\Police Pursuits\Two deadly chases.wmv\Wrongful…\Calvin Johnson.wmv Riots\Watts 40-year anniv.wmv\Riots\King beating.wmv\Riots\Rodney King riot.wmv\Patrol\Patrol hazards.wmv

Police are the only public servantswho routinely use force and coercion

Have wide latitude and discretion Packer’s two models of the police

Crime fighter▪ #1 job to fight crime▪ Crime control guarantees freedom▪ Efficiency, speed, “finality” - a

“conveyor belt” approach▪ Presumption of suspect’s guilt

Public servant▪ Crime is a social phenomenon - police

can only do so much▪ Police serve all the people, criminals included ▪ Concern with coercion and abuse of force▪ Protecting due process is critical

Patronage for selection and advancement Chiefs had little authority Political corruption infused decisions

Training mostly on the job “war stories” Local control: heavily decentralized, autonomous

precincts Rampant police corruption

Chiefs and precinct commanders establishedpayment systems to allow vice and prostitution

Individual officers shook down peddlers andthieves

Heavily involved in strikebreaking Community roles – officers worked soup lines,

helped immigrants Closeness a double-edge sword Promoted corruption, interfered with supervision

Remove police from politics Police executives in charge Distance officers from citizens

Improve equity, reduce corruption Focus policing on law enforcement,

let other agencies handle social services Scientific administration (

Taylor’s management principles) Develop standard procedures: “routinize” police work Reduce discretion where possible Task specialization: special assignments and units Measure output: quantifiable results (# arrests, crime

rate)

Bicycle, then motorized patrol Records system Scientific investigation

1920: lie detector 1924: fingerprint system

Modus Operandi system (track criminals by their methods)

Formal police training 1916: Established UC Berkeley School of Criminology

Applicant psychological and aptitude testing Recruit college graduates Against the tide: encouraged police to do social work

Society beset by crime, gang wars Policing suffers from abuses, excessive

force (“third degree”) and corruption Recommendations

Get politics out of law enforcement Select Chiefs and officers on merit Physical standards Improve salaries and working conditions Good training Professionalize, specialize

▪ Hire women▪ Crime prevention and crime investigation bureaus

Hired as a patrol officer in 1927 1930’s L.A. was beset by municipal

corruption under the regime of MayorFrank L. Shaw, who was recalled in 1938

Parker became Chief in 1950, revamped theDepartment into the epitome of the “professional model” Dismissed many abusive and incompetent officers Implemented modern organizational principles Imposed rigorous civil-service driven officer selection

process Greatly improved training Instilled discipline and esprit de corps Faulted for inadequate attention to use of force, especially

in minority areas, and intelligence gathering abuses (“Red squads”)

During the 50s and 60s entrenched poverty andallegations of brutal, heavy-handed lawenforcement poisoned relations between policeand minority citizens in South-CentralLos Angeles, an area then mostly populated byblacks.

On August 11, 1965 CHP officers stopped Marquette Fry, a 21-year old black man, for DUI near his family residence in South Los Angeles.

The suspect’s mother and family members soon arrived. They became involved in a physical altercation with officers. A hostile crowd gathered. Frye, a brother and his mother were hauled off to jail. Rocks and bottles began to be thrown. More CHP officers arrived, but neither they nor LAPD were able to contain the situation.

The disturbance spread throughout South Los Angeles. National Guard troops were called in. During the next week more than 30 persons died, more than 1,000 were injured and hundreds were arrested. Widespread looting and fire-setting leveled a large chunk of the Watts commercial district. The area never fully recovered.

Historical legacy of antagonism betweenpolice and minorities came to a headin 1965 “Bloody Sunday” - Selma, Alabama, March 7 Watts riot - Los Angeles, August 11-17

Disturbances around the U.S. brought assumptionsof the professional model into question

Official studies concluded that police practicescontributed to disorder and prescribedchanges: More minority officers Higher educational standards Enhance officer training Improve oversight and discipline Focus on community relations

Disorders led to criticism of the professional model Police isolated, unresponsive, overlook other obligations Officers detached from the citizens they serve Officers stereotype persons and are careless about using force

To-do list Defuse tensions, build trust, narrow the distance with the public Share information to learn about local problems

1970’s – Team policing: same officers provide all services Get to know local citizens and their problems

1980’s – Community policing: give citizens a role in police decisions Neighborhood police stations, community meetings, foot and bike

cops Broader approach than crime-fighting

▪ Citizens help define problems and devise solutions▪ Success measured by citizen satisfaction, not just crime rates▪ Move away from incident-driven (response) policing▪ Aim for increased officer satisfaction, less cynicism

Concerns▪ “Broken windows” approach may call for more intrusion, not less▪ Close relationships with public may lead to ethical lapses

On March 3, 1991 CHP officers tried to stopRodney King, a multi-convicted felon on parolefor robbery, for speeding. A high-speed chaseensued. King, who was drunk and high on drugs,was finally stopped when he entered city streets.

King ignored orders to physically submit andwas nearly shot by a CHP officer. LAPD sergeantStacey Koon and three LAPD officers thenmoved in and beat King with their batons. Awitness videotaped the encounter.

Koon and the officers were charged with assault.On April 29, 1992 all were acquitted. The verdictsparked rioting and looting in South Los Angeles.In the next seven days 55 persons died, 2,000were injured and 12,000 were arrested.

Koon and one officer were later convicted ofFederal civil rights violations and served prisonterms.

A crime surge began in the 80’s andcontinued through the early 90’s

This surge, along with 9/11, led to arenewed emphasis on crime-fighting

1990’s – Problem-oriented policing Fight crime by identifying

localizedproblems

2000’s – More models Preventive policing: Combines

community policing with problem-oriented policing; addsaccountability measures to preventabuses

Intelligence-led / “hot-spot” policing:Use crime data to target locationswhere crime repeatedly occurs

City Population Violent Crime rate

Homicide rate

Los Angeles 3,525,317 2374.3 30.5

Newark 269,892 3787.4 35.6

New York City 7,347,257 2089.8 26.5

Uniform Crime Reports - 1993

City Population Violent Crime rate

Homicide rate

Los Angeles 3,878,725 426.0* 6.5

Newark 278,246 1263.6 40.3

New York City 8,396,126 623.9 4.0

Uniform Crime Reports - 2013

The violence of the 80’s and 90’s began receding in 1994. In many cities, including Los Angeles and New York, murder and violence fell by 75% or more. But in many other cities the struggle continues.

* Los Angeles admits its violent crime rate has been artificially deflated

Citizens give up some freedom inexchange for protection from harm

But grants of authority (entitlement) andpower (means) to police are not absolute

Police required to: Provide the service they promised Use persuasion before turning to force and

coercion, then use as little force and coercion as possible

Display integrity; be fair and objective Obey laws and regulations Subject themselves to supervision and control

Muir - “Police - Streetcorner Politicians”: Emphasizesindividual differences between cops Professional: Balances coercion and compassion Reciprocator: Has citizens solve problems; makes “deals”

to keep the peace Enforcer: Relies on coercion and force Avoider: Avoids situations that might result in being challenged Wilson - “Varieties of Police Behavior”: Different social and

political environments lead to different policing styles Watchman: Focus on order maintenance. Ignore minor

infractions,less bothered by vice. Preference to resolve issues informally.

Legalistic: Eager to invoke formal sanctions (arrests and citations). Disorderly persons viewed as a criminal threat. Reluctance to intervene when legal authority is unclear.

Service*: Blend of the above styles, with less emphasis on making arrests. Prefers to use conciliation and make referrals to social service agencies.

Most police codes of ethics includethese components Fairness

▪ Everyone must be treated the same▪ Must not use authority to take

advantage▪ Avoid gratuities

Service to the community▪ Don’t just focus on law enforcement

Subservient to the law▪ Obey all rules and court decisions

Personal conduct▪ Set an example▪ Higher standard than the general public

“Cop Code” Don’t rat on other cops Be brave Do your job Don’t make waves Be aggressive when needed, but not

overly eager Don’t trust bosses to watch for your interests

“Noble cause” corruption Klockars - “the Dirty Harry problem”: Do the ends (e.g.,

saving a kidnapped girl) justify the means (torturing a suspect)?

“Testilying” - lying in court▪ Excuse: System is so complex and demanding that

must lie or shade the truth to get the job done

Michael W Quinn“Walking With the Devil: The Police Code of

Silence”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9OW35OVcI4