Police Operation With Answer Keys

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POLICE OPERATION PLANNING

By:

PROF. OSCAR G. SORIANO, LCBSCrim., MSBA, MACrim. Ph.D.Crim.

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Introduction

The task of preparing a police plan and programcan not be completed without an in-depth study andconsiderable preliminary inquiry before theoutlining of decision and program of action forfuture implementation.

In such cases, the person to whom theresponsibility has been delegated must work out allthe details completely. All the legwork ofgathering the pertinent data must be performed,after the approach to the problem has beencarefully planned, and a line of procedure derived.

Ordinary, concise, brief, and to the point planand program of action should be prepared so thatthe end user can conserve human and logisticalrequirements in implementing the project. Suchplans and programs should be supplemented by a moredetailed concept of operation and appropriateagenda, which may be referred to in the eventfurther particulars, is desired.

Definition of Police Planning


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It is a systematic and continuous process ofpreparing a set of decision for action in the

future, directed in achieving goal by optimal meansand of learning from the outcome about the possiblenew sets of decision and new goals to be achieved.

Definition of Police Programming

It is a plan of what is to be done or a set ofinstructions outlining the steps to be performed ina specific and operational undertaking of a policeorganization.

Other Definitions of Police Planning

1. The process of combining all aspects ofthe police organization and the realisticanticipation of future problems, the analysis ofstrategy to detail.

2. The use of rational design or pattern ofall police organization undertakings rather thanrelying on chance.

3. The act of determining policies andguidelines for police activities and operations andproviding controls and safeguards for suchactivities and operations in the policeorganization.

Purpose of Police Planning

1. It implements policy and clarifies it bydefining more precisely an immediate objective and

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purpose and outlining what is to be done to achieveit.

2. A plan and program serves as a guide orreference on both training and performance andsimplifies the direction of group members.

3. The planning and programming process givescontinued attention to the improvement of practicesand procedure.

4. A plan and program enables a check onaccomplishment thereby affecting control.

5. Wise planning and programming assures the mosteffective and economical use of resources inaccomplishing organizational purpose.

Classification of Police Planning and Programming

1. Reactive

Almost all police organizations engage at onetime or another in reactive planning andprogramming, that is they develop a plan inresponse to crisis or when forced to do so toimplement a decisions made by some other person.

2. Contingency

Contingency planning and programming envisions thepossibility that some special incident such asriot, hostage situation, or major transportationdisaster may occur, and is based on theorganizations wish to be prepared when it doesoccur, the plan and program often results from thelesson learned by other organizations that had face

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similar events and found that their preparation hadbeen inadequate.

3. Strategic

Strategic planning requires the organizations toset goals for at least five years into the futureand devise steps that need to be taken to achievegoals.

4. Operational Efficiency

In operational efficiency planning and programming,current processes are reviewed, and recommendationsfor improvements are made. Examples of that type ofplanning and programming are resource allocationstudies, studies of investigative efficiency, theexamination of patrol procedures. This planning andprogramming process often consist of short-term,one-time projects, although the planning andprogramming really should be conducted to be usewisely as condition change.

Sequence of Planning and Programming Process

1. Setting Planning and Programming Goals

Normally, the first planning and programmingquestion is what needs to be accomplished? Whatis the desired future steps? The obviousness of

the answer may depend on the kind of planning andprogramming being done.

2. Preparing for Planning and Programming

Successful planning and programming requiresthat some ongoing planning assignment be made,

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someone must do the planning and programming,although who is this may vary depending on the

level or subject of planning or programming.3. Identifying the Problems

The first step in beginning to identifyproblems is to asses the present situation,describing the current state of affairs that mayinvolve in scanning the environment, performingresearch both inside and outside the organization.

4. Identifying and Analyzing Alternative Solutions

Once a problem is identified, alternativecourses of action must be build-out for analysis.The planner and programmer should consider theextent to which the different courses of action andthe criteria for judging the strength of eachcourse of action. In other words, once the goalsare set, different ways of reaching them must beanalyzed and asses.

Significance and Importance of Planning and Programming

The increasing complexity of police operationdemands the utmost skill and careful planning inorder to ensure the accomplishments of policeobjectives and missions. Planning and programming

process must be done in all police organizationregardless of size.

People Responsible in Planning and ProgrammingProcess

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In organization of medium size or larger, thereis a need for a planning unit to assist the police

executives in his administrative duty of planning,and to point out to operating personnel and tosupervisor the need for plans, and to urge theirpreparation and development.

In smaller organization, the responsibility forstaff planning may be given to an officer inaddition to his duties.

Planning must include the experience of theline officers, the facts of the statistician, theopinion of the analysts, the ideas of every memberof the force and the counsel and advised of everydivisions and/or offices that may play a part inthe executions of plans.

Responsibility in Planning and Programming

Police planning shall be done both within andwithout the organization. The main concern of thepolice in external policy planning is to assiststhe legislature of the city or municipal council indetermining police guidelines through the passageof appropriate laws and ordinances and resolutionsfor the police to enforce.

On the other hand, the police executive shallbe responsible for establishing internal

operational policies to achieve the objectives andmissions of police organizations.

The police executives shall be responsible forplanning, reporting, and budgeting for the policeorganization within existing policies and availableresources.

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For police maximum effectiveness he shall be

responsible for the technical operation of thepolice organization and the management of itspersonnel.

Steps in Planning and Programming

1. Frame of Reference

This shall be based on a careful selection onthe matters relating to the situations in whichplans are being developed, and opinions or ideas ofpersons who may speak with authority on the subjectconcerned.

2. Clarifying the Problems

This calls for the identification of theproblem, understanding both its record and itspossible solutions.

3. Collecting all Pertinent Facts

Attempts shall not be made to develop a planuntil facts relating to it have been gathered.

4. Analyzing the Facts

After all data have been gathered, a careful

analysis and evaluation shall be made.

5. Developing Alternative Plans

In the initial phases of plan development,several alternative measures will appear to belogically comparable to the needs of a situation.

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6. Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternative

A careful consideration of all facts usuallyleads to the selection of a best of alternativeproposal.

7. Selling the Plan

A plan to be effectively carried out must beaccepted by persons concerned at the appropriatelevel of the plans development.

8. Arranging for Executions of the Plan

The execution of a plan requires the issuanceof orders and directives to concerned unit orpersonnel, the establishment of a schedule, and theprovision of manpower and equipment for carryingout the plans.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan

The results of the plan shall be determined,and this is necessary in order to know whethercorrect alternative was chosen, whether the planwas correct, which phase was poorly implemented,and whether additional planning may be necessary.

Three Types of Police Plan According to Range

1. Short Range - 1 year

2. Medium Range - 2 years

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3. Long Range - 3 years

Types of Research Useful in Making Police Plan

1. Fact finding research

2. Conclusion oriented

3. Decisions oriented

4. Action research

Job Description of Police Planner

To assist and advise the police executives inthe areas of plans and programs that are beyond theimmediate operational and tactical range;organizational and force development, policies,doctrines and regulations, legislative, interagencyand international affairs; arms and equipmentresearch and development; special studies, researchprojects and requirements that are needed for theeffective and efficient administration andoperation of police organization.

Mission Statement and General Functions of PolicePlanners

1. Formulates and supervises the executionsof plans and programs, to include organizationaland force development that are beyond the immediateoperational and tactical range.

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2. Develops and monitors the implementationsof policies, doctrines and regulations in

collaboration with the other police offices.3. Liaisons with the law making body and

prepare position papers on pertinent legislativeagenda.

4. Liaisons with the government and non-government agencies and participates in jointplanning activities.

5. Takes staff action on matters pertainingto research, development, and test arms andequipment of the police organization

6. Liaisons with the international foreignbody and staff action on foreign bilateral andmultilateral matters and international commitments.

7. Undertakes special studies and researchprojects and make position papers needed for theeffective and efficient administration andoperation of the police organization.

8. Prepares accomplishments reports of thepolice organizations

9. Maintain and manages the central recordssystem of the police organization.

10. Provides secretarial services to thepolice organizations Weapons System Boards, Rulesand Regulations Boards, and other related bodies.

11. Perform other functions as may be directedby the proper authorities.

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Characteristics of Effective Police Planning

1. Clearly defined objectives and goals.

2. Simplicity.

3. Flexibility.

4. Possibility of attainment.

5. Provisions for Standard OperatingProcedures (SOPs).

6. Economy in terms of resources needed forimplementation.

7. Anticipated effect or effects on futureoperations.

Objectives in the Execution of Police Plan

1. Protection of persons and properties.

2. Preservation of the peace.

3. Prevention of crime.

4. Repression or suppression of criminalactivities.

5. Apprehension of criminals.

6. Enforcement of laws and ordinances.

7. Safeguarding of public health and morals.

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8. Prompt execution of criminal writsprocesses of the courts.

9. Coordination and cooperation with otherlaw-enforcement agencies.

Definition of Police Plans

The plans are the result of planning orproposal design to guide and direct to be performedby the police organization.

Definition of Police Programs

It is a general statement of direction which isnot necessary measurable, but nonetheless expressedin an organizations intent.

Types of Police Plan

1. Procedural

Are those plans relating to standard operatingprocedures (SOPs) and are useful as guides topersonnel in such activity as the serving andprocessing of search warrant, recording andprocessing of crime or incident reports, and theprocessing of traffic citation, these procedural

plan must be reviewed from time to time as the needfor changes arises to increase operationalefficiency.

2. Tactical

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Are those plans which are prepared to meetexigencies encountered by police, such as

widespread civil disorders, unusual crime problems,civil defense needs or major disasters, this plansare prepared considerably in advance of expectedincidents and are largely based on fieldintelligence supplied by supervisory personnel andthe expertise they are able to provide in assessingfuture needs.

These plans are designed to guide personnel incontrolling unusual happenings and restoring orderas quickly and as efficiently as possible. Themethod of control are substantially the same asordinary police operations but must be expanded tomeet the requirements of each occurrence, it isnecessary that such plans must be basic, flexiblein nature and adaptable to modification as the needarises.

3. Operational

Are those designed to give guidance anddirection to personnel in the performance of thenormal police activities. Those are plans whichguide the personnel in activities as the deploymentand distribution of personnel or the search for thesuspects or lost persons.

4. Auxiliary Services

Are those plans, which implement normaloperation such as in the recruitment of personnel,police community relations activities, and thelikes.

5. Fiscal

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Are those plans which relates to those mattersfor budget preparation and use and control of funds

allotted for personnel, equipment and supplies.Procedure in Classifying Police Plan

During the preparation, a plan can have ahigher security classification, but later it can bedowngraded to enable more people to have access.

Implementation Process of Police Operational Plan

The implementation process of policeoperational plan has been described as a system ofpressure and counter-pressure akin to politicalmaneuvering in which constant negotiation goes onand the police executives are exercisingconsiderable persuasion in their attempt to obtaindesire result.

In other sense, it is simply requires goodsolid management. Once a new plan or program hasbeen designed, attention must be directed towardthe following requirements.

1. Providing necessary resources, to includefinancial, material, personnel and authority.

2. Providing direction so that employees knowwhat to do and why.

3. Providing control to ensure that thedirections are followed.

What is Raid

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It is a special type of operation and it is anextreme measure used when all other measures or

means failed.Definition of Police Raid

A raid must be legal, having its basis inlawful process and conducted in a legal manner.This will be in a form of a search warrant orwarrant of arrest. The raid may be in pursuit of aperson reasonably believed to be guilty of a felonywhen it is known that the felony has just beencommitted.

Objectives and Purposes of a Police Raid

1. Apprehend Suspect/s

2. Secure Evidences

3. Recover Stolen Property

4. Confiscate Contraband

5. Prevent the Commission of the Crime

Factors Affecting Success or Effectiveness of aRaid

1. Size of Raiding Party

2. Speed

3. Surprise

4. Superiority of Firepowers and Equipment

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5. Simplicity of Plan and Operation

Composition of Raiding Party

1. Raid Commander, Assistant Raid Commander,Covering or Surrounding Party.

2. Going-in detail or entering party.

3. In-charge of rendering inoperative thesubjects vehicle, if any.

4. Recorder, who should keep accurate logs ofthe raid, gathers evidence, make inventories andtestify in court.

5. In-charge of the raiding vehicle.

6. Photographer.

Duties of Covering Party

1. Covers approach of going-in detail orentering party.

2. Prevents the escape of criminals.

3. Covers the entire area of the building.

4. Neutralizing fire of barricaded criminals.

Duties of Going-In Detail or Entering Party

1. Calls for surrender of criminals.

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2. Effects arrests.

3. Incapacities and dislodges criminals.

4. Searches for evidence.

Factors to be Considered in Planning a Raid

1. The terrain and building should besubjected to close study.

2. In order to obtain the necessary data forplanning, a reconnaissance/surveillance of theplace should be conducted.

3. The participants should be informed of thenature of the mission.

4. The specific assignment and position ofeach member of the raiding party, the tactics to beemployed, the equipment and transportation to beused, the evaluation of possible danger points; andthe optimum time to be selected should be stressed.

Things to be Considered in Planning a Raid

1. Need for surveillance.

2. Number of individual to be apprehended.Are they armed? With what? If uncertain, assumedthey are armed.

3. Are photographs and description ofsubjects available for use in the briefing?

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3. Determine the physical structure of theplace where the criminals are located.

4. Determine all the possible routes.

5. Need to discreetly photograph the placeand immediate area.

6. Type of neighborhood where the hideout islocated.

7. Volume and kind of activities in theneighborhood at various times to determine the mostdesirable time to conduct the raid.

8. Street plans of neighborhood for possibleroadblocks.

9. Do the men have confidence in the abilityof the raid leader.

10. Consider the 5Ss affecting the success oreffectiveness of a raid.

11. Consider the composition of the raidingparty.

12. Does every member of the raiding groupsknow the raid plan completely, and the identitiesand duties of individuals?

13. What is your move-out plan?

14. What are the instructions concerning theuse of firearms?

15. What are the instructions concerning thepossible handling of traffic?

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16. What are the instruction concerning

communications, and signals, etc?17. How do you identify each other, armbands,

passwords, and insignia, etc?

18. Make sure your plan avoid crossfire.

19. Do you have all the equipment you mightneed, such as flashlights, searchlights, vehicle,transceivers, loudspeakers or megaphone, firearms,teargas, etc?

20. Ask each participant to repeat his dutiesto the raid leader.

Principles of Raid Operation

1. Coordination of individual effort is anessential element in the success of raid.

2. The raiding party should act as a team.

3. The members of the team should hold hisassigned position until orders given by the teamleader.

4. The members of the team should thoroughlyunderstand the objectives, the plan of actions and

the orders.

5. Before leaving the headquarters to proceedto the target, the team leader must conduct a finalbriefing of personnel.

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6. After assembly of the men at thedesignated area which should not too be close to

the target area, they should not assume theappearance of a formal gathering.

7. The raiders vehicle should be safeguardedto prevent use by the subject/s and/or targets/s.

8. Vehicles belonging to the subjects shouldbe rendered inoperative by the simplest availablemeans.

9. A cordon should be posted, depending uponthe availability of men, to prevent possibleescape, and restrain people from wandering.

10. In the event the suspect/s fails to heedthe warning to surrender, entry must be madethrough one point so that raiders will not mistakeone another.

11. As soon as the raid is completed, guardsshould be left to protect the property and toobserve or apprehend associates of the suspect.

12. The raiders then reassemble at adesignated place for final accounting of all themembers of the team.

Coordination with Local Police Units

It is imperative that immediately before theservice of a search warrant or warrant of arrest,the team leader should see to it that propercoordination is made with local police executivehaving jurisdiction over the target premises. Thecoordinating party is bound merely to relay that

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their team is conducting an operation in the area.This gesture of coordination is not only a

manifestation of courtesy, but also a measure toavoid the possibility of a mistake encounter.

Donts in a Raid

1. Dont take unnecessary chances.

2. Dont underestimate the ability or courageof the subject/s.

3. Dont raid when not properly prepared.

4. Dont endanger the lives of by-standersand innocent people.

5. Dont use raiders who are not wellacquainted with each other.

6. Dont forget gas masks when employing teargas.

7. Dont be unnecessarily rough on thesubject/s.

8. Dont shoot to kill unless veryimperative.

9. Dont touch the evidence unless seen by

witness, or by the owner or occupants of the place.

What are the Things to be Seized at the Scene ofthe Raid

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1. Weapons which may be used against theraiding party.

2. Articles that might be used as means ofsuicide.

3. Articles that might be used in escaping.

4. Articles that might be used in thecommission of a crime.

5. Proceeds or fruits of the crime.

Disposition of Money and Valuable Property DuringRaid

1. Money should be counted and the serialnumber of bills noted.

2. Valuables should be sealed in a propertyenvelope in the presence of the owner.

3. Property envelope should show a completeinventory of its contents.

4. The owner should initial the outside ofthe envelope showing approval of its contents.

5. Raiding officers should sign their nameson the outer part of the envelope.

6. A receipt should be given to the owner ofthe premises. However, this is qualified by thedecisions of the Supreme Court declaring asinadmissible in evidence the receipt for propertyseized signed by the accused in cases where merepossession of the items seized is punishable.

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Disposition of Articles not Covered with Search Warrant

1. If the articles are illicit or contraband,the same must be seized.

2. Such articles may be used as evidence toprosecute the person.

3. Non-contraband articles must be returnedto the owners or must not be seized in the firstplace.

Duty of Arresting Officers

Arresting units shall at all times take themug-shots, modus operandi through the conduct ofcriminal interrogation, and fingerprints of allarrested persons for master file and rougesgallery.

Definition of Search

Search is an examination of an individualperson, house or effects, or other buildings andpremises to discover contrabands or some evidenceof guilt to be used in the prosecution of acriminal action.

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What are the Things to be Search

1. Property subject of the offense.2. Property stolen or embezzled and other

proceeds or fruits of the crime.

3. Property used or intended to be used forcommitting an offense.

May Things Illegally Seized be Admitted as Evidence

The fruit of an illegal search are inadmissibleas evidence. Any evidence obtained in violation ofthe rights of the people against unlawful searchesand seizures shall be inadmissible for any purposein any proceedings.

May Articles not Mentioned in the Search Warrant beSeized

Generally, articles not included in the searchwarrant may not be seized. However, articlesprohibited by statutes, although not included inthe search warrant, may be seized. Thus, during theprogress of a bonafide search for other commoditiesillegally possesses, whether with search warrant ornot, contrabands or items declared illegal per seare discovered, the contraband can be seized. The

seizure of goods wherein the possession of which isforbidden by statutes violates no constitutionalrights.

How to Serve a Search Warrant

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A Search Warrant must be served within 10 (ten)days from its date, and in the following manner:

1. The police officer concerned must go tothe place indicated in the search warrant and takethe things described therein, in the presence of atleast one (1) competent witness who is a residentof the same neighborhood.

2. The search must be made at daytime, unlessotherwise stated.

3. The officer seizing the property mustissue a detailed receipt of the things seized tothe persons whose possessions it was found, or inthe absence of such person, he must, in thepresence of at least one (1) witness, leave suchreceipt in the place where such things were seized.

4. As much as possible, during the opening ofsafes, drawers, cabinets, tables, etc., the liftingof articles should be done by the owner of thehouse or his representative, or by immediatemembers of his family to preclude any suspicion ofplanting evidence.

5. Thereafter, the officer must immediatelydeliver things or property seized to the judge whoissued the search warrant together with aninventory duly verified under oath.

Lawful Warrantless Search

1. When there is consent or waiver.

2. When evidence to be seized is in plainview.

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3. Customs search or searches made at

airports and or seaports in order to collectduties.

4. Search of moving vehicles may be madewithout warrant because it would be impracticableto secure a warrant before engaging in hotpursuit.

5. Routine searches made at or in theinterest of national security such as boarderchecks and/ or checkpoints.

6. Stop-and-search or stop-and-frisk, wherethe search precedes the arrest, and is allowed ongrounds of reasonable suspicion.

7. Search incidental to lawful arrest

Search of Persons Arrested

1. Probe, do not pat, a female operativesshould be used to search female suspects.

2. The need to handcuff the subjects.

3. Do not stop the search when weapon isfound.

4. Look for prohibited items or evidences.

5. Look for items which may be used to commitsuicides.

6. Searches should never cross the line offire.

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7. Do not talk to the suspect while in the

course of search.8. Do not grant subjects request to attend

something before, during or immediately after thesearch.

9. In a search by a single officer, have thegun ready with the gun at a distance from thesubject.

10. Be sure to search every part of the bodyand clothing.

Types of Search

1. Wall Search

The purpose is to place the subject in an off-balance position requiring the use of both armsand legs to keep him from falling to the ground.This is the safest type of search. It does notnecessarily require a wall; any object that cansupport the weight of the subject can be used. Theprocedures are:

1) Require the subject to place both hands onthe wall slightly higher than his waist. Spreadhands as far as possible. Palms should be placed

against the wall, finger extended.

2) Extend the subjects feet back away fromthe wall. Spread them as far as possible, toespointed out. Buttocks should not be on an archposition.

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3) The subjects head should be down or bowedat all times.

4) Follow the hereunder mechanics inexecuting the Wall Search.

a. If there is only one (1) subject, theleader of the searching team should placed himselfat one side, while his subordinate is on the otherside.

b. To search the other side, thesubordinate should move to the opposite side.

c. If there are two (2) or three (3)subjects, move one subject to be search on thewall, but out of reach of the others.

d. Search both sides of subject, theleader conducting the searches and the subordinateguarding the other subject.

e. Move one (1) subject at a time.

f. The subordinate should concentrate onthe actions of the subject and not on the action ofthe leader.

g. When there are more than three (3)subjects, additional personnel should be summoned.

h. In serious apprehensions, the searchershould hold his weapon in ready position allthroughout the search.

i. The body must be search systematicallywith the foot of the researcher place tightly

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against the subjects foot, right with right, leftwith left, anklebone against anklebone.

g. Remove any object found, then examinethe palm of the hand, including between thefingers.

2. Standing Search

1) Raise subjects hand over his head andspread the feet as far as possible.

2) This is not recommended because thesubject is an on balance position.

3. Kneeling Search

1) Subject kneels on the ground with handraised over his head.

2) This is also being discouraged for thesame reason as the standing search.

4. Prone Search

1) Subject lies on his stomach with arms andlegs outstretched.

2) Subject has both arms and legs free, andis at all times in an on-balance position.

3) Front part of the clothing cannot besearched.

4) This can be extremely dangerous if thesubject has knowledge of judo.

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Arrest Defined

Arrest is the taking of person into custody ofthe law in order that he may be duty bound toanswer for the commission of an offense.

Who are Exempted from Arrest

1. Senators or Members of the House ofRepresentatives, while the Congress is in sessionin all offenses punishable by not more than six (6)years imprisonment.

2. Diplomatic officials and their domestics.

Techniques in Making Arrest

1. Initial Contact with the Subject

1) Police officer identifies in a clear andaudible voice.

2) Show identification.

3) Inform the subject that he is underarrest, and immediately narrate the subjects

constitutional rights.

4) Consider the possibility that the subjectis wanted for other crimes.

2. Conduct of Arresting Officer

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1) Be natural and pleasant but forceful andaggressive.

2) Dominate the situation.

3) Voice must have command authority.

4) Demand prompt and absolute obedience.

5) Nervousness should be controlled.

6) Avoid profanity, this reflects personalityweakness.

7) Avoid acting tough as the subject willbe the first to detect it.

8) Avoid being reticent or apologetic.

9) Avoid unnecessary conversation.

10) Officer-in-charge does the talking andgives the command.

Police Officer Making the Arrest

1. Use good judgment in connection with thearrest.

2. Assume that the subject is armed and will

take your life if given an opportunity.

Procedures of Arrest on the Street

1. This should be made from the side or rearwhen possible.

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2. Subject should be forced toward a

building.3. Avoid congested areas when possible.

Procedures of Arrest at Home, Office, orBusiness Establishment

1. Restricts the subjects movement. Do notgrant request for personal privileges before beingsearched.

2. Clothing and other things requested shouldbe examined for weapons or items of evidence beforeturning them over the suspects.

Medical Examinations of Arrested Persons

Immediately after the arrest of a personordered arrested by the court, or a suspect underinvestigation, he should be subjected to a medicalexamination. Prior to his release or any change ofcustody, the suspect should also be medicallyexamined by a medico-legal officer or, in theabsence of such medico-legal officer, by anygovernment physician in the area.

General Rules in the Conduct of Police Operations

1. Under all circumstances, the use of force,including firearms, is justifiable only by virtueof the Doctrines of Self-Defense and Defense ofStrangers. As stated by the Supreme Court, nobody,

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including the police and even the military, isabove, but subject to the law.

2. The use of force, especially firearms,shall be applied only as last resort, when allother peaceful and non-violent means have beenexhausted.

3. Whenever resulted to, only necessary andreasonable force sufficient to conduct self-defense, defense of a stranger and/orsubdue/overcome the clear and imminent danger posseor resistance being put up by a malefactor or groupshall be applied.

4. In case of actual shoot-out with thesuspect, panic firing shall be avoided. Panicfiring is opening fire and everyone else followssuit. The police officer in-charge of the operationshall see to it that he exercises control over hismen and that they shall fire only when necessary.

5. The police officer shall ensure that noinnocent bystanders are hit. Hence, extreme cautionshall be observed when firing in congested areas.Here the practical rules of shooting only to savelife could well be applied.

6. After shoot-out, the police officer shallcheck whether the suspect is still alive or hasbeen neutralized. In case the suspect has been

wounded and disabled, he shall be brought withadequate security to the nearest hospital formedical treatment.

7. The police siren and megaphone shall beused to influence/warn the offenders/suspects tostop and peacefully give up.

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8. The use of force specially firearms, shall

be tempered with such considerations as keepingforemost in the law enforcers mind the safety ofthe hostage, avoiding crossfire casualties andpreventing collateral damages to third parties.Reasonable force to neutralize the vehicle andenemy/suspects resistance is sufficient.

9. In case of an unavoidable engagement withthe criminal elements, immediate removal of thecasualties from the crime scene shall be undertakenafter the necessary sketches, pictures and otherinvestigative requirements are accomplished. Thevictim bodies shall always be segregated from thoseof the suspects. All SOPs of crime sceneinvestigation shall be strictly followed.

10. Human Rights shall be strictly observedand respected at all times.

Special Rules in Arrest

1. All arrest shall be effected pursuant toRule 113 of the Rules on Criminal Procedures, asamended.

2. Warrant of Arrest shall remain effectiveuntil the accused/respondent is arrested or thecase against him is terminated. It shall also cease

to be effective upon released of the accused onbail.

3. If the accused/respondents is not arrestedwithin ten (10) days from receipt of the warrant ofarrest of the office, unit or station concernedthru the service thereof, a report shall be

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submitted to the court of origin within ten (10)days following the expiration of the original ten-

day validity. In this case, only a xerox copy ofthe warrant shall be attached to the report and theoriginal shall be retained by the office, unit orstation to whom it was delivered for execution. Theunexecuted original copy of the warrant may bexeroxed and furnished other law enforcementagencies, in the area where the accused/respondentsmay be found.

4. A peace officer or a private person mayarrest a person without warrant when in hispresence the person to be arrested has committed,is actually committing, or is about to commit anoffense; or he has personal knowledge of the factsindicating that the person to be arrested is theone who has committed the offense, or is a prisonerwho has escaped from penal establishment or placewhere he is serving final judgement or temporarilyconfined while his case is pending or has escapedwhile being transferred from one confinement oranother. In all these instances, the person makingthe arrest shall observe strict compliance with therules of arrest; and with due regards to thedignity and rights of the individual to bearrested. The said arrest of any person withoutwarrant shall be disclosed to a barangay officialsor persons of known probity and integrity in thecommunity before he is taken into the custody. Theperson arrested without warrant shall be forthwith

delivered to the nearest police station or jail,and he shall be proceeded against in accordancewith law.

5. In all instances of arrest, the arrestingpeace officer or private person shall inform theperson to be arrested of the intention to arrest

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him, and the cause for the arrest, unless theperson to be arrested is then engaged in the

commission of an offense or is pursued immediatelyafter its commission or after an escape or flees orforcibly resists before the officer or the personmaking the arrest has opportunity to inform him, orwhen the giving of such information will imperilthe arrest.

6. In the case of motorized suspect to bearrested, the siren and megaphone shall be used towarn the occupants to park their vehicle and give-up peacefully. The arresting officer shall approachthe person on foot with proper back-up from hiscompanions. The driver and other suspects shall berequested to get out of the car with both handsvisible to the apprehending officer. If thesituation warrants the arrest, the apprehendedsuspects shall be brought to the police station forfurther investigation.

Rules on Search and Seizures

1. The general rule is that a search andseizure must be carried through with a judicialwarrant, otherwise such search and seizure becomeunreasonable and things seized in violation of thisrule, shall be inadmissible for any purpose in anyproceeding.

2. Where the arrest of the accused is lawful,having been caught in flagrante delicto, there isno need for a warrant for the seizure of the fruitof the crime as well as for the body search uponhim, the same being incidental to lawful arrest.

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3. The warrantless search and seizure as anincidental to a suspects lawful arrest may extend

beyond the person arrested, to include the premisesor surroundings under his immediate control.

Rules on Check/Choke Points

1. Only mobile checkpoints are authorized andthey shall be established only in conjunction withon-going operations/situations, or when there is aneed to arrest a criminal or fugitive from justice.The conduct of searches and arrest in saidcheckpoints shall be done with civility and withdue regard to the innocent passersby and commuters.The area where the checkpoints are establishedshall properly lighted, eligible and clear signsshall be exhibited to show that the searches arebeing conducted. Enforcement officers shall at alltimes in uniform with their identification cardsand nameplates on. The unit manning checkpointshall always be led by an officer with the rank ofat least inspector. Strictly there shall be nomulcting, extortion or harassment of drivers,passengers, traders, etc.

2. In the event checkpoints/roadblocks areignored and the motorist/suspects bumped theroadblocks in an attempt to elude arrest or avoidinspections, the team leader shall automaticallycontact the adjacent units to inform them of theincident, and request them to set roadblocks, if

necessary and conduct pursuit operation of thefleeing motorist. Warning shot is not encourage dueto the confusion it can create to thedriver/passengers of the vehicles. Megaphone orpolice siren shall be used instead of warningshots. Notation of the plate number is a must

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because the occupants of the vehicles may possiblyelude the pursuit operation.

3. In the event the occupants of the vehiclefire towards the personnel manning the checkpoints,overkill tendencies shall be avoided to avoidtragic and embarrassing situations which mayadversely affect the police organization and thegovernment, and in the process, reduced thepeoples trust and confidence. Reasonable force toimmobilize the vehicle and-or neutralize thesuspects resistance shall be sufficient

Planning Unlawful Assembly/Civil DisturbanceOperations

Civil unrest seems to be indigenous tocivilization, although there are times when it isapparent in isolated situations or among smallnumbers of people. Laborers, students, and cause-oriented groups have been most prominent anddramatic in their efforts to effect immediatechanges in the social practices and standards. Theyconduct demonstration, sit-ins, teaching, and non-violent civil disobedience, which usually begins asnon-destructive incidents but sometimes end inviolence and bitter combat. Some movements includemass criminal conspiracies for the purpose ofinterfering with lawful processes. Other producespontaneous riotous outburst arising out of

ostensibly peaceful assembly.

The continually recurring conditions of civilunrest and lawlessness throughout the country makeit appears that it is possible for a majordisturbance to occur and at any time and when thereare enough people for a quorum. Given the right

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combination of factors, any situation involvinglarge numbers of people may evolve or explode into

an unlawful assembly. Without immediate decisivepolice action, the situation could quickly evolveinto a full-scale riot.

Indicators of Unlawful Assembly

1. An increase in the recurrence of the samerumor, or the sensationalism of rumors of similardesign, such as alleged police abuse, and lost oftrust and confidence on the government.

2. An increase in threatening or insultingsigns or pamphlets in commercial or other publicplaces.

3. An increase in number of incidents ofviolence or threats of violence.

4. Disturbances at various locations thatappear to be a similar nature as if designed totest the capabilities of the police organization orthe decisiveness of the officer-in-charge of aninstitution such as school, as a prelude to moreserious action later.

5. More than the usual number of disturbanceat places of entertainment or sporting events.

6. Factional gang fighting or warfare or a

series of raids on parties and places of peacefulcongregation.

7. Threats and attacks on private property.

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8. An increasing need for the use of force ineffecting the arrest, as though there were a

planned effort to bait the police.9. An accompanying increase in the number of

complaints about abusive practices of the policeand/or the government, and the continuing claimthat such complaint is receiving no satisfactoryaction.

10. Public name-calling and a general attitudeof contempt and disrespect to police officers.

Police Purpose and Objective During Unlawful Assembly

1. Containment

2. Arrest of Violators

3. Dispersal

4. Re-entry must be Prevented

5. Establish Priorities

Stages in the Formation of Unlawful Assembly

1. Stage 1-First Stage

At this stage the crowd is still functioning asa conglomeration of individuals.

2. Stage 2-Second Stage

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In the second stage, the crowd members losetheir individuality and begin to function as a

single unit.3. Stage 3-Third Stage

By now the mob is functioning as a single unitand its leaders are in control, any event is likelyto precipitate to violent action or the riot isjust waiting to happen.

Procedure in Handling Unlawful Assembly

1. Assess the Situation

2. Communicate

3. Establish a Command Center

4. Take Immediate Action

4. Give the Dispersal Order

Procedures During Dispersal

1. Assign witness at strategic locations whocan testify that they heard the issuance ofdispersal order.

2. Order the crowd to disperse.

3. Order all the members of the CivilDisturbance Management (CDM) contingent to standready, guarding the perimeter, but making itpossible for the people to leave as directed.

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4. Expedite the departure of the people whoare commanded to disperse.

5. Repeat the order at least three (3) timesso that many people as possible can hear the givingof dispersal order.

6. Wait until the expiration of the timelimit.

7. At the end of the time limit, arrest theoffenders.

Duties of Police Officers During Strike and Lock-Outs

1. The key to effective police action at thescene of a labor management dispute is to becompletely fair and objective.

2. It is not the police role to assume thateither side is right or wrong.

3. The police responsibility is to establishcontact with both the company being struck and theleader of the strikers and to point out that thepolice role is to enforce the law and to protectlife and property.

4. Ask for the cooperation of all the parties

of both sides of the dispute.

5. The police concern is compliance with thelaws and protection of the people from personalinjury or property damage.

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6. When working at the scene of a strike,provide for the free flow of pedestrian and vehicle

traffic on the streets, the driveways, and thesidewalks.

7. Handle the matter in such a way that itdoes not indicate any alliance or sympathy witheither side of the dispute.

8. Arrest should be made to flagrantviolators.

9. Take all necessary information and preparea complete report.

10. Worked out for a more appropriate courseof action to resolve matters away of the picketline.

Rules on Unlawful Assembly/Civil Disturbance Management

1. The pertinent provisions of the PublicAssembly Act of 1985, Batas Pambansa Blg. 880, theLabor Code of the Philippines, as amended, andother applicable laws, shall be observed duringrallies, strikes, demonstration or other publicassemblies.

2. Accordingly, law enforcement agents shall

at all times exercise maximum tolerance.

3. Police officers must be in full uniformwith their identification cards and nameplates on.

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4. No excessive reasonable force shall beemployed on such occasions as to maim or wound

individuals.5. Only such forces as may be necessary to

prevent or repel an aggression may be used and onlyas last resort.

6. Employment of teargas, smoke grenades andwater cannon shall be made under proper advisementand command of a responsible or superior officer,and must be resorted only when there is a clearimminent danger to loss of lives and deliberatedestructions of properties.

7. No arrest of any leader, organizer orparticipants shall be made during public assembliesunless he violates any of the above mentioned laws,the Revised Penal Code or any Special Laws.

8. Police assistance when requested must belimited to protection of lives and properties, andthe members of the law enforcer contingent mustbear no firearm, they must be equipped only withriot sticks, shields, crash helmets with visor andboots.

9. No public assembly with permit shall bedispersed except when it becomes violent. At firstsign of impending violence, the Ground Commandershall call the leader/s for dialogue to prevent

possible disturbance.

10. During actual violence, audible warningfor dispersal by the ranking officer must be made,and if after allowing reasonable lapse of time,operations must be pursued using such force as may

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be necessary and reasonable to prevent or repel anaggression.

Basic Formation During Civil Disturbance Management Operation

1. Box Formation

It is being used in providing VIP securitycoverage.

2. U Formation

Also being used for VIP security coverage.

3. Line Formation

Basic formation during actual confrontationwith the crowd.

4. Double Line Formation

Formation used during defensive dispersal ofthe crowd.

5. Arrow Formation

Formation during aggressive dispersal of thecrowd.

6. Wedge Formation

Formation during the dispersal of a large number ofcrowd.

7. T Formation

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Also a basic formation in providing VIPsecurity during negotiations with unruly crowd.

Disaster Identification Problems

When disaster occurs, a tremendousresponsibility is immediately vested on the lawenforcement officer to perform many tasks. Adisaster is usually a situation that strikessuddenly and is totally unexpected. It consists ofa single events or a series of events that may bebrought by the work of the elements of nature orthrough some man-made accident.

Disaster Defined

A great natural catastrophe or an extraordinaryaccident which plunges scores of people intohelpless and suffering, and it will cause forunusual and superhuman police activity.

Types of Disasters

1. Fires

2. Explosions

3. Floods

4. Volcanic Eruptions

5. Transportation Accidents

Organization of Disaster Identification Team

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1. Who is in charge? When several agencies

agree to work together they may also agree to thesequestions.

2. Expert assistance is required. Other helpswill be needed, the number and type of personsdepending on the magnitude of each problem. Expertassistance may be required in a number of fields,including morticians, doctors, dentists,pathologist, and identification specialists whoshall be able to employ special fingerprinttechniques.

Important During Recovery of Body

1. Special equipment. In the rescue process,special equipment, such as bulldozers, cranes, etc.may be needed to recover the dead.

2. Record the location of the body. When avictim is found, the exact place of recovery shouldbe indicated and the body tagged and numbered.

3. Body Tag Number. Fingerprint card mustcorrespond to the tag number of the body from whichthe prints are taken.

4. Personal effects should be placed in acontainer and properly identified as to place of

recovery and body number, and kept it with thebody. If there is any question concerning them,they should be handled as a separate item.

Considerations in a Centralized Morgue

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1. Litters and body covers, cadaver bag,blanket or a sheet needed.

2. Location and size of morgue. The morgueshould be readily accessible to the scene of thedisaster and be able to accommodate a large numberof persons who will later require access.

3. The master numerical log should beestablished upon arrival of the body at the morgue.

Procedures During Preliminary Body Examination

1. Physical Characteristics. Teeth for dentalworks, operation and other scars, deformed legs,arms or fingers, amputations, color of hair andeyes, race, approximate height and weight, age,tattoos and any other identifying characteristics.Jewelry and pocketbooks contents are mostimportant.

2. Fingerprinting. The most positive reliableand infallible means of identification is throughfingerprinting.

3. Jewelry and pocket contents help in theidentification of victims.

4. Clothing also helps in the identificationof victims.

Procedures During Morgue Administration

1. Preservation of remains.

2. Body segregation.

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3. Body Case File. It involves description ofbody and clothing, fingerprint cards, list of

personal effects, photographs taken, dental chartand detailed results of medico-legal or autopsyexamination.

4. Missing Person Case File. Compare thiswith the body case file.

Establishing Positive Identity

1. Comparison of missing person date withrecorded body observations.

2. Death certificate and release of body.Authorities should be most reluctant to issue deathcertificates until all doubts have been resolved.

Disaster Control Procedures

1. Identify the nature and extent of theproblem.

2. Communicate your information by radioimmediately

3. Administer urgently needed first aid andother rescue activities.

4. Establish command post with communication.

5. Contain the area.

6. Maintain open emergency lane.

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7. Evacuate survivors and other persons inthe area whose lives are in jeopardy.

8. Provide public information services

9. Provide for coordination with otheragencies.

10. Arrange for access into the area byauthorized people only.

11. Records the event.

Definition of Terrorism

Violence for effect...not...primarily, andsometimes not all for the physical effect on theactual target, but rather for its dramatic impactin an audience.

The calculated use of violence or the threat ofviolence to attain goals, often political orideological in nature, through instilling fear,intimidation or coercion.

Is violent criminal behavior designed togenerate fear in the community, or substantialsegments of it, for political purpose.

Three (3) Broad Categories of Terrorists

1. Crazies

Mentally ill people who will commit terroristacts during a period of psychiatric disturbance.

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2. Criminals

People who commit terrorist acts for personalrather than ideological gain.

3. Crusaders

Ideologically inspired individuals orgroups...the political terrorists.

Common Tactics of the Terrorists

1. Bombing

The tactic common to most terror groups-thebomb is a popular weapon it is cheap to produce,easy to make, has variable uses, and is difficultto detect and trace after the event.

2. Hoaxes

Whatever the type IED, the terrorist will oftenuse it merely to establish credibility, and to showthat they mean business. Once their credibility hasbeen established they continue to disrupt, thoughnot to destroy by using well made and placed hoaxbombs. The right proportions of hoaxes with liveIED can keep security forces tied up guessing for along time.

3. Arson

Although not popular tactic among terrorists,arson has been used to destroy and disrupt suchtargets as public utilities, politicalheadquarters, and more commonly; economic

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industrial targets such as shops, factories andhotels.

4. Hijacking

In any kind of continuing terrorist activity,the hijacking of vehicles can and should beassociated with, and often gives indications ofsome future atrocities. Additionally, hijackedlegitimate vehicles give the terrorist an easymeans to approach or gain to a closed governmentfacility.5. Ambush

It is the fact that the terrorist can choosehis own time and place of operation and, if hisintended victim continually uses the same route,the terrorist can conduct countless dry rehearsalsbefore actually moving in for the kill.

6. Kidnapping

Kidnap for Ransom accounts about 8% of theterrorist incidents, and must still be viewed as aserious option open to terrorist groups.

7. Hostage Taking

The difference between the kidnapping andhostage taking is extremely fine in the world ofterrorism. However, the kidnapper would normally

regarded as someone who confines his victim insecret hideaway and makes material demands, whereasthe hostage taker will confront authorities andopenly hold their victim for ransom or some otherreasons.

8. Assassination

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It is perhaps the oldest of all terrorist

tactics in the book, and still widely used today.

Description of IEDs

The appearance of IED is up to the imaginationof the bomber. First and foremost, it is an object,regardless its disguise, that isnt suppose to be.The kicker to this statement is how do I know whatis or isnt supposes to be where it is?. There isno grand or perfect answer to this one.

However, the best man and most effectivemechanism is you and your alertness. Who elsewould be a better idea of what is or isnt asuspicious item or situation in your area. Througha constant sense of awareness, you and the peoplewho live and work in your particular areas are theonly true defense that exists. The point is if youthink it doesnt belong in your area, it probablydoesnt, and if it is suspicious-do something aboutit.

External Appearances of an IED

1. Pipe Bomb

Steel or PVC pipe section with end caps in just

about any configuration external fusing as a wickor clock/battery.

2. Briefcase/Boxes

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Any style, color, size including what appearsto be discarded quick food containers. Some may

even be as small as a cigarette package.3. Postal Service Mail

Especially if the address is screwed up or thereturn address/postmark is strange, unexpected ormissing. Rigged envelopes can be a clue toexplosive contents.

4. Automobiles/Trucks

By far the most devastating and probably one ofthe easiest to plant. Indicator may include strangelicense tags, inappropriate decals, or just anunfamiliar car parked in your area. The bomb can beimplanted anywhere in the vehicle including behindthe seats, in the trunk or gasoline tank.

5. Existing Objects

Those items which seem to have a purpose butcould be substituted or used as a bomb container.

Sub-Classifications of IEDs

1. Delivery

The method of getting the bomb to itsobjectives include, but are not limited to thefollowing.

1) Vehicle Bombs

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These are vehicles filled with explosivewhich made by booby-trapped, or remotely detonated.

2) Laid Charges

These are devices that are put into placeby the terrorist hands.

3) Projected Bombs

These are bombs thrown by hand or sometype of projection device such as Mortar.

4) Postal Bombs

These are devices sent through the mailsas letters or packages.

2. Activation

There are essentially three (3) ways toactivate IED:

1) Command Activation

This is done by radio signals, electricleads, pull wires and/or strikers to name a few.

2) Target Action

These can be activated by the target

tripping a wire, stepping on a pressure device,turning on light, etc.

3) Time Delay

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Such activators are clock mechanisms,burning fuses, chemical delays, atmosphere

pressures, etc.3. Usage

There are two (2) broad categories pertainingto usage:

1) Tactical IEDs

These are normally regarded as being thoseused against an individual and can include mailbombs, clamor devices, culvert bombs, in fact anyIEDs can be categorized as a tactical IEDs.

2) Strategic IEDs

These are considered to be those usedindiscriminately to gain world attention; forexample, in crowded airports, shopping centers, onaircraft and so on.

Police VIP Protection Activities

It is a police activity of providing overt andcovert security coverage out of ensuring thesecurity of the lives and limbs of a personauthorized by the law to be protected.

Definition of VIP

It is a person who, because of his sensitiveposition is accorded with special protection forhis personal safety.

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What is Buffer Security

They are security personnel who are deployedbetween the subject and the audience.

What is a Buffer Zone

It is an area which separates the VIP from theattacking audience.

What is an Advance Party

A group of protective personnel to conductnecessary survey inspections and coordination priorto the arrival of the VIP.

Modus Operandi of Assassins

1. Close range attack with the use of knifeor gun.

2. Use of explosives.

3. Use of a weapon from a distance.

4. Use of automatic weapons, warfarematerials and poison gas.

5. Kidnapping.

6. Crossing thru with the use of vehicle.

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Rings of VIP Physical Security

1. 1 st Ring - Foot and Mobile Patrol

2. 2 nd Ring - Fixed Post

3. 3 rd Ring - Close-in Security

Protective Security Procedures

1. The formation regardless of numberprovides 360 degrees of coverage.

2. The formations always move with principalwhen he is outside secured area.

3. As a general rule, agent must be inwalking formation.

4. The type of formation employed will bedependent on the manpower availability and threatsto the detail.

5. The aid remain closest to the principal ashis primary duty is to provide body cover should anattack occur.

6. Because formation must be flexible, agentsmust be prepared to assume vacant position in the

formation or change of formation to maintain 360degrees concept.

7. When walking in crowds, agents should keepon mind the expose parts of the principals body,the protection of their weapons, and the importanceof watching the hands of persons in the crowd.

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8. When walking with the principal, agents

should not be looking directly with the principal,but looking outward to watch the crowd and nearbysurrounding for possible attack.

Reaction to Hostile Crowd

1. Do not let the crowd deter you from yourprotective task.

2. Thrown objects should be batted down andput in the place away from the principal.

3. If a suspicious person is seen in thecrowd but no firm indication of intent to harm theprincipal, the agent should stand between theindividual and the principal until the principalhas pass safely.

4. If the crowd is too large and surroundsthe principal, the formation can go into defensivecircle to move the principal safely through it.

5. Provide close-in security to the principaland evacuate to safe haven if necessary.

Crime Statistics

It is a science, which deals with thecollection, interpretation, analysis andpresentation of quantitative crime data useful inpolice operational activities.

Definition of Index Crimes

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Are those serious crimes that are readily

reported and that occur with sufficient regularityand frequency so as to be used as an index of theactual level of criminality, i.e., murder,homicide, rape, physical injuries, parricide,robbery, and theft.

Definition of Non-Index Crimes

Are those crimes not falling under the indexcrimes.

Indictable Crimes

All cases that are defined and penalized underthe Revised Penal Code and Special Laws.

Non-Indictable Crimes

Cases not defined and penalized under theRevised Penal Code and Special Laws.

Total Crime Volume

Number of crimes committed in a given area overa period of time. If refers to the total number of

crime incidents reported or brought to theattention of law enforcement agencies.

Population Density (PD)

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The number of inhabitants per unit geographicalarea.

Formula: PD = No. of Inhabitants100,000

Where : 240,100 inhabitants-example= 240,100

100,000PD = 24.01

Crime Density (CD)

The number of crimes for every 100,000population in a given period of time.

It is obtained by dividing the Total CrimeVolume (TCV) by the population density.

Formula: CD = TCVPD

Where: TCV = 404

PD = 24.01

= 40424.01

CD = 16.83

Note:

This means that 16.83 incidents transpired forevery 100,000 population in a given period.

Weekly Crime Rate

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Is the frequency of crime occurrence by weekly

for every 100,000 population during a given periodof time. It is obtained by dividing Crime Density(CD) by the number of weeks in a given period.

Formula: WCR = Crime Density (CD)Period of Time

Where: CD = 16.83PT = 12 weeks

16.8312

WCR = 1.40Note:

This means that 1.40 incidents transpired forevery 100,000 population in a week.

Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE)

Is the batting average of a law enforcementagency in the solution of crime. It is obtained bydividing the Number of Crimes Solved by the Numberof Crimes Reported (NCR) for a given periodmultiplying the dividend by 100.

Formula CSE = NCS

____ X 100

NCR

Where NSC = 9

NCR = 10

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9

___ X 10010

= 0.9 x 100

CSE = 90%

Note:

The crime is considered solved if the case hasalready been filed in court.

Frequency of Crime

Is the frequency of occurrence of a particularcrime incident committed in a given area over aperiod of time, it is also similarly known as CrimeClock.

Formula: FC = Total No. of DaysTotal No. of Incident

Example: = Period Covered: 01 Jan-15 Nov 99

1. No. of Days = 318

2. No. of Murder Case = 107

= 318107

= 2.97Note:

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Two represents the days, to get the number ofhours, .97 will be multiplied by 24 hours, hence .

97 x 24 = 23.28, now 23 represent the number ofhours.

Then .28 will be multiplied by 60 minutes, .28x 60 = 16.8, now 16 represent the number ofminutes, then .8 will be multiplied by 60(seconds), .8 x 60 = 48, then 48 represents thenumber of seconds.

The frequency of Murder or the Crime Clock forthe crime of Murder is every 2 days 23 hours, 16minutes, and 48 seconds, or one Murder case iscommitted every 71 hours, 16 minutes, and 48seconds in a given area.

Arrest Rate (AR)

Is the batting average of a law enforcementagency in the accounting of persons with warrant ofarrest. It is obtained by dividing the total numberof Wanted Persons Arrested (WPA) by the totalnumber of Warrant of Arrest Received (WAR) in agiven period multiplying the dividend by 100.

Formula: AR = WPA____ x 100WAR

Where WPA = 9

WAR = 10

_9_ x 100100

= 0.9 x 100

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AR = 90%

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

POLICE OPERATION PLANNING

=================================================================

INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for each of the followingquestions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the boxcorresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheetprovided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil no. 1 only.

1. It is a systematic and continuous process of acquiring aset of decisions for action in the future, directed in achievinggoals by optimal means and of learning from the outcome aboutpossible new sets of decisions and new goals to be achieved.

A. police planning B. police programC. police plan D. police programming

2. It is a plan of what is to be done or s set of instructionsoutlining the steps to be performed in a specific operationalundertaking of police organization.

A. police planning B. police programC. police plan D. police programming

3. Almost all police organization engaged at one time or

another in the preparation of this plans and programs in responseto crisis or when forced to do so to implement decisions made bysome other body.

A. reactive B. operational efficiencyC. contingency D. strategic

4. It is a plan and programs that often results from thelesson learned by other police organizations that had facespecial incident, and is based on the organizations wish to beprepared when does it occur.

A. reactive b. operational efficiencyC. contingency D. strategic

5. It requires the organization to set goals of at least fiveyears into the future and devise steps that need to be taken toachieve goals.

A. reactive B. operational efficiencyC. contingency D. strategic

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6. In this classification of plans and programs, currentprocesses are reviewed and recommendations for improvement aremade.

A. reactive B. operationalC. contingency D. strategic

7. It is the sequence of planning and programming processwherein the questions, What need to be accomplished? and Whatis the desired future steps? are being asked.

A. identifying the problemsB. analyzing alternative solutionsC. preparing plans & programsD. setting-up of goals & objectives

8. It requires that on-going planning assignment is to bemade, although who is this may vary depending on the level orsubject of planning or programming.


9. It may involve scanning the environment, performingresearch and gathering information, and assessment of the presentsituation and current state of affair.


10. The extent to which the different courses of action and thecriteria for judging the strength of each course of action shouldbe consider once a problem is identified.

A. identifying the problemsB. analyzing alternative solutionsC. preparing plans & programsD. setting of goals & objectives

11. This shall be based on a careful selection of the mattersrelating to the situation for which plans are being developed.

A. frame of reference B. clarifying the problemsC. analyzing the facts D. collecting pertinent facts

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12. This calls of the identification of the problem byunderstanding both its records and its possible solutions.


13. Developing a plan shall not be attempted until all factsrelating thereto have been gathered, and it is refers to:


14. It is being done after all data have been gathered forcareful evaluation.

A. frame of reference B. clarifying the problemsC. analyzing the facts D. developing alternative

15. In the initial phase of plans development, severalalternatives measures will appear to be logically comparable tothe needs of the situation, and it is:

A. selling the plan B. arranging for executionC. analyzing the facts D. collecting pertinent facts

16. It is the careful consideration of all facts that usuallyleads to the selection of a best alternative proposal.

A. frame of reference B. clarifying the problemsC. analyzing the facts D. selecting alternatives

17. A plan to be effectively carried out must be accepted bypersons concerned at the appropriate level of plans development.

A. selling the plan B. clarifying the problemsC. analyzing the facts D. collecting pertinent facts

18. It requires the issuance of orders and directives to unitpersonnel concerned, and the provision of manpower and equipmentfor carrying out the plans.

A. executive of the plan B. clarifying the problemsC. analyzing the facts D. collecting pertinent facts

19. These are the three types of plans according to range,EXCEPT:

A. short range B. medium rangeC. mid-term range D. long range

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28. Are those plan which implement recruitment of personnel andother normal operations involving organizational activities.

A. operational B. auxiliaryC. tactical D. procedural

29. Are those plans that relate to such matters for budget andfunds preparations.

A. fiscal plan B. budget planC. all of the above D. non of the above

30. It is a special type of operations, and it is an extrememeasure used when all other means failed.

A. raid B. arrestC. search D. seizure

31. These are the factors affecting the success oreffectiveness of a raid, EXCEPT:

A. size & speed B. search & seizureC. simplicity of plans D. surprise & superiority

32. The following are the objectives and purpose of raid,EXCEPT:

A. apprehend suspect B. confiscate contrabandC. search & seizure D. recover stolen property

33. These are considerations in preparing police plans, EXCEPT:

A. applicability B. practicabilityC. timing D. feasibility

34. The following are the qualifications of the raiding party,EXCEPT:

A. steady nerves B. leadershipC. good judgment D. nervousness

35. The following are the composition of the raiding party,EXCEPT:

A. raid commander B. recorder & photographerC. raiding team D. entering & covering party

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36. The following are the duties of the covering party. i.e.,covers approach, cover the entire area, neutralizing fire ofbarricaded criminals and __________.

A. search & seizures B. confiscate contrabandsC. arrest of criminals D. prevent escape of criminals

37. The elements of a successful raid are as follows, EXCEPT:

A. plans & orders B. mission & reconnaissanceC. leadership & control D. instructions & executions

38. One of the factors to be considered in planning a raid isthat the terrain must be subjected to __________.

A. surveillance B. casingC. observation D. close study 39. It is important to be conducted to the participants, and itis informing them about the nature of the mission in conductingpolice raid.

A. briefing B. de-briefingC. ask individual role D. informing the mission

40. It is imperative before the service of search warrant orwarrant of arrest in given jurisdiction.

A. reconnaissance B. casing & surveillanceC. close study D. proper coordination

41. It is an examination of an individual or premises todiscover contraband.

A. seizure B. body searchC. search D. stop & frisk

42. A Search Warrant must be served within how many days fromthe dated of its issuance.

A. 5 days B. 10 daysC. 15 days D. 20 days

43. What is the purpose why the arresting officer conductscriminal interrogation, take mug shots, and fingerprints of thearrested suspect?

A. master file B. roques galleryC. all of the above D. non of the above

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44. Any evidence obtained in violation of the rights of thepersons against unlawful searches is inadmissible as evidence,and are considered.

A. warrantless search B. fruits of poisonous treeC. all of these D. fruit of illegal search

45. The search must always be made during this particularmoment of time, unless otherwise stated.

A. day time B. night timeC. all of the above D. non of the above

46. What is the purpose why there is a need of requesting theowner of the premises to do the opening of drawers and lifting of

evidence during valid searches.A. stealing B. avoid planting of evidenceC. taking of property D. recovery of evidence

47. What is required to the police officer after the service ofSearch Warrant?

A. submit an inventory B. deliver the propertyC. all of the above D. non of the above

48. During the service of Search Warrant, the presence of atleast how many witness are required.

A. 3 witnesses B. 2 witnessesC. 1 witness D. nothing at all

49. It is the science which deals with the collection,interpretation, analysis and presentation of quantitative crimedate useful in planning police operational activities.

A. statistics B. crimeC. crime statistics D. all of the above

50. Are those serious crimes that are readily reported and thatoccur with sufficient regularity and frequency so as to be usedas a parameter of the actual level of criminality.

A. index crimes B. non-index crimesC. indictable crimes D. non-indictable crimes

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51. Are those crimes not falling under index crimes.

A. index crimes B. non-index crimes

C. indictable crimes D. non-indictable crimes

52. Are those cases that are not defined and penalized underRevised Penal Code and Special Laws.

A. index crimes B. non-index crimesC. indictable crimes D. non-indictable crimes

53. It is the number of crime committed in a given area over aperiod of time, and it is also refers to the total number ofcrime incidents reported to the attention of the police station.

A. crime density B. total crime volumeC. crime rate D. population density 54. It is refers to the number of inhabitants per unitgeographical area.

A. crime density B. total crime volumeC. crime rate D. population density

55. The number of crimes for every 100,000 population in agiven period of time.


56. It is the frequency of crime occurrence by month for every100,000 population during a given period of time.


57. It is the batting average of the law enforcement agency inthe solution of crimes.

A. arrest rate B. crime solution efficiencyC. crime rate D. frequency of crime

58. It is the frequency of occurrence of a particular crimeincident committed in a given area over a period of time, it isalso commonly known as Crime Clock.


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59. It is the batting average of the law enforcement agency inthe accounting of persons with warrant of arrest.


60. The municipality X is having a total population of24,404,000. What is the population density of the municipality X?

A. 2.44 B. 4.22C. 4.24 D. 2.42

61. The municipality X which has a population of 244,500received a total crime volume of 401 for the 1st Qtr., CY: 2005.What is the crime density during the period covered?

A. 164.34 B. 146.34C. 164.43 D. 146.43

62. Police Station X recorded a crime density of 164.34 and acrime volume of 401 for the 1st Quarter, Calendar Year: 2005.What is the average crime rate?

A. 54.78 B. 78.54C. 78.45 D. 45.78

63. Out of the 50 total crime volume received by Police StationX for the month of March 2005, it was able to solve 40 cases.What is the crime solution efficiency?

A. 90% B. 80%C. 70% D. 60%

64. Out of 100 Warrant of Arrest received by Police StationX, it was able to arrest 75 wanted persons. What is the arrestrate?

A. 57% B. 75%C. 100% D. 50%

65. It is a police activities of providing overt and covertsecurity coverage out of ensuring the security of the lives andlimbs of a persons authorized by the law to be protected.

A. covert security B. VIP protection activitiesC. overt security D. all of the above

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66. It is a typical reaction of security personnel in case anattack unto the VIP that are provided with security coverage,EXCEPT:

A. sound-off B. cover the VIPC. evacuate the VIP D. leave the VIP

67. In the rings of the VIP security, the 3rd ring isclassified as __________.

A. fixed post B. close-inC. foot & mobile D. buffer security

68. It is a group of protective personnel tasked to conductnecessary survey, inspections and coordination prior to the

arrival of the VIP.A. buffer security B. buffer zoneC. advance party D. covert & overt security

69. They are security personnel who are deployed between theVIP and the audience.

A. buffer security B. buffer zoneC. advance party D. covert & overt security

70. It is a person who, because of his or her sensitiveposition is accorded with special protection for his or herpersonal safety.

A. VIP B. government officialsC. elected officials D. all of the above

71. A great natural catastrophe or an extra ordinary accidentwhich plunges scores of people into helplessness.

A. disaster B. fireC. conflagration D. accident

72. It is a basic formation in civil disturbance managementthat is being used during defensive dispersal of unruly crowd.

A. U Formation B. double line formationC. line formation D. arrow formation

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73. It is a basic formation in civil disturbance managementthat is being used during actual confrontation with the crowd.

A. U Formation B. double line formationC. line formation D. arrow formation

74. The following must be used in requesting the driver to parkhis vehicles.

A. siren B. megaphoneC. all of the above D. non of the above

75. It is a must before the conduct of pursuit operation, sincethe subject vehicles may elude arrest.

A. inform adjacent units B. notation of plate numberC. all of the above D. non of the above

76. Warrant of Arrest shall remain effective until thefollowing are met, EXCEPT:

A. accused is arrested B. cases is terminatedC. released on bail D. release on custody

77. It must be avoided to avoid tragic and embarrassingsituation which adversely affect the police organizations and thegovernment.

A. panic firing B. mulctingC. extortion D. overkill tendencies

78. At this stage of unlawful assembly, the crowd is stillfunctioning as a conglomeration of individuals.

A. stage one B. stage twoC. stage three D. stage four

79. At this stage of unlawful assembly, the crowd lost theirindividuality and begins to function as a single unit.


80. At this stage of unlawful assembly, the crowd isfunctioning as a single unit, any event is likely to precipitateto violent action or the riot is just waiting to happen.


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81. The following are the types of disasters, EXCEPT:

A. fires & explosions B. transportation accidents

C. conflagrations D. floods & volcanic eruptions

82. Perhaps it is the oldest of all the terrorist tactics inthe book and still widely used today.

A. assassination B. hostage takingC. kidnapping D. ambush

83. This is particular tactics, wherein the terrorist confrontthe authorities and openly hold their victims for ransom or someother reasons.


84. It is eight percent of all the terrorist incidents, andmust still be viewed as a serious option open to terroristgroups.


85. It is any kind of continuing terrorist activity, it isassociated with, and often gives indications of some futureatrocity.

A. bombing B. arsonC. hoaxes D. hijacking

86. Although not a popular tactic among terrorist, it is beinguses to destroy and disrupt targets.


87. The tactic common to most terror groups, it is popularweapon because it is cheap to produce, easy to make, has variableuses, and it is difficult to detect and trace after the event.


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88. There are ideologically inspired individual or groups, andthey are tagged as the political terrorist.

A. crazies B. criminalsC. crusaders D. all of the above 89.

Police Operation With Answer Keys

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