PolEmiCa model for LAQ assessment in airports - · PDF filePOLEMICA MODEL FOR LAQ ASSESSMENT...

FORUM-AE

PolEmiCa model for LAQ assessment in airports

Kateryna Synylo, Oleksandr Zaporozhets

National Aviation University , Kyiv

1 / FORUM-AE

Modelling

Area

Model /

Database

Name Release

Release

Date Lead

Sponsoring

Organization

Airport

Local Air

Quality CONCEN version 1.0 1985

Kiev Institute of

Civil Aviation

Engineers

GosNII GA,

Moscow

Airport

Local Air

Quality

PolEmiCa version 2.0 1997 Kiev International

University of Civil

Aviation

CAA of the Ministry

of Transport of

Ukraine

Airport

Local Air

Quality

PolEmiCa version 3.1 2015 National Aviation

University, Kiev

CAA of the Ministry

of Infrastructure

of Ukraine

POLEMICA MODEL FOR LAQ ASSESSMENT IN AIRPORTS

Workshops on Air Quality and non‐volatile Particulate Matter (14-15th April 2016 - Amsterdam)

2 / FORUM-AE

Engine emission model – Emission factor

assessment for aircraft engines, including influence

of operational and meteorological factors.

Jet model – model of contaminants transport and dilution by exhaust

gases jet. Assessment basic parameters of jet: length of jet penetration

“Sj”, height “ΔHa” and longitudinal coordinate “Xa” of buoyancy

effect of jet, dispersion characteristics (σx, σy, σz). Assessment

concentration value in jet “q”.

Dispersion model – dispersion of the contaminants in

the atmosphere due to turbulent diffusion and wind

transfer. Assessment concentration value in ambient air

“q”

POLEMICA MODEL


3 / FORUM-AE

Aircraft during LTO cycle; (ICAO Doc 9889)

Start-up procedures, (ICAO Doc 9889)

GSE; (ICAO Doc 9889)

APU/GPU; (ICAO Doc 9889)

Power plants (Ukrainian national methodology)

Fuel farm (Ukrainian national methodology)

Roadways vehicles (Ukrainian national methodology)

The following species were selected for assessment:

— Aircraft Fuel Burn (can be used to calculate CO2 respectively);

— Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx);

— Hydrocarbons (HC);

— Carbon Monoxide (CO);

— Particulate Matter (PM), as PM10 and PM2.5;

— Sulfur Oxides (SOx).

POLEMICA MODEL

Main purpose: Calculation of the inventory and dispersion parameters of the aircraft engine emission (CO, HC, NOx, SOx,

PM and HC) during the landing-takeoff cycle of the aircraft in airport area. It includes the emission from Start-up procedures,

APU and GSE also. The current version of PolEmiCa combines the calculation for main stationary sources and road vehicles

inside the airport area.


4 / FORUM-AE

Stationary sources:

Method of determination of the emission of contaminating matters into atmosphere

at incineration of fuel in boilers with productivity less than 30 tons of steam per hour or

less than 20 GKall per hour (taking into account the methodical letter of the Institute of

Atmosphere № 335/33-07 from May, 17, 2000), Moscow, 1999

Methodical rules for determination of the emission of contaminating matters into atmosphere from reservoirs. Novopolotsk, 1997 (taking into account annexes of the

Institute of Atmosphere from 1999, 2005, 2010).

Other sources:

ICAO, 2011: Airport Air Quality Manual, Doc 9889, 1st edition, 2011

Ukrainian national methods for fuel burn and emission factors of the road vehicles from Ministry of Transport and Agency of Statistics of Ukraine (2012)


5 / FORUM-AE

Stationary sources inventory calculations

code Emission substance Max

emission

factor, g/s

Annular

emission,

t/year

301 NO (Nitrogen (IV) oxide) 6,38 6,893

304 NO (Nitrogen (II) oxide) 4 1,120

328 Soot (PM2.5, PM10) 1,28 1,378

330 SO2 (Sulfur dioxide) 7,64 8,256

337 CO 5,41 5,846

703 benz/a/piren (3,4-

benzpiren)

0,000003 0,0000032

2904 Fuel oil ash 0,06 0,068

Emission matter Instantan

eous

emission

factor, g/s

Annular

emission,

t/year code Name

2704 HC (fuel vapor) 0,3136 0,491409

6 / FORUM-AE

PolEmiCa evaluation by CAEPport database

Aircraft

group Departures Arrivals Operations %

Large 3179 3177 6356 7.2

Medium 713 712 1425 1.6

Small 24109 24604 48713 55.1

Regional 5536 5571 11107 12.6

Business 103 113 216 0.2

Turboprop 9891 10102 19993 22.6

Piston 290 290 580 0.7

Total 43821 44569 88390 100 CAEPport - Model Airport layout

Flight operations distribution over aircraft groups


7 / FORUM-AE

AIRCRAFT EMISSION INVENTORY RESULTS

Model kg Start

up Take Off

Climb

Out

TO+

CO

AP+ Taxi

In Approach Taxi In Taxi Out Total Taxi Total

Po

lEm

iCa

(L

TO

ca

lcu

late

d)

CO 0 4312 3973 8285 85387 17307 68080 135095 203175 228767.0

HC 9474 429 298 727 16096 1484 14612 24964 39576 41787

NOx 0 149876 94734 244610 63449 50206 13243 25686 38928 333744

SOx 0 27084 22230 49314 39254 26078 13176 26440 39616 115009

PM10 0 368 722 1090 704 435 269 732 1001 2526

PM2.5 0 368 722 1090 704 435 269 732 1001 2526

Fuel 0 5416806 4446043 9862848 7850884 5215667 2635217 5287989 7923206 23001720


8 / FORUM-AE

COMPARISON OF AIRCRAFT EMISSION INVENTORY RESULTS BETWEEN THE TOOLS

Substance Calculation tools

LASPORT EDMS ALAQS ADMS ICAO PEGAS PolEmiCa

CO 273054 256 163 208 850 300359 419256 302395 228767.0

HC 48297 91 541 54 575 35789 57330 51815 41787

NOx 240720 238 866 301 880 279453 402509 309382 333744

SOx 16921 27 058 20 729 16 351 45544 96 103 115009

PM10 1788 2 827 1 961 4243 4365 2340 2526

PM2.5 1788 2 827 1 961 4243 4365 2340 2526

Fuel 21151038 19 895 750 20 783 565 20 438 419 33489839 19220622 23001720


9 / FORUM-AE

APU groups

Fuel Factor, kg/h

APU fuel group

Start-up

No load

(kg/h)

Normal running

Maximum ECS

(kg/h)

High load

Main engine

start

(kg/h)

Business jets/regional jets (seats < 100) 50 90 105

Smaller (100 ≤ seats < 200), newer types 75 100 125

Smaller (100 ≤ seats < 200), older types 80 110 140

Mid-range (200 ≤ seats < 300), all types 105 180 200

Larger (300 ≤ seats), older types 205 300 345

Larger (300 ≤ seats), newer types 170 235 315


10 / FORUM-AE

APU Emission, kg

Aircraft group FF CO HC NOx

BusnJet 918.8 10.992 0.865 4.735

SmalNew 301084.6 5948.844 3833.815 2097.181

SmalOld 26206.8 195.030 17.002 230.611

MidRang 183201.4 675.037 172.299 1685.863

LargNew 52431.3 856.940 42.297 343.123

LargOld 57201.7 189.703 32.140 609.354

Total APU for CAEPort 621044.7 7876.546 4098.418 4970.868


11 / FORUM-AE

APU PM inventory

Emission inventory analysis highlighted on sufficient APU

contribution to total emission:

•6.5% (PM2.5) at major UK airports (Stettler, 2011).

•7.9% (NOx) and 10.2% (PM10) for Frankfurt airport

(Umweltbericht, 2005);

BC emissions indices for the APU are

compared to two CFM56-2C1 main

engines tested during the campaign

(Kinsey, et al., 2012)

The emissions inventory of PM10 (total emissions - 25

tons/year) within the International Airport Frankfurt for 2005

with an intensity of takeoffs and landings 1 300 per day

12 / FORUM-AE

DETERMINATION OF THE EMISSIONS FROM APU (GTCP-98CK)

FOR JP-8 FUEL [KINSEY, et al., 2012]

FORUM-AE WP1 Air Quality Workshop (9th Jan 2014 - Manchester)

PM mass EIs determined by MST, EPA, and NASA-Langley for JP-8 PM number EIs determined by Aerodyne, MST, EPA, and NASA Langley for JP-8

PM mass emission indices is in the range 200-700 mg/kg fuel PM number emission is in the range 3-5∙10∙15 particles/kg fuel

Differential EInPSDs for the APU burning JP-8 fuel

13 / FORUM-AE

CO,HC,PM are 55% less

NOx is 48 % less

FB is 69 % less

GSE EMISSION INVENTORY RESULTS (advanced approach, ICAO doc 9889)


14 / FORUM-AE

COMPARISON OF EMISSION INVENTORY RESULTS BETWEEN

THE TOOLS (FOR ALL AIRPORT SOURCES)

Substance

Calculation tools

LASPORT EDMS ALAQS ADMS PEGAS PolEmiCa

CO 331475 766456 285032 377899 382258 303706

HC 57039 111781 64780 52294 59778 72311

NOx 328742 360286 360232 351933 383563 375666

SOx 88501 108318 90929 86787 166303 124012

PM10 6297 10645 6378 7323 6867 3639

PM2.5 5217 9099 3095 6237 5787 1377


15 / FORUM-AE

POLEMICA MODEL (dispersion calculation)

Dispersion model of PolEmiCa is based on

Gaussian/Eulerian approach to describe the

processes of atmospheric diffusion. Reason for

choice of such approach was caused by accordance

to the national standard OND-86, which is based on analytical solution of the semi - empirical equation

for turbulent diffusion in atmosphere.

The OND-86 method is used for administration

purpose of air quality control, including the definition

of the boundaries of sanitary protection zones around the sources of air pollution, airport is among

them.

The OND-86 method provides 20-30 minutes

averaged concentrations from stationary emission

sources, which are used as limits in domestic normative regulation.

The basic model equation for definition of instantaneous

concentration C at any moment t in point (x,y,z) from a

moving source from a single exhaust event with preliminary

transport by jet on distance XA and rise on total altitude H and

dilution of contaminants by jet (0) has a form:

1/2z

2z0

z2z0

2

z2z0

2

1/2y

2y0x

2x0

3

y2y0

2

x2x0

2

t]2K+[

t4K+2

H)+z(zexp

t4K+2

H)- z-(zexp

t]}2K+[ t]2K+[ {8

t 4K+2

)y-(y

t4K+2

)x-(xQexp

=t)z,y,c(x,

)(5.0 2

0ttutatuxx

wPL

2

05.0 tbtvyy

PL

2`

05.0' tctwzz

PL

The dispersion for the stationary sources in

PolEmiCa is calculated by the algorithm of OND-86.


16 / FORUM-AE

POLEMICA MODEL (DISPERSION CALCULATION)

ΔhA, XA – height and longitudinal coordinate of jet axis rise due to buoyancy effect; hEN – height of engine installation; RB – radius of jet expansion; X1 – longitudinal coordinate of first contact point of jet with ground; X2 – longitudinal coordinate of a point of jet lift-off from the ground due to buoyancy effect.

The estimation of the height of jet rise due to buoyancy effect, the Archimedes number is used:

20

00

)1(2

U

QRgAr T

0

3

0013.0 RXArh AA

Initial dispersion parameters (0s)

of puffs and height of jet rise hA

are function of the engine exhaust

outlet parameters (diameter,

velocity and temperature).


Jet model was improved by CFD code

(FLUENT 6.3/Gambit), which allow investigates and assesses structure, properties and basic fluid mechanics

aspects of jet behavior.

JET MODEL

17 / FORUM-AE

OND-86 method for PM

The maximum value of surface concentration (mg/m3) produced by emission of point source

(round nozzle) under unfavorable meteorological conditions at distance XM distance (m)

from the source is determined by the formula:

A - coefficient depending on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere;

М – emission rate, g/s;

F – dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the rate of PM sedimentation in

the ambient air;

m, n – coefficients depending on output conditions of the exhaust mixture from the

emission source;

H – the height of the emission source above ground level, m;

– dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the effect of the terrain, in the case of

flat terrain = 1;

Т– temperature difference between exhaust mixture and ambient air, °С;

V1 – exhaust mixture rate, m3/s:

,4

0

2

1 D

V

31

2 TVH

nmFMACM


18 / FORUM-AE

If data on the distribution of PM size are collected, in this case diameter dg and appropriate

deposition rate vg will be determined by such way, that the mass of PM with a diameter greater dg

is 5% of the total PM mass.

F=1, if vg/Um≤0.015, where Um –unfavorable wind velocity.

F=1.5, if 0.015 ≤vg/Um≤0.030

F=2.0 – 3.0, if vg/Um >0.03, with taking into the emission purification factor (EPF):

if EPF is at least 90%, F = 2; if EPF is in the range 75-90%, F=2.5; F = 2; if EPF is less than 75%, F=3.

DIMENSIONLESS COEFFICIENT F IN DEPENDENCE ON THE PM SEDIMENTATION RATE

OND-86 method

The deposition rate is determined

in accordance with the Stokes law:

18

10 28 gdgg

μ-dynamic viscosity of air, g/cm∙s

Dependence of F coefficient on vg/um


19 / FORUM-AE

OND-86 method for PM

The distance Xm (m) from emission source, at which a surface concentration will

obtains the maximum value Cm under unfavorable meteorological conditions:

where dimensionless coefficient d for f < 100 is determined by following way:

for Vm≤0.5

for 0.5≤Vm≤2

for Vm>2

where:

,4

5Hd

Fxм

;5,0при28,0148,2 3 мefd

;25,0 при28,0195,4 3 мм fd

.2 при28,017 3 мм fd

3 165.0H

TVvm


20 / FORUM-AE

PM (under normal conditions)

Concentration of nvPM (qw, qwm) is related with concentration of vPM (q, qm)

by following way at the distance X from emission source:

volatile non-volatile


21 / FORUM-AE

nvPM The maximum concentration of nvPM is always higher and appropriate distance to the emission

source is less than for vPM. On the basis of numerical simulations was found the following

dependences for χ and χm on height H and w/k1.

Additionally, the dependence is obtained for χm on height H for w/k1 = const. As it is shown on

figure, the χm is practically independent of the height H for emission sources, which are displayed in

surface layer.

Curve 1 2 3 4 5

k1x/u1 300 400 500 600 700

Coefficients χ and χm


22 / FORUM-AE

Pollution for gas and PM

APU, H=4,5m, concentration for gas and PM>10 along the wind axis (emission parameters are the same):

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

50 100 200 300 400 700 1000 1500 2000 3000

Distance, m

Co

ncen

trati

on

, m

g/m

3

gas

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

50 100 200 300 400 700 1000 1500 2000 3000

Distance, m

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n, m

g/m

3

PMover10

APU, H=4,5m, concentration field for gas and PM>10 (emission parameters are the same):

23 / FORUM-AE

nvPM PM polydispersity leads to the separation of maximums concentration in space for individual

fractions on the wind direction and therefore it contributes to the reduction of maximum total

concentration. The coefficient χm for the maximum of surface concentration is substantially less

dependent on the source height H than in the case of monodisperse PM, but it is still somewhat

increases with H, especially when h> 300m


0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

50 100 200 300 400 700 1000 1500 2000 3000

Distance, m

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n, m

g/m

3 PM2,5

PM2,5+ PM10

PM2,5+PM10+PM>10

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

50 100 200 300 400 700 1000 1500 2000 3000

Distance, m

Co

ncen

trati

on

, m

g/m

3

gas

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

50 100 200 300 400 700 1000 1500 2000 3000

Distance, m

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n, m

g/m

3

PMover10

24 / FORUM-AE

PolEmiCa calculations NOX: Power Plant+Aircraft Stands

a) 20 minutes b) 1 hour


25 / FORUM-AE

Transform to higher periods of averaging

Accuracy of the model: for stationary sources (OND-86, 20-minutes

averaging) the uncertainty ±25% is considered, for moving sources should

be higher

For the purposes of the CAEP MDG evaluation the 20-30-minutes averages of concentration (results of OND-86) were transformed into 1-hour averages using Addendum to the OND-86 “Method of calculation averaged over a long period, concentrations of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere”

For stationary point sources the transformation coefficients are dependent from wind velocity and direction dispersions for specific atmosphere stability class mostly,

for moving point sources transformation coefficients are near to relation of intervals of averaging of the calculated concentration because of their minor dependence from atmosphere parameters.


26 / FORUM-AE

PolEmiCa calculations NOX: Power Plant and Aircrafts (stands+taxi+TO)

a) 20 minutes b) 1 hour


27 / FORUM-AE

PolEmiCa calculations NOX: aircraft contribution to aiport air pollution

•a) all the sources b) aircraft only


28 / FORUM-AE

a

b

c e

d f

Dispersion results for CAEPort: PolEmiCa comparison with other verified LAQ tools

a – PolEmiCa; b – EDMS; c – ADMS; d – LASPORT; e) ALAQS; f) PEGAS

29 / FORUM-AE

MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN AT BORYSPOL AIRPORT – LOCATION SET UP 1

Measurement sites A und B: stationary

station A is located close-by the runway (30 m for sample mast) and mobile station B at 110 m from the runway due

to prevailing wind direction (south-east).

SE-Wind

aircraft

movement

320

360

400

440

480

0

30

60

90

120

12:30 12:40 12:50 13:00

CO

2 m

ixin

g ra

tio

n [p

pm

V]

NO

an

d N

Ox

mix

ing

ra

tio

[p

pb

V]

time [hh:mm]

Measurement point down, 10 s boxcar integration

NO; 3.6 m height

NOx; 3.6 m height

CO2; 3.6 m height

BAE147LYLF507-1H

(TX)

BAE147LYLF507-1H

(T/O)

A321CFM56-5B3

(TX)

B-735CFM563

(TX)

B-735CFM56-3B1

(T/O)

B-735CFM56-3B1

(TX)

A321CFM56-5B3

(T/O)

B-735CFM563

(T/O)

Background and the plume concentration for NO, NOx and

CO2 at 3.6 m height (mobile station B) for different aircraft conditions: take-off (T/O) and taxi (TX)

0

50

100

150

200

250

LY LF507-1H CFM56-5B3/P CFM56-3C1 CFM56-3B1

NO

xco

ncen

tratio

n [

g/m

3]

Engine types

PolEmiCa model

PolEmiCa/CFD model

measured (3.7 m)

measured (5.7 m)

Comparison of measured and modeled

averaged concentrations (3 s) of NOx in plume from aircraft engine for maximum

operation mode

30 / FORUM-AE

MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN AT INTERNATIONAL BORYSPOL AIRPORT – LOCATION SET UP 2

SW-wind

W-wind NW-wind

aircraft

movement

Measurement sites A und B: stationary

station A is located close-by the runway (30 m for sample mast) and mobile station B at 110 m from the runway due to prevailing

wind direction.

Comparison of the PolEmiCa (previous and improved version) results with the measured NOx

concentration from aircraft engines exhausts under maximum mode at station B (a-down; b-up)

a

b

31 / FORUM-AE

CONCLUSIONS

Dispersion modelling by PolEmiCa is performed and the results are shown. The PolEmiCa results are quite comparable with other verified tools.

Improvement and validation of PolEmiCa model by measurement campaign at International Boryspol airport

PolEmiCa model is still under the development, currently in two important directions: improving of jet/wake transportation modelling by CFD codes and verification of the modelling results with measurement’s data in various airports of the world, which were done with various techniques


32 / FORUM-AE

Thank you for your attention!


PolEmiCa model for LAQ assessment in airports - · PDF filePOLEMICA MODEL FOR LAQ ASSESSMENT...

Documents

Transcript of PolEmiCa model for LAQ assessment in airports - · PDF filePOLEMICA MODEL FOR LAQ ASSESSMENT...