Polarization Facilities at COSY September 11, 2007 D.Eversheim, PSTP 2007 1 How Everything Began The...

September 11 2007 DEversheim PSTP 2007 1

Polarization Facilities at COSY

bull How Everything Began

bull The CBS for COSY

bull Overcoming Depolarizing Resonances The EDDA Experiment The ABT for EDDA

bull The RF Spin-Flipper

bull The ANKE and TOF Experiment

bull Summary

pampd

pampd



Solenoid(lt4 Tesla)

1st 6-Pole

2nd 6-Pole

IF

WF

18 m

PenningIonizer

Dissociator

6-Poles ampTransitions

The Bonn Source

pampd

System with 8 electrostatic electrodesmagnetic and electrostatic mirror

bull Strongly coupled system with hysteresisbull Large potential depressionbull Noisy

System with compressor (2nd) 6-pole magnet and tapered (1st) 6-pole magnetTransitions suffer from the stray-field of the solenoid

bull Beam handling matched to cooled nozzlebull Polarization suboptimal

Nozzle cooled to 77K


Polarization Facilities at COSYIonizer Noise

Penning Ionizer ECR Ionizer

0


Polarization Facilities at COSYLessons to be Learned

Avoid coupled systems

Have the magnetic fields under control iestrength shape and stability

Invest in sufficient measuring devices


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe COSY Accelerator Facility at FZ-Juumllich

COSY was designed fromthe beginning to handle polarized

pampd




Polarization Facilities at COSYThe COSY CBS (1992-1995)

Collaboration from universitiesbull Bonn (D Eversheim)bull Erlangen (W Kretschmer)bull Cologne (H Paetz gen Schieck)

rarrTalk by R Gebel


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe COSY CBS



Time [ms]

CBS Gas Injection Scheme



Deuteron

RF-Transitions

1

23

4

5

Breit-Rabi Plot for Deuterons



pure statesfavorable transition combination

Systematic Transition Scheme for Deuterons

6-Pole Magnets and RF-Transition (Tr) Combinations



Targetmotor

The Low-Energy (LE) Polarimeter

Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV

LE-Polarimeter Spectra

Py = 085

Px = 0



Resonance strength 10-6 - 10-3

Qy = 360

Imperfection and Intrinsic Resonances for COSY


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe EDDA Detector

Collaboration frombull University Bonn (J Bisplinghoff)bull University Hamburg (W Scobel)bull FZ-Juumllich (R Maier)


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe EDDA Detector with the ABT



G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s

Intrinsic Resonances

Imperfection Resonances

Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps

vertical orbit excitation

bull Achieved 1010 protons with P gt 75 at 33 GeVc

Tune-Jump Quadrupole

bull Copper coil air corebull Length 06 mbull Max current plusmn3100 A bull Max gradient 045 Tm bull Rise time 10 μs bull Fall time 10 to 40 ms

Methods at COSY to Preserve Polarization



G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy

Polarization During Acceleration


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe EDDA ABT (1996-1997)

University Bonn (DEversheim)


Polarization Facilities at COSYEDDA ABT Beam

Prediction 02acute95QMS-measurement 01acute97EDDA 11acute97

Areal density ρF

for one state ρF = 21011cm2


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe Holding Field Assembly

COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe EDDA Target Cell


Polarization Facilities at COSYCalculation of the Holding-Field for the Target Cell

Holding-field in y-directiongenerated by 24 current conductors at z = 0

Relative deviations from the mean-field shown at 01 02 05 and 1



90

Some EDDA Results for Scattering p-p

Excitation functions of AN at eight out of 15 cm angles in comparison to phase shift solutions pre EDDA

post EDDA

EDDA

pp elastic data-base

dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351



Numerical data accesshttpkaadesydeeddaEDDAhtml

Scientific Impact


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe RF Spin-Flipper

p=21 GeVc Δt=01 s Δf2=6 kHz intBrmsdl=046 Tmm

Spin flipping of polarized protons

RF Dipolebull 8-turn water-cooled copper coil in a ferrite box bull Length 06 mbull Frequency range 025 to 145 MHz bull Integrated field intBrms dl ~ 054 Tmm

SPINCOSY Collaborationbull University of Michigan (A Krisch)bull FZ-Juumllich (R Maier)bull University Bonn (F Hinterberger)

Vector spin-flip efficiency9992 plusmn 004



Spin-flipping of polarized deuterons Higher-order spin resonances

p=21 GeVc

Spin-Flipping at COSY

Spin-flip efficiency 97 plusmn 1

p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz


Polarization Facilities at COSYCOSY Lay-Out


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe ANKE Spectrometer

Top view of the ANKE spectrometerand detector system The ForwardDetector (FD) consists of three Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC) labeled 3 4 and 5 and a two layerscintillation hodoscope

Deuteron Beam Polarimetry

y yy3 0

yy0

y

dpelastic(A A )dp Heπ (A )quasi-freenp dπ (A )

Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34

Scintillatorhodoscop

Telescope with TOF Stop ΔE

TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target

Cerenkov detectors1m

rarrTalk by D Eversheim


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe ANKE ABT

Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions

rarrTalk by R Engels


Polarization Facilities at COSYThe Juumllich TOF Spectrometer



Solid StateInternal

Polarized Target(planned)

Schematic of the Juumllich TOF Spectrometer


Polarization Facilities at COSYMounting the Scintillator Wedges


Polarization Facilities at COSYAzimuthal Distribution of Spill-Averaged Polarization at TOF

pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc


Polarization Facilities at COSYSummary

COSY provides beams in its total energy range

pampd

Two atomic beam targets for (EDDA and ANKE) complete the experimental equipment

pampd

The EDDA experiment substantially extended the database for phaseshifts

RF spin-flipping works for

pampd

COSY is a nice place for spin physics



Solenoid(lt4 Tesla)

1st 6-Pole

2nd 6-Pole

IF

WF

18 m

PenningIonizer

Dissociator

6-Poles ampTransitions

The Bonn Source

pampd

System with 8 electrostatic electrodesmagnetic and electrostatic mirror

bull Strongly coupled system with hysteresisbull Large potential depressionbull Noisy

System with compressor (2nd) 6-pole magnet and tapered (1st) 6-pole magnetTransitions suffer from the stray-field of the solenoid

bull Beam handling matched to cooled nozzlebull Polarization suboptimal

Nozzle cooled to 77K




0









pampd






rarrTalk by R Gebel





Time [ms]




Deuteron

RF-Transitions

1

23

4

5









Targetmotor


Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd





0









pampd






rarrTalk by R Gebel





Time [ms]




Deuteron

RF-Transitions

1

23

4

5









Targetmotor


Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd










pampd






rarrTalk by R Gebel





Time [ms]




Deuteron

RF-Transitions

1

23

4

5









Targetmotor


Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd







rarrTalk by R Gebel





Time [ms]




Deuteron

RF-Transitions

1

23

4

5









Targetmotor


Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd






Time [ms]




Deuteron

RF-Transitions

1

23

4

5









Targetmotor


Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd




Deuteron

RF-Transitions

1

23

4

5









Targetmotor


Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd









Targetmotor


Cyclotron-Beam

University Krakau



12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd




12 12

Lab

kin

C(pp) C

Θ =55deg

E =45MeV


Py = 085

Px = 0




Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd





Qy = 360









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd









G = 2 34

5 6

6-Q

y-1

+Q

y

7-Q

y0+

Q y

1+Q y

9-Q

y2+

Q y10-

Qy

1 s



Re

son

an

ze

n_

1c

dra

w

H

Sto

ck

hors

t

tune jumps








G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd




G=4

G=5

G=6

7-Qy

0+Qy

8-Qy

1+Qy

9-Qy

2+Qy

10-Qy








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd








Areal density ρF




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd




COSY-Beam

ABT-Beam









90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd










90



post EDDA

EDDA


dσdΩ

Eur Phys J A23 (2005) 351




Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd





Scientific Impact











p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd












p=21 GeVc



p=185 GeVc

Δf2=100 Hz







y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd








y yy3 0

yy0

y


Negative ejectiles

Positive ejectiles

D1

D2

D3

Scintillators

Side hodos-cope

FD

TOF Stop

TOF Start

TOF Start

MWPC 3-5

MWPC 67

MWPC 12

MWPC 34



TOF StopPolarized

Internal Target





Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd




Dissociator

6-Pole Magnets

Transitions






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd






Solid StateInternal







pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd






pp

pBeam = 08 GeVc




pampd


pampd



pampd





pampd


pampd



pampd


Polarization Facilities at COSY September 11, 2007 D.Eversheim, PSTP 2007 1 How Everything Began The...

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Transcript of Polarization Facilities at COSY September 11, 2007 D.Eversheim, PSTP 2007 1 How Everything Began The...