Poisonous Plant Class - USDA ARS … · Poisonous Plant Class ADVS 586 Bryan Stegelmeier April 3,...
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PPRL 2008 Poisonous Plant Class ADVS 586 Bryan Stegelmeier April 3, 2008 Myotoxic Plants
Transcript of Poisonous Plant Class - USDA ARS … · Poisonous Plant Class ADVS 586 Bryan Stegelmeier April 3,...
PPRL 2008
Poisonous Plant ClassADVS 586
Bryan StegelmeierApril 3, 2008
Myotoxic Plants
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Striated Muscle
Types of muscle
Mitochondria
Sarcolemna
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Ultrastructure
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Myotoxic PlantsMuscle structure and physiologyClinical and histologic lesionsMyotoxic Plants
Thermopsis montanaEupathorium rugosumHaplopappus or Aplopappus spp.Cassia occidentalis O. obtusifoliaKwarwinskia humboldtianaGossypium spp.Lathyrus spp.Vicia villosaSolanum spp. (enzootic calcification)
Cardioglycoside Containing PlantsDigitalis purpureaNerium oleanderConvallaria majalis and C. montanaApocynum spp.Adonis aestivalisRhododendron spp.Kalmia spp.Pieris japonica and P. floribunda
Other potential myotoxic plants
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Clinical Signs
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Anorexia, depression, droopy ears
Reluctant to stand or move
Swollen hard muscle
Walk with slow, labored gait
Weakness, trembling, ataxia
Recumbency, coma, death
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Biochemical Changes
ASTCPKKMyoglobinuriaSecondary changes
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Gross Lesion
Hard swollen musclesPale streaking in muscleSecondary changes
Disuse atrophyCongestive heart failureNephrosisHepatic lipidosis
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Histologic Lesions
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Thermopsis montana of T. rhombifolia- Golden Banner, Mountain Thermopsis, False Lupine, Yellow Pea
A perennial pea like plant with a rhizomatous root system and erect, branching stems that reach a height of 30 to 46 cm. Alternate with three leaflets (lupine has 5+).Bright yellow flowers in dense racemes from the leaf axils Densely haired, erect seed pods that are straight (T. montana) or curved (T. rhombifolia).
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MO ID OR WA NE UT COQuinolizidine alkaloids:
n-methylcytisinecytisine5,6 dehydrolupaminethermopsineAnagyrine
1 g/kg BW for 2 to 4 days
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Signs and Lesions
Depression, weakness, trembling, recumbency and death
Edema, arched back, swollen eyelids
Increased serum enzymes
Muscle degeneration and necrosis
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Eupathorium rugosum- snakeroot, white snakeroot, richweed
Epidemics of weakness, nausea, prostration, death
Milk sickness, ‘the slows’(Mrs. Lincoln, General McClellan) ‘trembles’ in cattle
100 years to connect disease with plant
1927 Trematol
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Trematol (mixture of tremetone, dehydroytremetone, dihydroytremetone and hydroxytremetone)Cyrochrome P450 activated and quickly detoxifiedGreen, dry and frosted plant are toxicLipid soluble results in relay of secondary toxicityStiffness, depression, ataxia, sternal recumbency, anorexia, tremors, coma, deathHorses develop CHF
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Disease in Livestock0.5-1.5% BW disease in 7-11 days6 month old hay toxicLactating cows protectedHistology
MyonecrosisHepatic lipidosisHemorrhages and congestionGastroenteritis
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Jimmy Weed, Rayless Goldenrod, Burrow WeedIsocoma pluraflora (Isocoma wrightii),
(Haplopappus heterophyllus)An erect, sparsely branched, woody perennial growing to 1 meter highSticky leaves are linear and alternateYellow numerous flowers form small, terminal flat topped heads of 7 to 15 flowers
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Alkaline soils of drier rangeland, river valleys, drainage areas, and irrigation canals TX, NM, AZ, and COHorses, cattle, sheep and goats1.5% bw toxic in cattle
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Senna or Cassia spp.- coffee weed or coffee sena
Troublesome weeds Troublesome weeds southeastern United States, southeastern United States, Hawaii, Mexico. Opportunist Hawaii, Mexico. Opportunist annuals that grow in waste annuals that grow in waste areas, roadsides, fence lines. areas, roadsides, fence lines. Common as weeds of corn Common as weeds of corn and soybean fields.and soybean fields.Green and dry plants are Green and dry plants are toxictoxicPoison horses, cattle, sheep Poison horses, cattle, sheep and goats.and goats.
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Cassia obtusifolia
Woody, erect, lightly branched annual, 2-3 m tallAlternate pinnate leaves with 4-5 pairs of leaflets spaced on common stalkFlowers are yellow in loose clusters on leaf axilsCurved seed pods (20 cm) are thick, dark brown and slightly flattened with with pale longitudinal stripes and brown seeds
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Most poisoning in cattle occurs in Nov. and Dec. after frosts. Calves are more susceptibleHorses may have liver disease sooner than the myonecrosis.Toxin is unknown but speculated to be substituted quinones- some evidence it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. 0.4-12% BW toxic Skeletal and cardiac toxicityRecovery depends on the severity. Rarely does an animal recover once it has become recumbent.
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Karwinskia humboldtianaCoyotillo, buckthorn, tanglefoot, tullidoraWoody shrub or small treeTX, Mexico and SW StatesGravely hills, canyons, and along arroyosPolyneuropathy with acendingparalysisAnthracenones (T496, T514, T516, T544) usually called tullidinol and possibly other neurotoxinsInterfere with neuronal synthesis and axonal transport Large, long axons most severely affected
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Karwinskia humboldtiana
Cattle most sensitive but poisoning reported in goats, sheep, hogs, fowl, horses and manSignsLesions: Demyelinatingneuropathy, lymphadenopathy, epicardialhemorrhage, skeletal and myocardial degeneration and necrosis, nephrosis and lipidosisAxoplasmal dysruption, wallerian degeneration, myelin degeneration
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Gossypol
Gossypium spp. (cotton plants)Polyphenolic binaphthalenefound in the seedMonogastrics and young ruminants most susceptibleLesions
CSM for several weeksInappetence, weight loss, weakness, ascietes, hydrothroax, CHF, skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and necrosis, regeneration
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Lathyrus spp.
Europe, Africa, Russia and IndiaPeople eat Lathyrus seedsL. hirsutus, L. incanus, L. pusillus, L. sylvestris, L. odoratus used in USHorses may be more susceptibleBeta-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-aminopropionitrileMetabolized to aminoproprionitrilethat is thought to inhibit collagen cross linking (inhibits lysyl oxidase)Results in osteolathyrism and angiolathyrism- spinal cord and nerve degeneration, vasuclaraneurysms
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Cattle- stilted gait, weak, shift weight oftenHorses- severe weakness, laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring disease), lameness, sudden death
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Vicia villosa
Hairy vetchOK and midwestMyotoxin plus hepatotoxin, and neurotoxinGranulomatous inflammation in heart, skeletal muscle, adrenal glands, kidney, thryroid, brain and lungs (hypersensitivity ?)
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Cestrum diurnum
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferolIncreases Ca absorption from GI, increases Ca mobilization from bone, decreases renal Ca excretionHypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia- >60 product=soft tissue mineralizationCardiac, pulmonary, renal, and gastrointestinal mineralizationDystrophic calcification
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US Solanum spp.
S. verbascifolium, S. torvum, Nierembergiaveitchii, Cestrum diurnum(jessamine, wild jasmine, day cestrum, king of the day, Chinese inkberry) FL
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Enzootic Calcification
Signs/Lesions:Chronic weight loss despite normal appetiteStiffness » lameness »recumbency Pain in the ligaments and tendons Heart murmurs » failureCalcification of tendons, ligaments, and elastic arteries » calcinosis of aorta, pulmonary arteries, heart valves, and endocardium
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Prognosis
Recovery is rare if poisoning is chronicLess severely poisoned animals will probably recover if they are denied further access to the plant and are given a balanced ration.
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Cardiac Glycoside Containing Plants
Digitalis (model compound)100-200 mg/kg lethal8% use results in toxicityBlocks Na/K ATPase causing increased intracellular Na and lowering the membrane potentialResulting increased Ca causes a positive ionotropic effectHigh doses interfere with the cardiac conduction system especially the SA and AV nodesAsystole
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Lesions (Cardiac Glycosides)
Arrhythmias (tachycardia), cold extremities, dilated pupils, blue mucous membranes, sweating, colic, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, heart block, asystole, and death.Minimal myocardial hemorrhage, myofiber vacuolation with minimal inflammation.
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Digitalis purpurea
FoxgloveBiennial herb from Europe, common on west coastDigtoxin, digoxin, gitoxinToxic green or when dry
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Nerium oleander
Ornamental throughout North AmericaEvergreen shrubNerioside, oleandroside, oleandrin, digitoxigenin, neriin, folinerin, oleandromycin, rosagenin, and odoroside that are similar to digitoxinToxic green and dryMost poisonings from clippings
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Convallaria majalis and C. montana
Lilly of the valleyOrnamental throughout North AmericaC. montana native to eastern USConvallarin, convallarmarin, convallatoxin (cardiac glycosides)All parts, green and dry are toxicSigns persist for 3 weeks including dermatitis and gastrointeritis
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Apocynum spp.
Dogbane, Indiana hempPerennial erect plant of North AmericaGreen and dry plant are toxicRoot used therapeutically
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Adonis aestivalis (Pheasant’s Eye)
Less toxic or more toxic?
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Rhododendron spp.
RhododendronDeciduous shrub found throughout North AmericaAndromedotoxin, grayanotoxin(Alters Na channels)Cattle, sheep, goats, rarely horses and people have been poisonedAll parts both green and dry are toxicGastroenteritis, colic, salivation, epiphora, anorexia, depression, nausea, vomiting, defecation, weakness, incoordination, paralysis, absent pupillary reflexes, coma, nephrosis, liver degeneration, aspiration pneumonia
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Kalmia spp.
LaurelsEvergreen shrubgrayanotoxin
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Pieris japonica and P. foribunda
Japanese PierisWoody shrubGrayanotoxin
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Other potentially myotoxic plants
Macadamia nuts- transient muscular weakness in dogsHops (Humulus lupulus)- malignant hyperthermia syndrome in dogsIxiolaena brevicompta- Austrialian plant causing tiring syndrome in sheepHelichrysum argyrophaerum- South AfricaGeigeria ornative- South AfricaCytisus scoparius- Scotch broom, leguminous shrub
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Disease of neglect
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Centauria spp.Centauria repens or Acroptilon repens
(Russian knapweed)
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Creeping perennial with black horizontal rootsErect, rather stiff, and branched plant up to 1 meter highStems are covered with soft gray hair or napLower leaves are linear, alternate with toothed marginsLavender-white thistle-like flowers have papery spineless bractsThe grayish seeds are 1-2 mm with bristles at one
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Centauria solstitialis(yellowstar thistle, Barnaby’s thistle)
Annual herbaceous weed, branching from the base up to 30 cm tall Winged ascending branches with cottony hair covered, basal, lobed leavesYellow disc flowers tipped with characteristic stiff yellow spines 1 to 2 cm) long
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Aspartic and glutamic acidsSesquiterpene lactones, solstitialin A 13-acetate and cynaropicrinDopaminergic neurotoxin, 2,3 dihydro-3, 5 dihydroxy-6-methyl-4 (H) pyran-4-1
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Weeks to months of exposureGreen yellow star thistle equal to 86 to 200 percent of their body weight before clinical signs develop
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Chewing Disease
Dysfunction of facial, mouth, and throat muscles (chewing disease)Facial paralysis that causes “smiling”, tongue lolling, protruding tongue, and head tossingDepression, loss of interest in food, dehydration and malnutrition, difficult breathing, incoordination, muscle tremors
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Negropallidal encephalomalaciaNecrosis of the substancia nigra and globus pallidus (negropallidalencephalomalacia)As there is no treatment and the disease is irreversible, it is best to avoid exposure.
