POETRY

“Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.”

- T. S. Eliot

What is Poetry?

came from the Greek word poein, meaning to make.

began from ancient songs, prayers, and rituals

didn’t start out as literature as it is known today.

Poetry Devices

Rhyme – refers to the rhythmic pattern produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables. (iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, spondee)

Meter – refers to the number of syllables per line (monometer: one foot, dimeter: two feet, trimeter: three feet, tetrameter: four feet, pentameter: five feet, hexameter: six feet, heptameter: seven feet.)

Figures of Speech – refers to the figurative language used. (simile, metaphor, personification, etc.)

Stanzas – refers to the number of lines in a poem.

DEFAMILIARIZATION- making poetry colorful, expressive, vivid, dramatic, musical, and grandiose- violating rules of grammar and sentence arrangement.- to make yourself unfamiliar to the conventions of writing.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF POETRY

LYRIC POETRY

NARRATIVE POETRY

DRAMATIC POETRY

LYRIC POETRY

from the word lyre, a harplike instrument Greeks used to accompany their poems.

is now commonly referred to as the words to a song.

uses limited or absent narration. more on description or expression. does not tell stories directly unlike novels

and short stories

LYRIC POEMS Elegy Epigram Epithalamium Haiku Limerick Ode Pastoral Sonnet Concrete Poetry Villanelle

Elegy

a poem with death as main theme.( John Milton & John Keats)

mourning for someone who died.

used as love poetry by Ovid.

Example of an Elegy

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyardby

Thomas Gray

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea,The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

Epigram

literally means inscription in Greek.

a short, funny poem of few lines.

may be written either in verse or prose

Example of an Epigram

Here lies my wife: here let her lie! Now she's at rest – and so am I.

— John Dryden

Epithalamium

means nuptial song in Greek. written in praise of Hymen,

Greek god of marriage. Features wedding

celebration as main theme.

Example of an Epithalamium

A Slice of Wedding Cakeby

Robert Graves

Why have such scores of lovely, gifted girlsMarried impossible men?Simple self-sacrifice may be ruled out,And missionary endeavour, nine times out of ten.

Haiku

a traditional Japanese poem consisting of 3 lines in a 5-7-5 pattern.

influenced by Zen Buddhism. captures a specific moment in

nature. encourages meditation on the

nature of things, attainment of enlightenment.

has 3 parts: 1st - an image, 2nd – disturbance, 3rd – closure/realization

Examples of Haiku

On this night of May,Heaven sings and rejoices,It is my birthday.

As my tears roll by,Despite the carols at night,Alone at Christmas.

Limerick

a humorous, sometimes nonsensical poem of 5 lines rhyming aabba.

1st, 2nd, and 5th lines – have 8 to 10 syllables;others – varying number of syllables.

deals with everyday affairs.

Example of a Limerick

There was a Young Lady whose chin,Resembled the point of a pin;So she had it made sharp,And purchased a harp,And played several tunes with her chin.

Ode

means song in Greek. a poetry of praise or tribute

written in dignified tone, idealize objects, ideas, or qualities.

Example of an Ode"Ode to the West Wind“

ByPercy Bysshe Shelley

Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!   Be through my lips to unawaken'd earth   The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

Pastoral

from the Latin word pastoralis, linked to shepherding and animal breeding.

features shepherds and countryside as a setting.

covers Idylls and Eclogues

Example of a Pastoral

The Passionate Shepherd To His LoveBy

Christopher Marlowe

COME live with me and be my Love, And we will all the pleasures prove

That hills and valleys, dale and field, And all the craggy mountains yield.

Sonnet

from the Italian word sonetto meaning “little song”.

a poem of 14 lines classified as Petrarchan/Italian or Elizabethan.

Petrarchan – rhymes abba abba cde cdeElizabethan – rhymes abab cdcd efef gg

Examples of Sonnets Petrarchan/Italian

On His Blindness by John MiltonWhen I consider how my light is spent (a) Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b) And that one talent which is death to hide, (b) Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a)To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a) My true account, lest he returning chide; (b) "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b) I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a)That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c) Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d) Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e)Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c) And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d) They also serve who only stand and wait." (e)

ElizabethanSonnet 116 by William ShakespeareLet me not to the marriage of true minds (a)Admit impediments, love is not love (b)Which alters when it alteration finds, (a)Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)O no, it is an ever fixèd mark (c)That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)It is the star to every wand'ring bark, (c)Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. (d)Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e)Within his bending sickle's compass come, (f)Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e)But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f)

If this be error and upon me proved, (g)I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (g)

Concrete Poetry

arranges the words in it to represent the image it speaks of.

form and content merge

Example of Concrete Poetry

Villanelle

from a French word that came from an Italian word villanella derived from the Latin word villano meaning farmhand.

popularized by Francois Villon, a French poet and thief.

originally a dance appeared as poetry during the 16th century.

has 6 stanzas: 5 stanzas of tercets, and the last stanza a quatrain.

Example of a VillanelleDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas

Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day;Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words had forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that good night,

Good men, the last wave by, crying how brightTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night,

Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sightBlind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

And you, my father, there on the sad height,Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.Do not go gentle into that good night,Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

NARRATIVE POETRY

represents long, large sequence of events.

NARRATIVE POEMS

Ballad Epic Lay Medieval Romance Awit and Korido

Ballad

is a simple, short, originally sung, and intended for the lower classes of the Middle Ages.

has 2 types: Folk – stories orally passed from one generation to another.Literary – imitates the form and structure of the folk, but lost the simplicity of folk.

Example of a Ballad The Second Coming

William Butler Yeats

Turning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity.

Epic is a long, narrative poem of heroism and

grandeur. consists myth, epics that portray the

adventures of gods, princes, kings, knights, and other people of high stature.

captures the ideals of a nation, culture, or religion.

is classified into two: Original – came from an age when a nation was conquering and expanding.Literary – imitates the original.

Examples of Epics Iliad Odyssey Paradise Lost The Divine Comedy Ramayana Mahabharata Beowulf Biag ni Lam-Ang Ibalon Tuwaang Indarapatra and Sulayman

Lay

came from a Celtic word meaning song.

a Medieval story of about 1,000 lines in rhyming couplets of 8-10 syllables per line.

has 3 components: a folklore theme, a mysterious fairy-tale atmosphere, and the elements of romance, love, and knighthood.

Example of a Lay

The Lay of the Last Minstrelby

Sir Walter Scott

The way was long, the wind was cold, The Minstrel was infirm and old;

His wither'd cheek, and tresses gray, Seem'd to have known a better day;

The harp, his sole remaining joy, Was carried by an orphan boy.

Medieval Romance

depicts the fictitious, supernatural, and idealized adventures of famous kings and/or knights.

displays the ideals of knighthood (bravery, courage, strength, and loyalty)

Sources of Medieval Romances Matter of Greece

- legends about Troy, Thebes, Aeneas, and Alexander the Great.

Matter of France- adventures of Charlemagne

Matter of Britain- adventures of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table

Awit and Korido were developed through the influences of

Medieval Romances and Spanish Ballads.Awit – originally sung in slow tempo, divided into stanzas of 4 lines with 12 syllables each.Korido- from the Spanish word ocuridos, meaning events.- has supernatural elements like magical birds, enchanted beings.- has 8 syllables per line.

Examples of Awit and Korido

Florante at Laura – Awit Ibong Adarna - Korido

DRAMATIC POETRY

originated in Greek religious rituals or festivals wherein they honor their gods.

featured works of Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles.

displays a different literary experience from reading.

DRAMATIC POEMS

Comedy Tragedy Mystery Play Komedya Shadow Play Zarsuela / Sarsuwela Morality Play

DRAMATIC POEMS

Comedy Tragedy Mystery Play Komedya Shadow Play Zarzuela / Sarsuwela Morality Play

Comedy

serves as a form of social criticism over the centuries

uses light, casual mood and language.

Examples of Comedies

Four Comedies – Titus Maccius Plautus

The Comedy of Errors – William Shakespeare

The Mother-in-Law – Publius Terentius Afer

Tragedy

portrays pain, hopelessness, despair, suffering, and death that have social significance.

Examples of Tragedy

Oedipus Rex – Sophocles Death of a Salesman – Arthur

Miller Hamlet – William Shakespeare Miss Julie – August Strindberg

Mystery Play

depicts Christian themes. performed during the late

Middle Ages and Early Renaissance.

Examples of Mystery Plays

Sainte Venice Senakulo Fall of Lucifer The Raising of Lazarus

Komedya

is drawn on Medieval Romances and Spanish Ballads

was eventually criticized for lack of realism and national importance.

Examples of Komedya

Moro-Moro Don Alejandre y Don

Luis Orosman at Zafira

Shadow Play

originated in Indonesia used shadow cast from puppets

to enact. used to teach philosophy and

the mysticism of the traditional culture of Indonesia.

Components of a Shadow Play

Wayang Orang – the actors

Wayang Golek – the puppets

Wayang Kulit – the screen on which the shadows are cast.

Zarzuela (Sarsuwela)

a Spanish theater imported to the Philippines during the colonial period.

originally depicts contemporary Spanish life, but later portrayed Philippine society.

blends social commentary, humor, music, and romance.

Examples of Zarzuela

Morality Play

a Medieval drama that uses personifications as characters.

emerged in England and France during the late 14th Century.

the conflict between good and evil, pilgrimage of life, and eternal destinations are used as the main theme.

Examples of Morality Play

Liberality and Prodigality Hickscorner Everyman The Seven Deadly Sins The Castle of Perseverance