&me ($ame)$&ded 2NLESS PROHIITED SECTION 1/.

T"e )$&s&n !"a! !"e a,an,* s"a## 5e (&##ed +&!"&n @ da*s ,n!$as!s +&!" !"e

)$"&5&!&n 6nde$ Se, 1/ +"&," &s ,6,"ed &n s!$n%e$ ne%a!&e #an%6a%eY J!"a! !"e

P$es&den! s"a## n! ma9e a))&n!men!s.

Se, 1/ &s d&$e,!ed a%a&ns! !*)es ( a))&n!men!s:1 !"se made ($ 56*&n% !es – $e(e$s ! a))m!s made +&n ms )$&$ ! e#e,!&n

!"se made ($ )a$!&san ,ns&de$a!&ns – $e(e$s ! m&dn&%"! a))m!s.

Se, 1/ &s !"6s 5$ade$. I! ,n!em)#a!es n! n#* m&dn&%"! a))&n!men!s 56! a#s

a))&n!men!s )$es6med made ($ !"e )6$)se ( &n(#6en,&n% !"e 6!,me ( !"eP$es&den!&a# e#e,!&ns.

Se, 1/ a##+s n#* a na$$+ e,e)!&n !"a! &s ma9&n% TE<PORAR APPOINT<ENTS! E>EC2TIVE POSITOINS +"en ,n!&n6ed a,an,&es +6#d PRE82DICE P2LIC

SERVICE OR ENDANGER P2LIC SAFET.

T"e a))&n!men!s ( Va#en'6e#a and Va##a$!a n <a$," = 1@@0 5&6s#* maded6$&n% !"e )e$&d ( !"e 5an. T"6s !"e* ,me +&!"&n !"e (&$s! )$"&5&!&n $e#a!&n% !



a))&n!men!s +"&," a$e ,ns&de$ed ! 5e ($ !"e )6$)se ( 56*&n% !es $&n(#6en,&n% !"e e#e,!&n.

W"&#e !"e (&##&n% ( a,an,&es &n !"e 6d&,&a$* &s 6nd65!ed#* &n !"e )65#&, &n!e$es!

!"e$e &s n! s"+&n% ( an* ,m)e##&n% $easn ! 6s!&(* !"e ma9&n% ( !"ea))&n!men! d6$&n% !"e )e$&d ( !"e 5an. In (a,! !"e$e &s a s!$n% )65#&, )#&,* ($

!"e )$"&5&!&n a%a&ns! a))&n!men!s made +&!"&n !"e 5an )e$&d.

RECAP:Gene$a# R6#e: Se, 1/ A$!&,#e VII -ms 5an )$ea&#s e$ Se, 4 ( A$!&,#e VIII need

! (&## 6) a,an,* @-da*s d6$&n% !"e )e$&d ( !"e 5an +"&," &s mn!"s 5e($e

!"e P$es&den!&a# e#e,!&ns !"e P$es&den! &s n! $e6&$ed ! ma9e a))&n!men!s ! (&##

6) a,an,&es &n !"e 6d&,&a$*.

E,e)!&ns: !em)$a$* a))&n!men!s ! ee,6!&e +"en $e6&$ed 5* )65#&, se$&,e $)65#&, sa(e!*

N!e a#s !"&s s&!6a!&n a$&ses n#* n,e ee$* *ea$s

1@@. RAFAEL VS. E<ROIDER

a))&n!men!s and !"e a))&n!&n% )+e$



• Ra(ae# )e$a!es a man6(a,!6$&n% 5nded +a$e"6se.

• RA =1=7 +as ena,!ed ,$ea!&n% !"e Em5$&de$* and A))a$e# a$d ! ,n!$# and

&ns)e,! !"e !a ($ee $a+ ma!e$&a#s &m)$!ed &n !"e P"&#s

• T"e #a+ )$&des ($ !"e ,m)s&!&n ( !"e a$d:

o 1 $e) ($m !"e 6$ea6 ( C6s!ms-

o 1 $e) ($m !"e Cen!$a# an9o 1 $e) ($m !"e DTI

o 1 $e) ($m !"e Na!&na# E,nm&, C6n,&#

o 3 rep /r-m the priv,te sect-r 9 which sh,ll c-me /r-m the Ass-ci,ti-n -/

Embr-ider0 ,nd App,rel ep-rters -/ the Phils.

• Ra(ae# assa&#s !"e ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( !"e #a+ s)e,&(&,a##* !"e ,m)s&!&n ( !"e

a$d. He a$%6es !"a! +"&#e Cn%$ess ma* ,$ea!e an ((&,e &! ,ann! s)e,&(* +"s"a## 5e a))&n!ed !"e$e&n and !"a! !"e mem5e$s ( !"e a$d s"6#d 5e

a))&n!ed 5* !"e P$es&den!. He ,n!ends !"a! !"e #a+ &n($&n%es n !"e )+e$ (!"e P$es&den! ! ma9e a))&n!men!s.

ISS2E: Is !"e #a+ a#&dK

SC: VALID.

I! +&## 5e n!ed !"a! ($ !"e ,"a&$man and !"e mem5e$s ( !"e a$d ! 6a#&(* !"e*need n#* 5e des&%na!ed 5* !"e $es)e,!&e de)a$!men! "eads. THE ALL SIT E>-

OFFICIO e,e)! !"e 1 $e) ($m !"e )$&a!e se,!$. In $de$ ! 5e des&%na!ed !"e*m6s! a#$ead* 5e "#d&n% )s&!&ns &n !"e ((&,e men!&ned &n !"e #a+. T"6s n ne+

a))&n!men!s a$e ne,essa$*. T"ese (&$s! 4 ((&,es )e$($m (6n,!&ns +"&," "ae d&$e,!

$e#a!&n ! !"e &m)$!a!&n ( $a+ ma!e$&a#s !"e man6(a,!6$e !"e$e( and !"e&$e)$!a!&n a5$ad. T"6s !"ese $e)$esen!a!&es s des&%na!ed me$e#* )e$($m d6!&es

&n !"e a$d &n add&!&n ! !"se !"e* a#$ead* )e$($m 6nde$ !"e&$ $&%&na#

a))&n!men!s. T"e$e &s n a!!em)! ! de)$&e !"e P$es&den! ( "&s )+e$ ! ma9ea))&n!men!s.

T"6s !"e&$ !en6$e n !"e a$d &s me$e#* ON DETAIL S28ECT TO RECALL THEIR

RESPECTIVE CHIEFS.

T"e #a+ des n! &#a!e !"e $6#e !"a! !"e a))&n!&n% )+e$ &s !"e e,#6s&e)$e$%a!&e ( !"e P$es&den! +"&," n #&m&!a!&ns ma* 5e &m)sed 5* Cn%$ess.

. ER<2DE VS. TORRES



na!6$e ( a))&n!&n% )+e$

• T"e$e +as a a,an,* ($ !"e )s! ( P$&n,&a# P$se,6!$ ( Ta$#a,

• e$m6de' +as !"e 1s! Ass! P$&n,&a# P$se,6!$ ( Ta$#a, +" +as a

$e,mmended 5* DO8 Se,. G6&n%na.

• ;6&a&! +as !"e ne $e,mmended 5* Cn%$essman 8se a).

• FVR a))&n!ed ;6&a&!. ;6&a&! ass6med ((&,e.• e$m6de' $e(6sed ! a,a!e !"e ((&,e ,#a&m&n% !"a! !"e $&%&na# ,)* ( ;6&a&!Bs

a))&n!men! "ad n! *e! 5een $e#eased 5* !"e DO8 Se,$e!a$*.

• e$m6de' and ;6&a&! +e$e 5!" ,a##ed ! !"e ((&,e ( DO8 Se,$e!a$*. e$m6de'

+as $de$ed ! +&nd 6) "&s ,ases and !6$n-e$ !"e ((&,e ! ;6&a&!.

• T"6s e$m6de' ,"a##en%ed !"e a))&n!men! ( ;6&a&! )$&ma$&#* n !"e %$6nd

!"a! !"e a))&n!men! #a,9s !"e $e,mmenda!&n ( !"e DO8 Se,. e$m6de' $e#&esn !"e Re&sed Adm&n Cde s!a!&n% !"a! )$se,6!$s s"a## 5e a))&n!ed 5* !"e

P$es&den! 6)n !"e $e,mmenda!&n ( !"e DO8 Se,.

ISS2E: Is !"e $e,mmenda!&n ( !"e DO8 Se,$e!a$* a5s#6!e#* essen!&a# ! !"ea))&n!men! ( ;6&a&! as P$se,6!$K

SC: ASOL2TEL NO.

An a))&n!men! ! )65#&, ((&,e &s !"e 6ne6&,a# a,! ( des&%na!&n% $ se#e,!&n% 5*ne "a&n% !"e a6!"$&!* !"e$e($ ( an &nd&&d6a# ! d&s,"a$%e and )e$($m !"e

d6!&es and (6n,!&ns ( an ((&,e $ !$6s!. APPOINT<ENT NECESSARIL CALLS FORAN E>ERCISE OF DISCRETION ON THE PART OF THE APPOINTING POWER.

T"e )+e$ ! a))&n! &s essen!&a##* d&s,$e!&na$*. T"e a))&n!&n% )+e$ "as !"e $&%"!

( ,"&,e +"&," "e ma* ee$,&se ($ee#* a,,$d&n% ! "&s 6d%men! de,&d&n% ($"&mse#( +" &s 5es! 6a#&(&ed amn% !"se +" "ae !"e ne,essa$* 6a#&(&,a!&ns and

e#&%&5&#&!&es. I! &s !"e )$e$%a!&e ( !"e a))&n!&n% )+e$. T"e RIGHT OF CHOICE ISTHE HEART OF THE POWER TO APPOINT.

T"e P$es&den! as HEAD OF GOVBT "as !"e )+e$ ( ,n!$# e$ a## ee,6!&ede)a$!men!s 56$ea6s and ((&,es. Cn!$# means !"e a6!"$&!* ! a#!e$ $ md&(* $

een n6##&(* $ se! as&de +"a! a s65$d&na!e ((&,e "as dne as +e## as ! s65s!&!6!e!"e 6d%men! ( !"e #a!!e$ as +"en !"e ($me$ deems &! ! 5e a))$)$&a!e.

Hen,e !"e P$es&den! "as !"e )+e$ TO ASS2<E DIRECTL !"e (6n,!&ns ( an

ee,6!&e de)a$!men! 56$ea6 $ ((&,e.

T"e $e,mmenda!&n ( !"e DO8 Se,$e!a$* s"6#d 5e &n!e$)$e!ed ! 5e a <EREADVICE E>HORTATION INDORSE<ENT +"&," &s essen!&a##* )e$s6as&e &n ,"a$a,!e$

NOT INDING NOR OLIGATOR 6)n !"e P$es&den!. T"e $e,mmenda!&n &sn!"&n% $ea##* m$e !"an ad&s$* &n na!6$e.



1. SAR<IENTO VS. <ISON APP"intments which d- n-t need CA c-n/irm,ti-n

• Pe!&!&ne$s as !a)a*e$s assa&# ,ns!&!6!&na#&!* ( <&snBs a))&n!men! as

Cmm&s&ne$ ( 6$ea6 ( C6s!ms. T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e a))&n!men! "as n!5een ,n(&$med 5* !"e CA.

• T"e Cns!& )$&des ($ 4 %$6)s +"m !"e P$es&den! s"a## a))&n!:3? he,d -/ eecutive dep,rtments* ,mb,ss,d-rs* c-nsuls* -//icers -/ the A&P

with r,n; -/ c-l-nel -r n,v,l c,pt,in ,nd ,b-ve* -ther -//icers wh-se,pp-intment ,re vested in him in this C-nstituti-nD

,? members -/ the =$C*b? Ch,irm,n c-mmissi-ners -/ CSC* C-melec* C"A

c? members -/ regul,r c-nsult,tive c-mmissi-ns.8? ,ll -ther -//icers -/ )-vernment wh-se ,pp-intments ,re n-t -therwise

pr-vided /-r b0 l,w <? th-se wh-m the President m,0 be ,uth-ri:ed b0 l,w t- ,pp-int.

F? -//icers l-wer in r,n; wh-se ,pp-intments the C-ngress m,0 vest in thePresident ,l-ne

• T"e (&$s! &!em &s 6n,n!es!ed !"e* ,#ea$#* $e6&$e !"e ,nsen! ( !"e CA.

• T"e nd =$d 4!" &!ems a$e !"e nes d&s)6!ed.

• As ! !"e 4!" %$6) &! &s a$%6ed !"a! s&n,e a #a+ &s needed ! es! !"e

a))&n!men! ( #+e$-$an9ed ((&,e$s &n !"e P$es&den! a#ne !"&s &m)#&es !"a! !"e

a5sen,e ( s6," #a+ a #+e$-$an9ed ((&,e$ "as ! 5e a))&n!ed 5* !"e P$es&den!s65e,! ! ,n(&$ma!&n 5* !"e CA. ,nse6en!#* "&%"e$ $an9ed ((&,e$s s"6#d 5e

a))&n!ed 5* !"e P$es&den! a#s s65e,! ! ,n(&$ma!&n 5* !"e CA

ISS2E: Des !"e )s&!&n ( Cmm&ss&ne$ ( C $e6&$e CA ,n(&$ma!&nK

SC:VALID APPOINT<ENTT"e nd =$d %$6)s d n! $e6&$e CA ,n(&$ma!&n. T"e )+e$ ! a))&n! &s

(6ndamen!a##* ee,6!&e $ )$es&den!&a# &n ,"a$a,!e$. L&m&!a!&ns n $ 6a#&(&,a!&ns

( s6," )+e$ s"6#d 5e s!$&,!#* ,ns!$6ed a%a&ns! !"em. S6," #&m&!a!&n $6a#&(&,a!&ns m6s! 5e ,#ea$#* s!a!ed &n $de$ ! 5e $e,%n&'ed. I! &s n#* &n !"e (&$s!sen!en,e ( Se, 1+"e$e &! &s ,#ea$#* s!a!ed !"a! a))&n!men!s 5* !"e P$es&den! !

!"e )s&!&ns en6me$a!ed !"e$e&n $e6&$e !"e ,nsen! ( !"e CA.

As ! !"e 4!" %$6) !"e ,#ea$ and e)$ess &n!en! ( !"e ,ns!&!6!&n +as ! e,#6de)$es&den!&a# a))&n!men!s ($m CA ,n(&$ma!&n e,e)! !"e a))&n!men!s ! ((&,es

e)$ess#* men!&ned &n !"e (&$s! sen!en,e ( Se, 1.

T"6s &n !"e ,ase ( #+e$-$an9ed ((&,e$s !"e Cn%$ess ma* 5* #a+ es! !"e&$

a))&n!men! &n !"e P$es&den! &n !"e ,6$!s $ &n !"e "eads ( a$&6s de)a$!men!s.

In s"$! !"e +$d JALONE a))ea$s ! 5e $ed6ndan!.

I! &s !"6s e&den! !"a! !"e )s&!&n ( CO<<ISSIONER OF THE OC a 56$ea6 "ead&s NOT ONE OF THOSE WITHIN THE FIRST GRO2P ( a))&n!men!s +"e$e ,nsen! (

!"e CA &s $e6&$ed. As a#$ead* sa&d !"e ,ns!&!6!&n de#&5e$a!e#* e,#6ded !"e)s&!&n ( 56$ea6 "eads ($m !"e a))&n!men!s !"a! need !"e CA ,n(&$ma!&n.

<$ee$ !"e P$es&den! &s e)$ess#* a6!"$&'ed 5* #a+ ! a))&n! !"e Cmm&ss&ne$

( !"e OC 6nde$ Se, 1 ( !"e RA 1@=7.



. A2TISTA VS. SALONGA

n need ($ CA ,n(&$ma!&n

• T"e P$es&den! des&%na!ed a6!&s!a as A,!&n% C"a&$man ( !"e CHR. T"&s +as

e!ended ! a )e$manen! a))&n!men! as C"a&$man ( !"e CHR.

• S"e !9 "e$ a!" and d&s,"a$%ed !"e (6n,!&ns ( "e$ ((&,e.• La!e$ "+ee$ s"e $e,e&ed a #e!!e$ ($m !"e Cmm&ss&n n A))&n!men!s

$e6es!&n% "e$ ! s65m&! "e$ a))&n!men! )a)e$s &n ,nne,!&n +&!" "e$,n(&$ma!&n ( !"e a))&n!men! as CHR ,"a&$.

• a6!&s!a ,#a&med !"a! !"e CA "ad n 6$&sd&,!&n e$ "e$ a))&n!men! s!a!&n%

!"a! !"e ((&,e ( !"e C"a&$man ( !"e CHR &s n! &n,#6ded amn% !"se

a))&n!men!s !"a! $e6&$ed ,n(&$ma!&n 5* !"e CA. S"e ,#a&ms !"a! !"e CHR &san &nde)enden! ((&,e a ,ns!&!6!&na# ((&,e.

• T"6s !"e CA d&sa))$ed a6!&s!aBs a))&n!men! ($ "e$ $e(6sa# ! s65m&! ! CA

6$&sd&,!&n.

• T"e P$es&den! &n !"e mean!&me a))&n!ed <a#&#&n as A,!&n% C"a&$.

• a6!&s!a (&#ed !"&s ,ase ! de,#a$e as 6n#a+(6# !"e a,!&n ( !"e CA as +e## as ($

TRO a%a&ns! <a#&#&n.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ !"e a))&n!men! as C"a&$ ( !"e CHR $e6&$es CA ,n(&$ma!&n

SC: NO.W"en !"e P$es&den! ,ne$!ed !"e a))&n!men! ($m A,!&n% C"a&$ ! )e$manen!

C"a&$ 5* &$!6e ( s6," a))&n!men! a6!&s!a ,6#d 6a#&(* and en!e$ 6)n !"e d6!&es( !"e ((&,e. A## !"a! a6!&s!a "ad ! d +as ! $ee,! $ a,,e)! !"e a))&n!men!.

O5&6s#* s"e a,,e)!ed !"e )s&!&n 5* !a9&n% "e$ a!". T"6s a6!&s!aBs a))&n!men!as )e$manen! C"a&$ +as a CO<PLETED ACT ON THE PART OF THE PRESIDENT.

T"e CA 5* !"e ee$,&se ( &!s )+e$ ! $e&e+ )$es&den!&a# a))&n!men!s ,ann!

,$ea!e )+e$ ! ,n(&$m a))&n!men!s !"a! !"e Cns!&!6!&n "as $ese$ed ! !"e

P$es&den! a#ne. W"en !"e a))&n!men! &s ne !"a! !"e Cns!&!6!&n manda!es &s ($!"e P$es&den! ! ma9e +&!"6! CA )a$!&,&)a!&n !"e ee,6!&eBs #6n!a$* a,! (

s65m&!!&n% s6," a))&n!men! ! !"e CA and !"e #a!!e$Bs a,! ( ,n(&$m&n% $ $ee,!&n%!"e same a$e DONE WITHO2T OR IN E>CESS OF 82RISDICTION.

T"e )s&!&n ( !"e C"a&$ ( !"e CHR &s n! amn% !"se $e6&$ed ! 5e ,n(&$med 5*!"e CA. T"e a))&n!men! ( C"a&$ ( !"e CHR &s n! s)e,&(&,a##* )$&ded ($ &n !"e

Cns!&!6!&n. F6$!"e$m$e a6!&s!aBs a))&n!men! &s )6$s6an! ! EO 1= !"e* a$eamn% !"e ((&,e$s +"m !"e P$es&den! &s a6!"$&'ed 5* #a+ ! a))&n!.

A(!e$ 5a6!&s!a 6a#&(&ed ($ ((&,e !"e P$es&den! ,6#d n! e!end ! "e$ an!"e$

a))&n!men! +"&," &s an ad &n!e$&m a))&n!men!. A ne+ a))&n!men! ,ann! 5e

made ! a )s&!&n a#$ead* (&#ed 5* a )$e&6s#* ,m)#e!ed a))&n!men!. T"e ne+a))&n!men! ( a6!&s!a ,6#d n! 5e an ad &n!e$&m a))&n!men! 5e,a6se ad &n!e$ma))&n!men! e!ends n#* ! a))&n!men!s &n +"&," !"e $e&e+ ( !"e CA &s needed.

T"e$e +as n a,an,* &n !"e ((&,e +"&," an a))&n!men! ,6#d 5e a#&d#* mades&n,e !"e !e$m ( !"e C"a&$ &s ($ 7 *ea$s.

ma%6# s$$*.. $ead $&%..



=. CALDERON VS. CARALEa))&n!&e )s&!&ns s65e,! ! CA ,n(&$ma!&n

• RA 71/ !"e He$$e$a Ve#s La+ +as ena,!ed ! amend !"e La5$ Cde. I!

)$&ded !"a! !"e C"a&$man and Cmm&ss&ne$s ( !"e NLRC s"a## 5e a))&n!ed5* !"e P$es&den! and s65e,! ! CA ,n(&$ma!&n

• P$es&den! A6&n !"6s a))&n!ed !"e C"a&$man and Cmm&ss&ne$s ( NLRC.

• T"&s +as ,"a##en%ed 5* Ca#de$n +" assa&#s !"e #e%a#&!* ( !"e )e$manen!

a))&n!men!s made 5* !"e P$es&den! ! !"e $es)nden! C"a&$man andCmm&ss&ne$s ( !"e NLRC.

• Ca#de$n ,#a&ms !"a! RA 71/ m6s! 5e ,m)#&ed +&!" s&n,e Cn%$ess ma* 5* #a+

$e6&$e ,n(&$ma!&n 5* !"e CA n !"e$ ((&,e$s as&de ($m !"se men!&ned &n

!"e Cns!&!6!&n. He ,#a&ms !"a! !"e $6#&n%s &n <&sn and a6!&s!a a$e n! $e#ean!"e$e 5e,a6se !"e$e &s a #a+ RA 71/ +"&," $e6&$es CA ,n(&$ma!&n ( s6,"

a))&n!men!s.

• S#%en n !"e !"e$ "and ,n!ends !"a! RA 71/ 6nd6#* e)ands !"e

,n(&$ma!&n )+e$s ( !"e CA.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ Cn%$ess ,an 5* #a+ $e6&$e CA ,n(&$ma!&n ( a))&n!men!smade 5* !"e P$es&den! &n add&!&n ! !"se e)$ess#* men!&ned &n Se, 1.

SC: NO. 2NCONSTIT2TIONAL.

T"e NLRC ((&,e$s (a## +&!"&n !"e nd sen!en,e ( Se, 1 $ !"e =$d %$6) $e(e$$ed !&n !"e <&sn $6#&n% !"se +"m !"e P$es&den! ma* 5e a6!"$&'ed 5* #a+ ! a))&n!.

T"e $e6&$emen! ( CA ,n(&$ma!&n n a))&n!men!s ( !"e ((&,e$s ( !"e NLRC &s

6n,ns!&!6!&na# 5e,a6se1 &! amends 5* #e%&s#a!&n !"e (&$s! sen!en,e ( !"e Se, 1 ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n

add&n% !"e$e! a))&n!men!s $e6&$&n% CA ,n(&$ma!&n.

&! amends 5* #e%&s#a!&n !"e se,nd sen!en,e ( Se, 1 ( !"e Cns!&!6!&n 5*&m)s&n% !"e ,n(&$ma!&n ( !"e CA n a))&n!men!s +"&," a$e !"e$+&se en!$6s!edn#* ! !"e P$es&den!.

A%a&n !"e ,n(&$ma!&n ( !"e CA &s $e6&$ed n#* ($ )$es&den!&a# a))&n!men!s

men!&ned &n !"e (&$s! sen!en,e ( Se, 1 $ !"e (&$s! %$6) &n !"e <&sn $6#&n%.2nde$ !"e se,nd sen!en,e !"e P$es&den! ma*5e a6!"$&'ed ! a))&n! +&!"6! need

($ CA ,n(&$ma!&n.

C"a&$man and <em5e$s ( NLRC NO NEED FOR CA CONFIR<ATION.



4. ANG-ANGCO VS. CASTILLO

p-wer -/ c-ntr-l ,nd securit0 -/ tenure

• Pe)s& sen! a #e!!e$ ! !"e Se,$e!a$* ( Cmme$,e ! $e6es! ($ a s)e,&a# )e$m&!! +&!"d$a+ )e)s& ,n,en!$a!es ($m !"e ,6s!ms "6se. T"e* +e$e &m)$!ed

+&!"6! an* d##a$ a##,a!&n $ ($e $em&!!an,e.

• T"e* a#s +$!e !"e Se,$e!a$* ( F&nan,e !"e Cen!$a# an9 Ge$n$.

• T"e Im)$!-E)$! Cmm&!!ee ( !"e C s65m&!!ed ! !"e <ne!a$* a$d a

mem$and6m ( Pe)s&Bs #e!!e$. T"e <ne!a$* a$d "+ee$ (a&#ed ! !a9e 6) !"e

ma!!e$ 5e,a6se !"e !$ansa,!&n d&d n! &n#e an* d##a$ a##,a!&n $ ($e.

• Pe)s& s!&## "ad n a6!"$&'a!&n ! +&!"d$a+ !"e ,n,en!$a!es.

• S Pes)s& a))$a,"ed An%an%, !"e C##e,!$ ( C6s!ms ! se,6$e !"e

&mmed&a!e $e#ease ( !"e ,n,en!$a!es.

• H+ee$ s&n,e !"e$e +as n C ,e$!&(&,a!e An%an%, !#d Pe)s& ! %e! ne ($m

!"e N-D##a$ Im)$! O((&,e +" "ad 6$&sd&,!&n e$ !"e ,ase.

•

La!e$ !"e sa&d O((&,e a#s sa&d !"a! &! +as n! +&!"&n !"e&$ 6$&sd&,!&n.• T"6s An%an%, ,a##ed 6) !"e Se,$e!a$* ( F&nan,e He$nande' and !"e

Se,$e!a$* VERALL APPROVED THE RELEASE OF THE PEPSI PROD2CTS.

• An%an%, !"6s a6!"$&'ed !"e $e#ease.

• T"e Cmm&ss&ne$ ( C6s!ms <ana"an "+ee$ $de$ed !"e se&'6$e ( !"e

%ds. <ana"an (&#ed a ,ase a%a&ns! An%an%, ($ %$ae ne%#e,! ( d6!*

)$e6d&,&a# ! !"e 6$ea6 ( C6s!ms

• P$es&den! <a%sa*sa* +an!ed an &nes!&%a!&n. An%an%, +as s6s)ended ($m

((&,e 56! +as $e&ns!a!ed 5* Se,$e!a$* ( F&nan,e He$nande'.

• <a%sa*sa* d&ed.. 6! a(!e$ = *ea$s Ee,6!&e Se,$e!a$* Cas!&## 5* a6!"$&!* (

n+ P$es&den! Ga$,&a $ende$ed a de,&s&n (&nd&n% An%an%, G2ILT and

CONSIDERED RESIGNED.

•

An%an%, assa&#s !"&s de,&s&n and a$%6es !"a! &! de)$&es "&m ( "&s ((&,e+&!"6! d6e )$,ess.

• Cas!&## "+ee$ ,#a&ms !"a! !"e P$es&den! "as !"e )+e$ ( ,n!$# e$ ((&,e$s

and em)#*ees &n !"e ee,6!&e de)a$!men!.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ !"e P$es&den! "as !"e )+e$ ! !a9e d&$e,! a,!&n een &( An%an%,

5e#n%s ! !"e ,#ass&(&ed se$&,e 6nde$ C&&# Se$&,e A,! ( 1@/@

SC:An%an%, +as de)$&ed ( d6e )$,ess

O((&,e$s &n !"e CLASSIFIED CIVIL SERVICE ,mes +&!"&n !"e E>CL2SIVE82RISDICTION OF THE CO<<ISSION OF CIVIL SERVICE e,e)! as !"e$+&se

)$&ded ($ 5* #a+. S &s !"e$e an* !"e$ #a+ em)+e$&n% !"e P$es&den! ! $eme

((&,e$s &n !"e ,#ass&(&ed ,&&# se$&,eK

T"e n#* #a+ +e ,an $e,a## &s !"e RAC +"&," %$an!s !"e )+e$ ! $eme ((&,&a#s

J,n($ma5#* ! #a+. I! s"+s !"a! !"e P$es&den! des n! "ae 5#an9e! a6!"$&!* !

$eme an* ((&,e$ $ em)#*ee ( !"e %e$nmen! 56! !"a! "&s )+e$ m6s! s!&## 5es65e,! ! !"e #a+ !"a! ma* 5e )assed. He$e !"e$e &s s6," a #a+ C&&# Se$&,e ACT

+"&," %e$ns ((&,e$s and em)#*ees &n !"e ,#ass&(&ed ,&&# se$&,e. T"e P$es&den! &s

56nd ! (##+ !"a! #a+.



S een %$an!&n% ($ adm&n&s!$a!&e )6$)se !"e P$es&den! &s ,ns&de$ed !"eDe)a$!men! Head ( !"e CSC "&s )+e$ ! $eme &s s!&## s65e,! ! !"e C&&# Se$&,e

A,!. 2nde$ sa&d #a+ !"e )$)e$ ($6m +6#d 5e !"e CO<<ISSIONER OF THE CIVILSERVICE OR THE CIVIL SERVICE APPEALS OARD.

As ! !"e )+e$ ( ,n!$# &! &s de(&ned as !"e p-wer -/ ,n -//icer t- ,lter -r m-di/0-r nulli/0 -r set ,side wh,t , sub-rdin,te -//icer h,d d-ne in the per/-rm,nce -/ his

duties ,nd t- substitute the judgment -/ the /-rmer /-r th,t -/ the l,tter.

T"e P$es&den!Bs ,n!$# e$ !"e ee,6!&e de)a$!men! REFERS ONL TO <ATTERS OFGENERAL POLIC. P#&,* means an* se!!#ed $ de(&n&!e ,6$se $ me!"d ad)!ed

and (##+ed 5* a %e$nmen! $ 5d*.

He$e !"e RE<OVAL OF AN OFFICER An%an%, ,ann! 5e sa&d ! ,me +&!"&n !"emean&n% ( CONTROL OVER A SPECIFIC POLIC OF GOVERN<ENT.

T"e )+e$ ( ,n!$# ( !"e P$es&den! ma* &ndeed e!end ! !"e )+e$ ! &nes!&%a!e

s6s)end $ $eme ((&,e$s +" 5e#n% ! !"e ee,6!&e 6nde$ !"e )$&n,&)#e !"a! !"e

)+e$ ! $eme &s &n"e$en! &n !"e )+e$ ! a))&n!. H+ee$ !"&s a))#&es n#* &(!"e* a$e )$es&den!&a# a))&n!ees $ d n! 5e#n% ! !"e ,#ass&(&ed se$&,e.

As ! !"se ((&,e$s +" 5e#n% ! !"e ,#ass&(&ed se$&,e !"a! )+e$ ,ann! 5eee$,&sed.

T"e a,!&n ( !"e Ee,6!&e Se,$e!a$* +&!"6! s65m&!!&n% !"e ,ase ! !"eCmm&ss&ne$ ( C&&# Se$&,e &s ,n!$a$* ! #a+.

An%an%, $e&ns!a!ed.

Las! saed 5* <a$&a C"e$$*#en ;6&adaPa%e 7 111/



/. V&##a#6' s. a#d&a$)+e$ ! $eme a))&n!ee

• V&##a#6' +as !"e <!$ Ve"&,#es O((&,e Adm&ns!$a!$. He +as $emed n

a##e%a!&ns ( %$a(! and ,$$6)!&n.

• In a #e!!e$ ! !"e P$es&den! Cn%$essman 8a6&n R,es 6!#&ned !"e a##e%ed

%$ss m&smana%emen! and &ne((&,&en,* ,mm&!!ed 5* V&##a#6' a! !"e O((&,e.

Cn%$essman R,es $e,mmended !"e $e)#a,emen! ( V&##a#6'.

• Ee,6!&e Se,$e!a$* Cas!&## !"6s s6s)ended V&##a#6'. He +as ea$#&e$ %&en 7

"6$s ! e)#a&n "&s s&de

• T"e ES a#s ,$ea!ed an &nes!&%a!&n% ,mm&!!ee. T"e ,mm&!!ee s65m&!!ed &!s

$e)$! ! !"e P$es&den!.

• T"e P$es&den! #a!e$ &ss6ed AO ? == $em&n% V&##a#6' ($m ((&,e.

• V&##a#6' assa&#s !"&s $de$ and ,#a&ms !"a! "e +as den&ed d6e )$,ess. He a#s

,#a&med !"a! "e &s 6nde$ !"e ,n!$# and s6)e$&s&n ( !"e DPWH and 6nde$ !"e 6$&sd&,!&n ( !"e CSC.

ISS2E: Des !"e P$es&den! "ae 6$&sd&,!&n ! $eme V&##a#6' ($m ((&,eK

SC: ES.V&##a#6' &s a PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTEE as s6," "e 5e#n%s ! !"e nn-,m)e!&!&e $

6n,#ass&(&ed se$&,e. He ,an n#* 5e &nes!&%a!ed and $emed ($m ((&,e a(!e$ d6e

"ea$&n% 5* !"e P$es&den! 6nde$ !"e )$&n,&)#e !"a! !"e )+e$ ! $eme &s &n"e$en! &n!"e )+e$ ! a))&n!.

Hen,e !"e CSC &s +&!"6! 6$&sd&,!&n ! "ea$ and de,&de !"e adm&n&s!$a!&e ,"a$%es

a%a&ns! V&##a#6' 5e,a6se !"e a6!"$&!* ( !"e CSC ,an n#* 5e ee$,&sed +&!"

$e(e$en,e ! )e$manen! ((&,&a#s and em)#*ees &n !"e ,#ass&(&ed se$&,e.

Een &( !"e )e!&!&ne$ &s 6nde$ !"e ,n!$# and s6)e$&s&n ( !"e DPWH s&n,e "e &s

s!&## a )$es&den!&a# a))&n!ee "e ,mes e,#6s&e#* +&!"&n !"e 6$&sd&,!&n ( !"eP$es&den!.

A#s een &( !"e ,"a$%es made 5* Cn%$essman R,es +e$e n! s+$n ! !"e

)$,eed&n%s a$e s!&## a#&d s&n,e !"e P$es&den! as C"&e( Ee,6!&e and asAdm&n&s!$a!&e Head ma* m!6 )$)$& ,mmen,e adm&n&s!$a!&e )$,eed&n%s

+&!"6! need ( a e$&(&ed ,m)#a&n!.



. NA<ARCO VS. ARCA

p-wer -/ c-ntr-l -ver )"CC

• 86an A$$&e +as <ana%e$ a! !"e S!$a%e De)a$!men! ( NA<ARCO. He +as

&nes!&%a!ed ($ &#a!&n ( mem$and6m $de$ $e%a$d&n% !"e &m)$)e$ $e#ease

( s"&)men!. T"e &nes!&%a!&n% ,mm&!!ee (6nd "&m G2ILT and !"e %ene$a#mana%e$ ( Nama$, &n,#6d&n% !"e a$d ( D&$e,!$s d&sm&ssed "&m.

• A$$&e a))ea#ed ! !"e P$es&den!. T"e Ee, Se,$e!a$* a,!&n% ($ !"e P$es&den!

se! as&de !"e Nama$, $6#&n% and REINSTATED ARIVE.

• Nama$, n+ assa&#s !"e a,!&ns ( !"e ES and ,n!ended !"a! !"e P$es&den! "ad

n 6$&sd&,!&n ! $ee$se &!s de,&s&n.

• T"e ,ns!&!6!&n )$&des !"a! !"e P$es&den! "as ,n!$# e$ 56$ea6s and ((&,es.

• Nama$, ,#a&ms !"a! !"e +$d JOFFICES s"6#d $e(e$ n#* ! ((&,es )e$($m&n%

%e$nmen!a# (6n,!&ns !"se +&!"6! se)a$a!e 6$&d&,a# )e$sna#&!*. Nama$,,#a&ms !"a! GOCCBs #&9e Nama$, s"6#d n! 5e &n,#6ded &n !"e !e$m JO((&,es

• Nama$, (6$!"e$ ,#a&ms !"a! !"e Nama$, C"a$!e$ %$an!s n#* !"e Gene$a#

<ana%e$ and !"e a$d ( D&$e,!$s !"e )+e$ ! $eme em)#*ees.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ !"e P$es&den! "as !"e )+e$ ! $e&e+ !"e de,&s&ns ( GOCCsK

SC: ES.

We "#d !"a! !"e P$es&den! "as !"e a6!"$&!* ! $e&e+ and $ee$se !"e de,&s&n (Nama$,. I! (a##s +&!"&n !"e ,ns!&!6!&na# )+e$ ( !"e P$es&den! e$ a## ee,6!&e

de)a$!men!s 56$ea6s and ((&,es.

A GOCC s6," as Nama$, )a$!a9es !"e na!6$e ( %e$nmen! 56$ea6 $ ((&,e

+"&," a$e adm&n&s!$a!&e#* s6)e$&sed 5* !"e Adm&n&s!$a!$ ( !"e O((&,e ( E,nm&,C$d&na!&n +"se $an9 &s e6&a#en! ! a "ead ( an Ee,6!&e De)a$!men! and &s$es)ns&5#e ! !"e P$es&den! 6nde$ +"se ,n!$# "&s (6n,!&ns s"a## 5e ee$,&sed.

T"e $&%"! ! a))ea# ! !"e P$es&den! $e)ses 6)n !"e P$es&den! !"e )+e$ ( ,n!$#

e$ ee,6!&e de)a$!men!s. 2nde$ !"e PRESIDENTIAL SSTE< OF GOVERN<ENT a##,ll eecutive ,nd ,dministr,tive -rg,ni:,ti-n ,re ,djuncts -/ the Eecutive

+ep,rtment. The he,ds -/ the v,ri-us eecutive dep,rtments ,re ,gents -/ the Chie/

Eecutive.

O$de$ ( Re&ns!a!emen! VALID.

Las! saed 5* <a$&a C"e$$*#en ;6&adaPa%e 70 111/



7. LANSANG s. GARCIas6s)ens&n ( )$&&#e%e ( +$&!

• T"e$e +as !"&s P#a'a <&$anda m5&n% n A6%6s! 1 1@7@. T"e L&5e$a# Pa$!* +as

"a&n% a ,am)a&%n ($ !"e e#e,!&ns. P$es&den! <a$,s &ss6ed P$,#ama!&n 00@s6s)end&n% !"e )$&&#e%e ( +$&! ( "a5eas ,$)6s.

• Lansan% e! a# +e$e a$$es!ed +&!"6! a +a$$an! n $easna5#e 5e#&e( !"a! !"e* "ad

)a$!&,&)a!ed &n !"e ,$&me ( &ns6$$e,!&n $ $e5e##&n.

• T"e* n+ (&#e !"&s )e!&!&n ($ +$&! ( "a5eas ,$)6s and assa&# !"e a#&d&!* (

P$,#ama!&n 00@.

• Ga$,&a !"e "ead ( !"e PC ,#a&ms !"a! !"e&$ ,n!&n6ed s6s)ens&n &s a#&d d6e !

!"e s6s)ens&n ( !"e )$&&#e%e and 5e,a6se !"e$e +as a s!a!e ( &ns6$$e,!&n $

$e5e##&n &n !"&s ,6n!$*.

ISS2E: S&n,e !"e a6!"$&!* ! de,&de +"e!"e$ an e&%en,* "as a$&sen $e6&$&n% !"es6s)ens&n ( !"e )$&&#e%e 5e#n%s ! !"e P$es&den! des !"e C6$! "ae !"e )+e$

! $e&e+ !"&s de,&s&nKSC: ES. T"e C6$! "as a6!"$&!* ! &n6&$e &n! !"e e&s!en,e ( !"e (a,!6a# 5ases ($

!"e s6s)ens&n ( !"e )$&&#e%e.

ISS2E: Pe!&!&ne$s ,#a&m !"a! P$,#ama!&n 00@ nee$ de,#a$ed !"e e&s!en,e ( Ja,!6a# &nas&n &ns6$$e,!&n $ $e5e##&n n$ &mmed&a!e dan%e$ !"e$e(. T"e* ,#a&m

!"a! !"e$e +as n (a,!6a# 5as&s ($ !"e P$,#ama!&n.

SC: T"&s "as 5een $ende$ed <OOT 5e,a6se a s65se6en! P$,#ama!&n 00@-A +as&ss6ed s!a!&n% !"a! !"e$e +e$e J#a+#ess e#emen!s +" "ae en!e$ed &n! a

,ns)&$a,*Y. And a$e a,!6a##* en%a%ed &n a$med &ns6$$e,!&n and $e5e##&nY. In $de$! se&'e )+e$Y Hen,e !"e$e +as a de,#a$a!&n ( !"e e&s!en,e ( a,!6a# ,ns)&$a,*and ( !"e &n!en! ! $&se &n a$ms.

ISS2E: Is !"e P$,#ama!&n ,n,#6s&e 6)n !"e ,6$!sK

SC: NO.T+ ,nd&!&ns m6s! ,,6$ ($ !"e a#&d ee$,&se ( a6!"$&!* ! s6s)end !"e )$&&#e%e

( +$&! ( "a5eas ,$)6s.1 &nas&n &ns6$$e,!&n $e5e##&n

)65#&, sa(e!* $e6&$es s6," s6s)ens&n.

In !"&s ,ase 5!" a$e de,#a$ed &n !"e P$,#ama!&n "+ee$ !"e C6$! s!&## "as !"ea6!"$&!* ! &n6&$e &n! !"e e&s!en,e ( !"e (a,!6a# 5ases &n $de$ ! de!e$m&ne !"e

,ns!&!6!&na#&!* !"e$e(.

T"e %$an! ( !"e )+e$ ! s6s)end !"e )$&&#e%e &s ne&!"e$ a5s#6!e n$ 6n6a#&(&ed.T"e a6!"$&!* &s #&m&!ed and ,nd&!&na#. T"e a6!"$&!* ! s6s)end !"e )$&&#e%e &s

!"6s ,&$,6ms,$&5ed ,n(&ned and $es!$&,!ed n! n#* 5* !"e PRESCRIED SETTINGS$ !"e CONDITIONS essen!&a# ! &!s e&s!en,e 56! a#s as $e%a$ds !"e TI<E AND

PLACE +"e$e &! ma* 5e ee$,&sed.

ISS2E: Is !"e P$,#ama!&n a#&dK Des &! "ae 5as&s.



SC: ES.T"e$e e&s!s a $e5e##&n een &( !"e NPA &s ! sma## ,m)a$ed ! !"e AFP. S&'e des

n! ma!!e$. I! des n! ne%a!e !"e e&s!en,e ( $e5e##&n. Re5e##&n need n! 5e+&des)$ead $ a!!a&n !"e ma%n&!6de ( a ,&&# +a$. T"e ,$&me ( $e5e##&n ma* 5e

#&m&!ed &n &!s s,)e ! an* )a$! &n !"e P"&#&))&nes. In s"$! !"e$e +as $e5e##&n.

I( !"e ,6$!s n #n%e$ (6n,!&ned !"en s6s)ens&n +6#d n! 5e ne,essa$* !"e$e5e&n% n ,6$!s ! &ss6e !"e +$&!. In s"$! een &( !"e$e a$e n$ma# )e$a!&ns (

!"e ,6$!s !"&s des n! &nd&,a!e !"a! !"e P$,#ama!&n +as &na#&d.

ISS2E: Can !"e P$es&den! s6s)end !"e )$&&#e%e &n !"e en!&$e ,6n!$*KSC: ES "e ,an.

He needed sme !&me ! (&nd 6! "+ !"e s6s)ens&n +$9s s "e ,a6sed !"es6s)ens&n ! 5e %$ad6a##* #&(!ed &n sme )$&n,es !"e$ea(!e$.

MMN!e !"a! !"e P$es&den! ,6#d "ae de,#a$ed a %ene$a# s6s)ens&n ( !"e )$&&#e%e.

Ins!ead P$,#ama!&n 00@ #&m&!ed !"e s6s)ens&n ! )e$sns de!a&ned ($ ,$&mes (&ns6$$e,!&n and $e5e##&n n#*. P-00@-A (6$!"e$ #&m&!ed !"e ,e$a%e.

2nde$ !"e Cns!&!6&n !"e P$es&den! "ad = )!&ns:1 ! ,a## 6! !"e A$med F$,es

! s6s)end !"e )$&&#e%e ( +$&! ( "a5eas ,$)6s= ! )#a,e !"e P"&#&))&nes en!&$e#* $ )a$!#* 6nde$ ma$!&a# #a+.

<a$,s a#$ead* ,a##ed 6! !"e a$med ($,es 56! +as &nade6a!e. Hen,e "e ,"se !"e

s6s)end !"e )$&&#e%e.

PD 00@ VALID



0. AERCA VS. VER

• I##e%a# sea$,"es and se&'6$es and !"e$ "6man $&%"!s &#a!&ns +e$e a##e%ed !

"ae 5een ,mm&!!ed 5* !"e Tas9 F$,e <a9a5ansa ( !"e AFP. Gene$a# Fa5&an

Ve$ $de$ed !"e )$e-em)!&e s!$&9es a%a&ns! ,mm6n&s! !e$$$&s!s.

• T"e &,!&ms n+ (&#e an a,!&n ($ dama%es.

• T"e AFP %ene$a#s (&#ed !"e&$ <TD n !"e %$6nd !"a! 6d&,&a# a,!&n &s 5a$$ed s&n,e

!"e s6s)ens&n ( !"e )$&&#e%e ( +$&! ( "a5eas ,$)6s )$e,#6ded 6d&,&a# &n6&$*

&n! !"e #e%a#&!* ( !"e de!en!&n.

• RTC %$an!ed !"e <TD.

• Pe!&!&ne$s a))ea#ed ,#a&m&n% !"a! A$! = ( !"e C&&# Cde en!&!#es !"em !

dama%es.

•

Res)nden!s "+ee$ &ns&s! !"a! !"e* a$e ,e$ed 5* !"e man!#e ( s!a!e&mm6n&!* ($ a,!s dne &n !"e )e$($man,e ( ((&,&a# d6!&es. T"e* $e#* n

P$,#ama!&n /4 !"a! as mem5e$s ( !"e AFP !"e* +e$e me$e#* )$een!&n% $

s6))$ess&n% #a+#ess &#en,e $e5e##&n s65e$s&n.

• T"e* (6$!"e$ ,n!end !"a! !"e &,!&ms a$e ,&$,6men!&n% !"e s6s)ens&n 5*

$es$!&n% ! a ,&&# s6&! a&med a! !"e same )6$)se ( ma9&n% 6d&,&a# &n6&$* &n!

!"e #e%a#&!* ( !"e&$ de!en!&nK

ISS2E: Des !"e s6s)ens&n ( !"e )$&&#e%e 5a$ a ,&&# ,aseK A$e !"e* &mm6nedK

SC:T"e* a$e NOT I<<2NED FRO< S2IT. T"e P$,#ama!&n ,ann! 5e a 5#an9e! #&,ense $

a $&n% ,mm&ss&n 6n!$amme#ed 5* an* ,ns!&!6!&na# $es!$a&n! ! d&s$e%a$d $

!$ans%$ess 6)n !"e $&%"!s and #&5e$!&es ( &nd&&d6a#s.

T"e ma&n $e#&e( !"e* a$e as9&n% &s &ndemn&(&,a!&n ($ a##e%ed dama%es !"e* s6((e$ed.T"e&$ ,a6se ( a,!&n &s &ne!$&,a5#* #&n9ed n !"e same ,#a&m ( &#a!&ns ( !"e&$

,ns!&!6!&na# $&%"!s !"a! !"e* &n9ed &n !"e "a5eas ,$)6s ,ase.

T"e s6s)ens&n ( !"e )$&&#e%e des n! des!$* !"e )e!&!&ne$sB $&%"! and ,a6se (

a,!&n ($ dama%es ($ &##e%a# a$$es! and de!en!&n and !"e$ &#a!&ns ( !"e&$ ,ns!&$&%"!s. T"e S2SPENSION DOES NOT RENDER VALID AN OTHERWISE INVALID

ARREST OR DETENTION. h,t is suspended is merel0 the right -/ the individu,l t-see; rele,se /r-m detenti-n thr-ugh the writ -/ h,be,s c-rpus ,s , speedier me,ns

-/ -bt,ining his libert0.

E//ect -/ the Suspensi-nD the c-urt m,0 n-t gr,nt rele,se -/ the pers-ns det,inedbut the0 c-urt m,0 ,w,rd d,m,ges.



@. DRILON VS. CA

re-pening -/ , c,se ,/ter p,rd-n

• 1@7s: <a*$ Rd#( Gan'n ,"a$%ed +&!" d65#e m6$de$ &n !"e m&#&!a$* ,6$!s.

Sen!en,ed ! #&(e &m)$&snmen! +&!" "a$d #a5$. He #a!e$ &ned 3L <a$,sB

)a$!* +"e$e "e +as des&%na!ed as ,am)a&%n mana%e$. e,a6se ( !"&s "&ssen!en,e +as $ed6,ed ! *ea$s

• A(!e$ Edsa I !"en 6s!&,e se,$e!a$* O$dne' +an!ed ! ,nd6,! )$e#&m&na$*

&nes!&%a!&n a%a&ns! Gan'n ($ !"e m6$de$s.

• Gan'n ,#a&med !"a! "e "ad 5een e!ended an a5s#6!e )a$dn 5* P$es&den!

<a$,s and "a&n% 5een )$e&6s#* ,n&,!ed "e ,ann! 5e !$&ed ane+.

• T"e RTC den&ed !"e <TD 56! !"e CA %$an!ed !"e <TD.

• D$&#n as !"e ne+ 6s!&,e se,$e!a$* ,#a&ms !"a! !"e$e e&s!s n e&den,e ! )$e

!"a! Gan'n +as )a$dned.

ISS2E: Can Gan'n s!&## 5e )$se,6!edK

SC: NO <ORE.T"e $e,$d s"+s !"a! Gan'n "ad a#$ead* 5een a$$a&%ned 5* !"e m&#&!a$* ,6$!

)#eaded n! %6&#!* 56! ,n&,!ed and sen!en,ed. He se$ed !&me 6n!&# 1@70 +"en "e+as )#a,ed 6nde$ HO2SE ARREST 5* P$es&den! <a$,s.

S&n,e Gan'n se$ed a#$ead* *ea$s and $e#eased !"e ,6$! ,ann! !#e$a!e an*

(6$!"e$ $e&nes!&%a!&n. T"e -*ea$ se$&,e ( sen!en,e and s65se6en! $e#ease a$e

s&%n&(&,an! s&n,e &( P$es&den! <a$,s $de$ed Gan'nBs $e#ease a(!e$ *ea$s (&m)$&snmen! <a$,s 6na&da5#* ,mm6!ed Gan'nBs #&(e &m)$&snmen! ! *ea$s.

I( Gan'nBs sen!en,e "ad a#$ead* 5een ,mm6!ed "e "as !"e$e($e se$ed "&ssen!en,e (6##* and &( "e "as se$ed "&s sen!en,e (6##* "e ,an n #n%e$ 5e

$e&nes!&%a!ed. 2nde$ !"e Cns!&!6!&n !"e )a$dn&n% )+e$ ( !"e P$es&den! &s (&na#and 6na))ea#a5#e. S &s ,mm6!a!&n ( sen!en,e &n +"&," !"e P$es&den! $ed6,es a

sen!en,e. I! e!&n%6&s"es ,$&m&na# )a$!&a##* and "as !"e e((e,! ( ,"an%&n% !"e

)ena#!* ! a #esse$ ne.

T"e ,mm6!a!&n ( sen!en,e need n! 5e &n a s)e,&(&, ($m. I! &s s6((&,&en! !"a!

Gan'n +as #6n!a$&#* $e#eased &n 1@70 +&!" n !e$ms $ ,nd&!&ns e,e)! !"a! "es"6#d $ema&n &n "6se a$$es!. T"&s "6se a$$es! ,ann! 5e ,ns&de$ed as a

,n!&n6a!&n ( "&s sen!en,e 5e,a6se &n n +a* &s a$$es! a )ena#!* 56! $a!"e$ a me$emeans ( !a9&n% a )e$sn &n! ,6s!d*. A#s !"e ea,! !e$ms ( !"e "6se a$$es! a$e

n! 9n+n.

Hen,e &$$es)e,!&e ( !"e )a$dn Gan'n "as se$ed "&s sen!en,e and ,ann! 5e$e&nes!&%a!ed ($ !"e same ((ense m6," m$e 6nde$% (6$!"e$ &m)$&snmen! !

,m)#e!e "&s sen!en,e.



T"e (a,! !"a! Gan'n m&%"! "ae %!!en (( ! #&%"!#* &s &mma!e$&a#. We ,ann!&%n$e !"e #e%a# e((e,!s ( <a$,sB a,!s.

1. CRISTOAL VS. LARADOR.

Purp-se -/ eecutive clemenc0

• Te(&# San!s +as (6nd %6&#!* ( es!a(a sen!en,ed ! ms. H+ee$ "e

,n!&n6ed ! 5e a $e%&s!e$ed e#e,!$ sea!ed as !"e m6n&,&)a# )$es&den! &n <a#a5n

• W"en !"e E#e,!&n Cde +as )assed &! d&s6a#&(&ed ($m !&n% )e$sns +" a$e

%6&#!* ( an* ,$&me a%a&ns! )$)e$!*.

• San!s !"6s a))#&ed ($ a5s#6!e )a$dn ($m !"e P$es&den!. T"&s +as %$an!ed and

"e +as $es!$ed ! (6## ,&&# and )#&!&,a# $&%"!s E>CEPT +&!" $es)e,! ! !"e $&%"!! "#d )65#&, ((&,e. In s"$! "e +as n#* e#&%&5#e ! ,#e$&,a# )s&!&ns +"&," d

n! &n#e mne* $ )$)e$!*.

• C$&s!5a# "+ee$ (&#ed a )e!&!&n ($ e,#6s&n ( San!s ($m !"e #&s! ( !e$s

,n!end&n% !"e San!s &s s!&## d&s6a#&(&ed. C$&s!5a# a$%6es !"a! !"e )a$dn%$an!ed 5* !"e P$es&den! d&d n! $es!$e "&m ! (6## en*men! ( "&s )#&!&,a#

$&%"!s 5e,a6se:

A !"e )a$dn&n% )+e$ ( !"e P$es&den! des n! a))#* !

#e%&s#a!&e )$"&5&!&ns !"e )a$dn&n% )+e$ am6n!s ! 6n#a+(6# ee$,&se 5* !"e

P$es&den! ( a #e%&s#a!&e (6n,!&n

C San!s "as se$ed "&s sen!en,e and !"e$e &s n!"&n% ! )a$dn

ISS2E: W"a! &s !"e na!6$e ( San!sB )a$dn 5* !"e P$es&den!K

SC:In !"e )$esen! ,ase +"&#e !"e )a$dn e!ended ! San!s &s ,nd&!&na# &n !"e sense!"a! "e ,an n#* 5e a))&n!ed ! ,#e$&,a# $ man6a# )s&!&ns IT IS STILL ASO2LTE

INSOFAR AS IT RESTORES SANTOS TO F2LL AND CIVIL POLITICAL RIGHTS.

T"e$e a$e #&m&!a!&ns n !"e Ee$,&se ( Pa$dn&n% P+e$1 )+e$ ee$,&sed a(!e$ ,n&,!&n

)+e$ des n! e!end ! &m)ea,"men! ,ases

T"e Pa$dn&n% P+e$ ,ann! 5e $es!$&,!ed $ ,n!$##ed 5* #e%&s#a!&e a,!&n. I! ,ann#* 5e s65e,! ! ,ns!&!6!&na# #&m&!a!&ns.

An a5s#6!e )a$dn e$ases n! n#* !"e ,$&me ,mm&!!ed 56! a#s $emes a##d&sa5&#&!&es $es6#!&n% ($m ,n&,!&n. T"6s &! e!ends ! a,,ess$* and $es6#!an!d&sa5&#&!&es. W"en &! &s %$an!ed a(!e$ ,n&,!&n &! $emes a## !"a! &s #e(! ( !"e

,nse6en,es ( !"e ,n&,!&n.



11. TORRES VS. GONALE&#a!&n ( ,nd&!&na# )a$dn

T$$es ,n&,!ed ( Es!a(a. He +as %$an!ed ,nd&!&na# )a$dn 5* !"e P$es&den!.

Cnd&!&n +as !"a! "e s"6#d n! &#a!e an* ( !"e )ena# #a+s &( "e des "e +&##5e )$,eeded a%a&ns! &n !"e manne$ )$es,$&5ed 5* #a+.

In 1@0 !"e a$d ( Pa$dns and Pa$#e $e,mmended !"e ,nd&!&na# )a$dn

5e,a6se: 1 "e +as ,"a$%ed ($ ,6n!s ( es!a(a "e +as ,n&,!ed (

sed&!&n 56! )end&n% a))ea# ! !"e CA = a,,$d&n% ! !"e NI $e)$! "e "aad a#n% #&s! ( ,"a$%ed ($ a$&6s ,$&mes.

T"e P$es&den! !"6s ,an,e##ed !"e ,nd&!&na# )a$dn. T"e m&n&s!e$ ( 6s!&,e

&ss6ed !"e $de$ ( a$$es! and $e,mm&!men!.

T$$es n+ assa&#s !"e a#&d&!* ( !"&s O$de$ ( A$$es!. He ,#a&ms !"a! "e d&d n!

&#a!e !"e ,nd&!&ns ( "&s )a$#e s&n,e "e "as n! 5een ,n&,!ed 5* (&na#

6d%men! ( !"e ,6n!s ( es!a(a n$ ( !"e ,$&me ( sed&!&n. He a#s ,#a&ms!"a! "e +as n! %&en !"e ))$!6n&!* ! 5e "ea$d.

ISS2E: W"e!"e$ ,n&,!&n ( a ,$&me 5* (&na# 6d%men! ( a ,6$! &s ne,essa$*

5e($e !"e )e!&!&ne$ ,an a#&d#* 5e $e-a$$es!ed and $e-,mm&!!ed ($ &#a!&n ( !"e!e$ms ( "&s ,nd&!&na# )a$dnK

SC: NO.

T"e %$an! ( )a$dn and !"e de!e$m&na!&n ( !"e !e$ms and ,nd&!&ns ( !"e )a$dn

a$e )6$e#* ee,6!&e a,!s and a$e n! s65e,! ! 6d&,&a# $e&e+. T"e de!e$m&na!&n( !"e 5$ea," ( ,nd&!&na# )a$dn ma* e&!"e$ 5e:

1 )6$e#* ee,6!&e a,! – n! s65e,! ! 6d&,&a# $e&e+. He$e n 6d&,&a#

)$n6n,emen! ( %6&#! &s ne,essa$*. Cn&,!&n 5* (&na# 6d%men! &s n! ne,essa$*. a 6d&,&a# a,! – ,ns&s!s ( !$&a# and ,n&,!&n ( &#a!&n ( ,nd&!&na# )a$dn.

He$e +"e$e !"e P$es&den! )!s ! )$,eed 6nde$ Se, 4 ( !"e Re&sed

Adm&n&s!$a!&e Cde n 6d&,&a# )$n6n,emen! ( %6&#! &s ne,essa$* m6," #ess a,n&,!&n 5* (&na# 6d%men! ( a ,6$! &n $de$ !"a! a ,n&,! ma* 5e $e,mmended

($ !"e &#a!&n ( "&s ,nd&!&na# )a$dn.

W"a! &s &n#ed &n !"&s ,ase &s n! !"e )$se,6!&n ( !"e )a$#ee ($ a s65se6en!((ense. W"a! &s &n#ed "e$e &s $a!"e$ !"e as,e$!a&nmen! ( +"e!"e$ !"e ,n&,! "as

5$ea,"ed !"e ,nd&!&ns ( "&s )a$#e !"a! "e +6#d n! a%a&n &#a!e an* ( !"e)ena# #a+s /-r purp-ses -/ reimp-siti-n up-n him -/ the remitted p-rti-n -/ his

-rigin,l sentence. T"e ,nse6en,es !"a! +e "e$e dea# +&!" a$e !"e ,nse6en,e (an as,e$!a&ned 5$ea," ( !"e ,nd&!&ns ( )a$dn.

In s6m +"en )$,eed&n% a%a&ns! a ,n&,! +" "as 5een ,nd&!&na##* )a$dned 56!

"ae 5$ea,"ed !"e ,nd&!&ns !"e P$es&den! "as !+ )!&ns:1 )$,eed a%a&ns! "&m 6nde$ !"e Re&sed Adm&n Cde



)$,eed a%a&ns! "&m 6nde$ A$! 1/@ ( !"e RPC +"&," &m)ses !"e )ena#!* ()$&s&n ,$$e,!&na# ($ J"a&n% &#a!ed a ,nd&!&na# )a$dn.

He$e !"e P$es&den! ,"se ?1. T"a! ,"&,e &s an ee$,&se ( !"e P$es&den!Bs ee,6!&e

)$e$%a!&e and NOT S28ECT TO 82DICIAL SCR2TIN.

1. <ONSATO VS. FACTORAN

)a$dn: na!6$e and #e%a# e((e,!s $e&ns!a!emen! ! ($me$ $&%"!s.

<nsa! +as ,n&,!ed ( es!a(a !"$6 (a#s&(&,a!&n ( )65#&, d,6men!s. P$es&den!

<a$,s e!ended a5s#6!e )a$dn.

* $easn ( s6," )a$dn s"e +$!e !"e Ca#5a*% C&!* T$eas6$e$ $e6es!&n% !"a!

s"e 5e $es!$ed ! "e$ ($me$ )s! as ass&s!an! ,&!* !$eas6$e$.

T"e ma!!e$ +as $e(e$$ed ! !"e <&n&s!e$ ( F&nan,e. I! +as $6#ed !"a! s"e ma* 5e

$e&ns!a!ed +&!"6! need ($ a ne+ a))&n!men! 56! n! ea$#&e$ !"an !"e da!e s"e

+as e!ended !"e a5s#6!e )a$dn. <nsa! "+ee$ &ns&s!ed !"a! (6## )a$dn "ad +&)ed 6! !"e ,$&me s6," !"a! "e$

se$&,e &n !"e %e$nmen! "as nee$ 5een &n!e$$6)!ed and !"e$e($e "e$$e&ns!a!emen! s"6#d ,$$es)nd ! !"e da!e ( "e$ )$een!&e s6s)ens&n.

<nsa!a (6$!"e$ a$%6es !"a! !"e )a$dn +as %$an!ed ! "e$ 5e($e !"e (&na#e$d&,! ( %6&#! +"en !"e ,n&,!&n +as )end&n% a))ea#. <nsa! !"6s ,#a&ms !"a!

&! +as e6&a#en! ! a,6&!!a# 5e,a6se !"e$e +as n ((ense ! s)ea9 (.

T"e ma!!e$ +as $e(e$$ed ! !"e P$es&den! Ee,6!&e Se,$e!a$* Fa,!$an +"

$6#ed !"a! <nsa!a +as n! en!&!#ed ! a6!ma!&, $e&ns!a!emen!.

ISS2E: Des <nsa!Bs )a$dn "ae !"e e((e,! ( a,6&!!a#K

SC: NO. FACTORAN WAS CORRECT.

PARDON I<PLIES G2ILT. W"&#e &! $e#&ees !"e )a$!* )a$dned ($m a## !"e )6n&!&e,nse6en,es ( "&s ,$&m&na# a,! &! $e#&ees "&m ($m n!"&n% m$e. A )a$dn #9s&n! !"e (6!6$e &! des n! &m)se 6)n !"e %e$nmen! an* 5#&%a!&n ! ma9e

$e)a$a!&n ($ +"a! "as 5een s6((e$ed. S&n,e !"e ((ense "as 5een es!a5#&s"ed 5* 6d&,&a# )$,eed&n%s !"a! +"&," "as 5een dne $ s6((e$ed &s )$es6med ! "ae 5een

$&%"!(6##* dne and 6s!#* s6((e$ed.

Pa$dn &s an a,! ( %$a,e )$,eed&n% ($m !"e )+e$ en!$6s!ed +&!" !"e ee,6!&n (#a+s +"&," eem)!s !"e &nd&&d6a# ($m )6n&s"men! ($ a ,$&me "e "as ,mm&!!ed.

T"e e$* essen,e ( )a$dn &s ($%&eness $ $em&ss&n ( %6&#!. I! des n! e$ase !"e(a! ( ,mm&ss&n ( ,$&me and !"e ,n&,!&n !"e$e(. IT DOES NOT WASH O2T THE

<ORAL STAIN. IT INVOLVES FORGIVENESS AND NOT FORGETF2LLNESS. na9s

T"6s een &( <nsa! +as )a$dned s"e CANNOT E ENTITLED TO AC3PA FORLOST EARNINGS.

MHe$e +e d NOT s65s,$&5e ! !"e (&,!&!&6s 5e#&e( !"a! )a$dn 5#!s 6! !"e %6&#! (an &nd&&d6a# and !"a! n,e "e &s a5s#ed "e s"6#d 5e !$ea!ed as &( "e +e$e

&nn,en!.



T"e$e ,ann! a#s 5e a6!ma!&, $e&ns!a!emen! 5e,a6se )a$dn des n! &)s (a,!$es!$e a ,n&,!ed (e#n ! )65#&, ((&,e +"&," +as ($(e&!ed 5* $easn ( !"e

,n&,!&n. S6," )a$dn me$e#* $es!$es "&s e#&%&5&#&!* ($ a))&n!men! ! !"a! ((&,e.

A )a$dn een &( (6## and )#ena$* ,ann! )$e,#6de !"e a))&n!&n% )+e$ ($m$e(6s&n% a))&n!men! ! an*ne deemed ! 5e ( 5ad ,"a$a,!e$. T"e a5s#6!e

d&s6a#&(&,a!&n $ &ne#&%&5&#&!* ($m )65#&, ((&,e ($ms )a$! ( !"e )6n&s"men!&m)sed 5* !"e RPC. T"e )a$dn %$an!ed $es6#!s n#* &n $em&n% "e$ d&s6a#&(&,a!&n

and ,ann! % 5e*nd !"a!. S"e m6s! !"e$e($e RE-APPL AND 2NDERGO THE2S2AL PROCED2RE FOR A NEW APPOINT<ENT.

1=. LLA<AS VS. OROS

,ns!&!6!&na# #&m&!s ( ee,6!&e ,#emen,*

L#amas +as V&,e Ge$n$ ( Ta$#a,. He ass6med !"e )s&!&n as Ge$n$

5e,a6se Ge$n$ O,am) +as s6s)ended ($m ((&,e.

Ge$n$ O,am) +as )$e&6s#* ,"a$%ed +&!" %$a(! and ,$$6)!&n 5e($e !"e

m56dsman &n ,nne,!&n +&!" !"e Lan A%$eemen! made +&!" L&n%9d Ta$#a,

F6nda!&n +"&," +as a##e%ed#* n! a))$ed 5* !"e )$&n,&a# 5a$d.

Ge$n$ O,am) +as a#s ,"a$%ed 5e($e !"e De)a$!men! ( L,a# Ge$nmen!.

Ge$n$ O,am) +as (6nd %6&#!* and +as s6s)ended ($ @ da*s. He a))ea#ed

! !"e O((&,e ( !"e P$es&den!. 6! Ee,6!&e Se,$e!a$* O$5s den&ed &!.

N+ +"en L#amas ass6med as %e$n$ O,am) s!&## &ss6ed an adm&n&s!$a!&e

$de$ s&%n&(*&n% "&s &n!en!&n ! ,n!&n6e "&s ((&,e a! "&s $es&den,e.

O$5s $ed6,ed !"e @-da* s6s)ens&n ! !&me a#$ead* se$ed. In s"$! O,am)

+as %$an!ed ee,6!&e ,#emen,* 5e,a6se ( J"&s ea%e$ness ! de#&e$ #&e#&"d

)$e,!s.

S O,am) $e-ass6med %e$n$s"&).

L#amas assa&#s !"e $es#6!&n ( Ee,6!&e Se,$e!a$* O$5s ,#a&m&n% &! +as

GADALE8. L#amas ,#a&ms !"a! ee,6!&e ,#emen,* ,an n#* 5e %$an!ed &n ,$&m&na#

,ase n! adm&n&s!$a!&e ,ases

ISS2E: Can !"e P$es&den! %$an! ee,6!&e ,#emen,* &n adm&n&s!$a!&e ,asesK Des!"e +$d J,n&,!&n 5* (&na# 6d%men! $e(e$ ! ,$&m&na# $ adm&n&s!$a!&e ,aseK

SC:

U$I LEG !"! +ISTI!)UIT* !EC !"S +ISTI!)UI#E +E$EM"S. W"en !"e #a+ desn! d&s!&n%6&s" ne&!"e$ s"a## +e. T"e Cns!&!6!&n des n! d&s!&n%6&s" 5e!+een +"&,"

,ases ee,6!&e ,#emen,* ma* 5e ee$,&sed 5* !"e P$es&den!. e,e)! n#* &n ,ases( &m)ea,"men!. I( adm&n&s!$a!&e ,ases +e$e n! &n,#6ded !"en +"* +6#d !"e

,ns!&!6!&n s!a!e !"a! !"e n#* e,e)!&n +6#d 5e &m)ea,"men! ,ases +"&," &s n!a ,$&m&na# ,ase.

I( !"se ad6d%ed %6&#!* ,$&m&na##* ma* 5e )a$dn !"e$e &s n $easn +"* !"e same5ene(&! ma* n! 5e e!ended ! !"se ad6d%ed %6&#!* adm&n&s!$a!&e#*. T"e )$es&den!

,an %$an! ee,6!&e ,#emen,* &n adm&n&s!$a!&e ,ases +"&," a$e ,#ea$#* #ess se$&6s!"an ,$&m&na# ((enses.

A#s 5* &$!6e ( !"e POWER OF S2PERVISION AND CONTROL !"e P$es&den! ma*$ee$se $ md&(* a $6#&n% &ss6ed 5* a s65$d&na!e a%a&ns! an e$$&n% )65#&, ((&,&a#.



N!e a#s !"a! 6)n a,,e)!an,e ( )a$dn !"e %$an!ee &s deemed ! "ae +a&ed an*a))ea# +"&," "e ma* "ae (&#ed.

14. GONALES VS. HECHANOVA

• Ee,6!&e Se,$e!a$* a6!"$&'ed !"e &m)$!a!&n ( ($e&%n $&,e ! 5e )6$,"ased

($m )$&a!e s6$,es. T"e +as a P$,6$emen! Cmm&!!ee ,$ea!ed.

• Gn'a#es a $&,e )#an!e$ (&#ed a )e!&!&n 6es!&n !"e a#&d&!* ( !"e a!!em)! !

&m)$! ($e&%n $&,e. He ,n!ends &! &s a%a&ns! RA =4/ +"&," )$"&5&!s &m)$!a!&n

( $&,e and ,$n 5* !"e R&,e and C$n Adm&n $ an* !"e$ %B! a%en,*.

• He,"ana ,6n!e$ed !"a! !"e &m)$!a!&n &s a6!"$&'ed 5* !"e P$es&den! ($

m&#&!a$* s!,9 )&#e )6$)ses. !"a! !"e )$es&den! &s d6!*-56nd ! –)$e)a$e ($ !"e,"a##en%e ( !"$ea!s ( +a$ $ eme$%en,* +&!"6! +a&!&n% ($ s)e,&a# a6!"$&!*

• He,"ana (6$!"e$ ,n!ends !"a! !"e$e &s n )$"&5&!&n n &m)$!a!&n made 5*

!"e JGe$nmen! &!se#(.

• He,"ana a#s a$%6ed !"a! !"e Ge$nmen! "as a#$ead* en!e$ed &n! ,n!$a,!s

+&!" V&e!nam and 6$ma. T"a! !"ese ,n!$a,!s ,ns!&!6!e a#&d ee,6!&e

a%$eemen!s 6nde$ &n!e$na!&na# #a+ !"a! s6," a%$eemen!s 5e,ame 5&nd&n% ande((e,!&e 6)n s&%n&n% !"e$e( 5* !"e $e)$esen!a!&es ( 5!" )a$!&es.

o I! &s a$%6ed !"a! +"en !"e$e &s a ,n(#&,! 5e!+een a J!$ea!* and a

Js!a!6!e !"e s!a!6!e )$"&5&!&n% &m)$!a!&n !"en !"e ,n(#&,! m6s! 5e$es#ed &n (a$ ( !"e ne +"&," &s #a!es! &n )&n! ( !&me &n !"&s ,ase!"e !$ea!*.

ISS2E: W"a! &s !"e na!6$e ( !"e %e$nmen! ,n!$a,!s +&!" V&e!nam and 6$maKW"&," s"6#d )$ea&# !"e ,n!$a,!s $ RA =4/

SC:

T"e )a$!&es ! sa&d ,n!$a,!s d n! a))ea$ ! "ae $e%a$ded !"e same as ee,6!&ea%$eemen!s. Een ass6m&n% !"a! sa&d ,n!$a,!s a$e ee,6!&e a%$eemen!s !"e* a$e

n6## and &d 5e,a6se !"e* a$e &n,ns&s!en! +&!" RA =4/.

A#!"6%" !"e P$es&den! ma* en!e$ &n! ee,6!&e a%$eemen!s +&!"6! )$e&6s#e%&s#a!&e a6!"$&!* "e ma* n! 5* ee,6!&e a%$eemen! en!e$ &n! a !$ansa,!&n

+"&," &s )$"&5&!ed 5* s!a!6!es ena,!ed )$&$ !"e$e!. 2nde$ !"e Cns!&!6!&n !"ema&n (6n,!&n ( !"e Ee,6!&e &s ! en($,e !"e #a+s ena,!ed 5* Cn%$ess. He ma*

n! de(ea! #e%&s#a!&e ena,!men!s 5* indirectl0 repe,ling the s,me thr-ugh ,neecutive ,greement pr-viding /-r the per/-rm,nce -/ the ver0 ,ct pr-hibited b0 s,id

l,ws.



MMA#s !"e S6)$eme C6$! "as 6$&sd&,!&n e$ !"e ,ase. T"e Cns!&!6!&na6!"$&'es !"e n6##&(&,a!&n ( a !$ea!* n! n#* +"en &! ,n(#&,!s +&!" !"e (6ndamen!a#

#a+ 56! a#s +"en &! $6ns ,6n!e$ ! !"e a,! ( Cn%$ess.

T"e E.S. "as n )+e$ ! a6!"$&'e !"e &m)$!a!&n.

1/. 2SAFFE VS. TREAS2RER

• T"e )e!&!&ne$s assa&# !"e a#&d&!* ( !"e Rm6# – Sn*de$ A%$eemen! ( 1@/

s&%ned &n Was"&n%!n. T"e Z=/< $ema&ned 6ne)ended and &n !"e )ssess&n (

!"e AFP. P$es&den! ;6&$&n !"$6 Cen!$a# an9 Ge$n$ )$)sed ! 2S ((&,&a#s!"e $e!en!&n ( !"e Z=/< as a #an.

• 2nde$ !"e A%$eemen! !"e P"&#&))&ne %B! 6nde$!9 ! $e!6$n ! !"e 2S &n 1

ann6a# &ns!a##men!s a !!a# ( Z=/< adan,ed 5* !"e 2S 56! +as n! s)en! 5*

!"e P"&#&))&nesB Na!&na# De(ense ($,es.

• T"e 2sa((e Ve!e$ans ,#a&m !"a! !"e a%$eemen! &s &##e%a# 5e,a6se !"e* a$e (6nds

a#$ead* a))$)$&a!ed 5* Ame$&,an Cn%$ess ($ !"e P"&#&))&ne A$m*. T"e* a#s,n!end !"a! 2S Se,$e!a$* ( T$eas6$* S*nde$ and P"&#&))&ne F$e&%n Se,$e!a$*

Ca$#s P Rm6# 5!" "ae n a6!"$&!* &n en!e$&n% &n! !"e a%$eemen!.

• T"e* ,n!end !"a! !"e a%$eemen! #a,9s !"e $a!&(&,a!&n 5* !"e P"&#&))&ne Sena!e !

ma9e &! 5&nd&n% n P"&#&))&ne Ge$nmen!.

• On !"e !"e$ "and !"e %e$nmen! ,n!ends !"a! !"e a%$eemen! &s n! a

J!$ea!* 56! an Jee,6!&e a%$eemen! and !"e$e($e &! des n! $e6&$e

$a!&(&,a!&n ( Sena!e.

ISS2E: W"a! &s !"e na!6$e ( !"e A%$eemen!K

SC:

Ee,6!&e a%$eemen!s a$e ( !+ ,#asses:1 a%$eemen! made )6$e#* as ee,6!&e a,!s a((e,!&n% e!e$na!# $e#a!&ns and

&nde)enden! ( $ needs n #e%&s#a!&e a6!"$&'a!&n. P$es&den!&a# A%$eemen!s

a%$eemen! en!e$ed &n! &n )6$s6an,e ( a,!s ( Cn%$ess Cn%$ess&na#-Ee,6!&e A%$eemen!s

T"e A%$eemen! ma* (a## 6nde$ an* ( !"ese ,#asses. W"*K1 e,a6se Cn%$ess %$an!ed a6!"$&!* ! !"e P$es&den! ! 5!a&n #ans and &n,6$

&nde5!edness +&!" !"e Ge$nmen! ( !"e 2S. Een ass6m&n% !"a! !"e$e +as n #e%&s#a!&e a6!"$&'a!&n !"e A%$eemen! ma*

s!&## 5e en!e$ed &n! )6$e#* as ee,6!&e a,!s. +"&," 6s6a##* $e#a!es ! mne*a%$eemen!s ($ se!!#emen! ( )e,6n&a$* ,#a&ms ( ,&!&'ens

= Sena!e Res#6!&n ? 1/ adm&!!ed !"e a#&d&!* and 5&nd&n% ($,e ( !"e a%$eemen!.4 T"e a,! ( Cn%$ess a))$)$&a!&n% (6nds ($ !"e *ea$#* &ns!a##men!s 6nde$ !"e

A%$eemen! ,ns!&!6!e a $a!&(&,a!&n !"e$e(.



Hen,e !"e a#&d&!* ( !"e A%$eemen! &s 5e*nd !"e C6$!Bs $ea,".

Poli+Digests+Art+VI+&+Art+VII

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