Fiscal Policy Manual, Policy FA-1, Accounting for Capital Assets
Policy-based Accounting
description
Transcript of Policy-based Accounting
Policy-based AccountingPolicy-based Accounting
Tanja Zseby
GMD FOKUS - German National Research Institute for Information Technology
Competence Center Global Networking (GloNe)
http://www.fokus.gmd.de
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 2
Competence Center Global Networking (GloNe)Competence Center Global Networking (GloNe)
Open Source Centre
Internet
Internet
Inte
rne
tInte
rne
tIn
tern
et
Internet
InternetIn
tern
etInternet
Internet
Internet
Internet
MultimediaApplications
GroupCommunication
QoSModules
FlowTreatment
GenericCharging
IPTel2000
CO
ST
263
- Q
ualit
y of
futu
re
Inte
rnet
Ser
vice
s
QofIS2000
GI (
KuV
S),
NE
C,
Uni
. Kar
lsru
he, M
CI
Active Internet Lab:
MINT, QIPTel in DS, CADENUS, ...
BANG, RealCast, CADENUS, ...
Susie, IPMM, Quasimodo, AAA
Discman, T-Nova, ...
Discman, CADENUS, QIPTel in DS, ...
BANG, Discman, CADENUS, QIPTel, ...
infrastructureinfrastructure
pro
jects
pro
jectse
ven
tseven
ts
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 3
GMD Charging and Accounting ProjectsGMD Charging and Accounting ProjectsInternational Projects• ACTS 320 SUSIE: Charging and Accounting for Premium IP• COST263: Quality of Internet Services, WG2 Charging for QoS• EURESCOM P906 QUASIMODO: Quality of Service Methodologies:
Measuring, Managing and Charging QoS • IP Meter Modules (Hitachi, Japan)
National Projects • Projects with Deutsche Telekom/T-Nova-Berkom
– IPTAR - IP Tariffing– ATARI - ATM Tariffing (finished)– ONTARIO - Online Tariffing Options (finished)
• IP GIGA MEDIA (DFN - German Research Network)
Standardisation activities• Contributions to ETSI NA 8 Working Group: Mechanisms and Parameters for
Charging in IP-based Networks• IRTF AAAARCH Research Group; IETF AAA Working Group
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 4
OverviewOverview
• Charging and Accounting for IP Services
• Future Service Provider Options– Tariff Variables
– Charging Schemes
• Policy-based Accounting– Charging and Accounting Model
– Tariff Formula Language
– Charging Information Protocol
• Interaction with Authorization
• Multicast Accounting
• Conclusion
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 5
Charging and Accounting for IPCharging and Accounting for IP
Accounting: Collection of data about resource usage
The need for charging and accounting:– Control resource usage and reservation in multi-service networks
– Give incentives to use only required resources
– Prevent waste of bandwidth
– Provide signals for capacity planning
But: What kind of accounting architecture do we need ?
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 6
Future Service Provider OptionsFuture Service Provider Options
• Variety of Provider Characteristics– Size and Purpose (e.g. small ISP, large backbone operator)
– QoS provisioning technique (e.g. DiffServ, IntServ)
– Service classes
– Charging scheme(s) and models
– Agreements with other providers (e.g. data exchange, distribute tasks)
– Existing Infrastructure (MIBs, profile meters, etc.)
• Variety of User Profiles– Number of flows, flow granularity, traffic profiles, unicast/multicast
– User preferences (e.g. online charging, itemized invoices, spending limits)
• Potential Distribution of accounting tasks among different entities– Provisioning of accounting service by other providers or even users
Accounting has to be flexible
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 7
Charging Schemes (Examples)Charging Schemes (Examples)
• Three-Term-Charging: Access, Volume, Time C = S + a • T + b • V
• Karsten et al [KaSW98]: virtual resources derived from flowspec
• Delgrossi/Ferrari [DeFe98]: buffer, computing capacity, schedulability, distance
• Kilkki: Simple Integrated Media Access (SIMA)
• MacKie-Mason/Varian: Smart Market
PGuaranteed=(a⋅r +b⋅(R−r) +c⋅B) ⋅tFlowPControlled_ Load =(a⋅r +b⋅(p−r)⋅ f +c⋅B)⋅tFlow
Crt =L ⋅ b⋅P(B)+c⋅P(C) +d⋅P(D)( )hops∑ +K(rt)⋅h⋅V
Cnrt=K(rt) ⋅h⋅V
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Tariff VariablesTariff Variables
Access-line speedBuffer occupancy
Flatrate Resource-based Tariffs Congestion-based Tariffs
QoS DimensionsUsage Dimensions
Reservation Parameters Profil ParametersVolume Time
Hop Count
Tariff Components
Packets involved
Zone
Distance
Geographical Distance
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Service and Tariff ExamplesService and Tariff Examples
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Policy-based AccountingPolicy-based Accounting
Flexibility– Make accounting components configurable
– Re-Use existing components (MIBs, admission control functions)
– Define common configuration interfaces for different types of accounting components (e.g. different meter types)
Efficiency– Control allocation of resources for accounting
– Adapt accounting components to charging task (required parameters, meter accuracy)
Interaction with Authorization– Use authorization data bases, messages, mappings, languages, etc.
– Authorize accounting services (e.g. online charging, itemized invoice)
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Policy-based AccountingPolicy-based Accounting
Policies can be used for : • Allocation of resources for accounting (meters, collectors,...)
• Adaptation and configuration of accounting elements at different layers to particular accounting tasks
• Common description of configuration for different types of accounting module
Policy-based accounting model:• Utilization of existing policy framework definitions and protocols
• Integration of RTFM Modules into generic AAA model
• Definition of interfaces to authorization data bases and modules
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Real-Time Traffic Flow Measurement (RTFM)Real-Time Traffic Flow Measurement (RTFM)
Meter
MeterReader
Manager
Analysis Application
Configuration
Usage Data
Control
Usage Data
RTFM• IETF working group (inactive)
• RFCs 2720-2724
NeTraMet 4.3• RTFM conformant meter
• Based on SNMPv2
• Meter configuration via SNMP (ruleset)– which flows should be measured
– which attributes should be stored
• Manger can control multiple meters
• Support for DiffServ codepoint
• RSVP Message Parser from CEFRIEL
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 13
Policies at Different LayersPolicies at Different Layers
Accounting LayerAccounting Configuration
(e.g. inter-domain agreements)
Accounting Policy
Charging specific requirements
Charging LayerCharging Configuration
(e.g. charging formula)Charging Policy
User/Service specific requirements
Charged data
Metering LayerMeter Configuration
(e.g. classifier rules, metering intervals)
Metering PolicyCI
PICollecting
requirements
DI
Collecting LayerCollecting Configuration
(e.g. meter location)Collecting Policy
Accounting requirements
Billing LayerBilling Configuration
(e.g. bill template)Billing Policy
PI = policy interface; CI = configuration interface; DI = data interface
Accounting data
Collected data
Metered data
Included in ETSI NA8 draft document 80301 “Parameters and Mechanisms for Charging in IP based Networks”
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Policy-based Accounting ArchitecturePolicy-based Accounting Architecture
Provider Domain A Provider Domain B
Accounting
Collecting Collecting
Billing
Charging
PIP NAR
AccountingData
Billing andChargingPolicyServer
Accounting& MeteringPolicy Server
AccountingPolicy
M
Meter Policy
ChargingPolicy (TFL)
BillingPolicy
Account.Policy
ReaderPolicy
PIP NARAccounting
M
MM
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Premium IP Network Accounting RecordPremium IP Network Accounting Record
Flow Description (Src/Dest IP and portnumbers)
Record Type
Measurement Point Identification (e.g. IP Addr.)
Data Extension
Used Resources (#Packets, #Bytes, ...)
Reserved Resources (Flowspec parameters)
Included in ETSI NA8 draft document 80301 “Parameters and Mechanisms for Charging in IP based Networks”
•ADIF description of Elements•ADIF-to-PIPNAR converter
16Merit Consortium MeetingJanuary 24-26, 2000
# setup chargesc = 0.5# volume unit in bytesvu = 800000# price per volume unitpv = 0.5# time unit in secstu = 100# price per time unitpt = IF(AND(td>=TIME("00:00:00"), td<TIME("05:00:00")), 0.5, IF(AND(td>=TIME("05:00:00"), td<TIME("21:00:00"), 0.8, 0.5))# tariff formulap = sc + (v/vu)*pv + (t/tu)*pt
TFL: Tariff Formula Language TFL: Tariff Formula Language
• Allows the description of charging formulas and utility curves
• Mathematical operations (addition, multiplication, etc.)
• Mathematical functions (exponential function, square root, etc.)
• Logical functions (AND, OR, NOT)
• Conditional expressions (if/then/else)
• Pre-defined charging variables
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Exchange of Tariff InformationExchange of Tariff Information
• Diameter
• Charging Information Protocol (CIP)– Informs users about current tariffs
– Server maintains service and tariff information
– Clients request information (push or pull mode)
Push mode Pull mode
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Online ChargingOnline Charging
PlotPrices
t
p
Collector
NAR
Price Calculation
Tariffs (TFL)
Meter
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Tariff Comparison Tariff Comparison
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AAA Server with Accounting as Separate ServiceAAA Server with Accounting as Separate Service
Generic AAA serverRule based engine
Application SpecificModule
Policy
Events2
1 1
3
AccountingModule
Service
5
Metering
6
Acct Data3
2
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AAA Server with Accounting as Part of the ServiceAAA Server with Accounting as Part of the Service
Generic AAA serverRule based engine
Application specificModule
Policy
Events2
1 1
3
Accounting/Metering Service
5
Acct Data3
5
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Example: Interaction with AuthorizationExample: Interaction with AuthorizationUser
AAA Server AAA Server
Service Equipment
Visited ISP Home ISP
Collectors
Meters
AccountingRecords (ARs)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Service parametersincluding Accounting Policy
Charging Policies
Bill Charging & Billing
configuration
7
ARs8
ARs
(optional online charging)
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Multicast AccountingMulticast Accounting
• Costs of multicast provisioning– Bandwidth savings vs. additional overhead
– Dependent on group size and membership distribution (sparse,dense)
• Resource usage difficult to meter– Number and distribution of receivers unknown
– Bandwidth savings vary due to dynamic groups
– IntServ: RSVP to determine group distribution
– DiffServ: unknown resource usage might influence QoS traffic
• Cost allocation– sender and/or receiver payment
– cost sharing between receivers
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 24
Cost Sharing [Herzog]Cost Sharing [Herzog]
R2
I
R1
PA
TH
+ [C
(S, I)]
PATH + [C(S, I)
*N1/N3 + C(I,R1)] PATH + [C(S, I)*N2/N3 + C(I,R2)]
RESV + [N1] RESV + [N2]R
ES
V +
[N
3=N
1+N
2]
N1, N2: Number of receivers at node R1,R2 N3: number of upstream receivers C(X,Y): costs for transport between X,Y
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The Chuang-Sirbu LawThe Chuang-Sirbu Law
from[ChSi98]
• Lmc Luc · N0.8
• Flat rate for dense mode
• Pmc = Puc· N0.8 for sparse mode
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ConclusionConclusion
• Flexible Accounting– Provider characteristics
– Charging schemes
– User profiles
• Policy based Accounting– Layered Model
– Tariff Formula Language
– Accounting as part of the Service or as separate service
– Interoperation with authorization
• Multicast Accounting introduces further requirements
Further Information: http://www.fokus.gmd.de/glone/ http://www.fokus.gmd.de/glone/research/genca/
January 24-26, 2000 Merit Consortium Meeting 27
Call for PapersCall for Papers
• IP Telephony Workshop (IPTel2000)– April 12-13, Berlin, Germany
– Submission (Abstract): January 31, 2000 (Deadline will be extended !)
• Quality of future Internet Services (QofIS2000)– September 25-26, Berlin, Germany
– Submission: March 29, 2000
http://www.fokus.gmd.de/events/