Lopez Museum Historical Facts and Historical Lies in the West Philippine Sea (Updated)
PO1-7-1 Identifying historical facts that can enhance the teaching … · 2018. 8. 14. · 1....
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Identifying historical facts that can enhance the teaching of Pharmacology Serés E. 1 *, López-García A. 1 , Martín-Gonzalvo N. 1 , Baños J.E. 2 , Bosch F. 1,2 1 Dr. Antoni Esteve Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. *[email protected] 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Pharmacology is an important subject in many university undergraduate programmes. Like other disciplines, phar- macology can be taught with different strategies, from lectures to problem-based learning sessions. This study aimed to select some historical facts related to the first antimicrobials that can be used to enhance the teaching of pharmacology*. We examined articles in scientific journals and materials in pharmacology textbooks related with the first antimi- crobials: arsphenamine, sulphonamides, and streptomycin. Subsequently, we searched The New York Times, The Times of London, and the Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia for news on these drugs published between 1908 and 1979 to identify historical facts and anecdotes that could be attractive for teaching. Finally, we wrote a brief sum- mary of each selected issue and created a card to use for teaching purposes that included a title for the historical fact, a summary, some images, and the selected references. A review of 50 scientific review articles, 82 books, and 3,004 news articles yielded 26 key historical issues: 13 relat- ed to arsphenamine, 9 to sulphonamides, and 4 to streptomycin. As examples, we included the story of 606, the initial name for arsphenamine (Fig. 3); the controversy surrounding the patent for Prontosil; and sexist discrimina- tion against Elizabeth Bugie in assigning credit for the discovery of the streptomycin. Other selected historical facts addressed issues such as new approaches to administration, drug toxicity, new indications for drugs, patents, commercial interests, and the use of drugs during war. Reviewing historical information related to drugs makes it possible to identify facts and anecdotes that can enhance the teaching of pharmacology. Interesting anecdotes about arsphenamine, sulphonamides, and streptomycin can serve not only for teaching antimicrobials, but also for teaching pharmacology in a much broader sense. INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1908 Paul Ehrlich’s Nobel Prize Paul Gelmo’s sulphanilamide 1909 606 in animals 1912 Arsphenamine in the market 1910 Arsphenamine clinical trial 1914-1918 The Great War 1937 Sulphonamide derivatives 1928 Penicillin’s discovery 1940 Penicillin synthesis 1943 Streptomycin’s discovery 1944 Streptomycin’s first publication 1948 Streptomycin’s patent 1952 Selman Waksman’s Nobel Prize 1939 Paul Domagk’s Nobel Prize 1939-1945 World War II Figure 1: Number of analyzed articles in the study Figure 2: Context timeline of the drug discoveries and some selected events Figure 4: Proposed historical key facts cards Figure 3: Summary of some key historical facts of arsphenamine, sulphanilamide and streptomycin Poster design by Clara Borràs Eroles @clara.dou Arsphenamine Paul Ehrlich found out compound number 606 was active against syphilis, later known as arsphenamine. The press made No. 606 famous because of the public’s interest in the new treatment for syphilis. Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) was one of the few doctors that could administer Salvarsan by intravenous injection in London. His practice became so popular that earned him the nickname “Private 606”. A Lieutenant Colonel of the British Army Medical Corps stated at the 1913’s International Congress of Medicine that the use of Salvarsan in the British Army, saved as much as keeping an entire battalion of infantry in hospital for 3 months, or as much as 70,000 to 80,000 days of service. Movies and TV series have included syphilis and arsphenamine in their plots, such as Out of Africa (1985), Miss Ever’s Boys (1997), and The Knick (2015, 2nd season). But interestingly in 1940 Warner Bros premiered the film “Dr. Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet”, where the life of Ehrlich and the discovery of arsphenamine were depicted in great detail. 606, when a number becomes famous Alexander Fleming aka Private 606 606 and its repercussion in the British Army Salvarsan and the movies 1910 1910-11 1913 1940 Sulphanilamide On Christmas Day of 1932, Domagk and his colleagues (through IG Farbenindustrie) patented the first sulphonamide, Streptozon®, later known as Prontosil®. Part of the molecule was already discovered in 1908. IG Farbenindustrie was suspected to be trying to reformulate the original molecule to elude its patent protection. Hildegard Domagk suffered a life-threatening septicemia at the age of 6. After having high fever for a few days, his father decided to give her an experimental treatment. She recovered and became the first (secret) patient treated with Prontosil®. The American company tried to create a similar liquid formula as Prontosil®, but they used dietilenglicol (antifreeze liquid) as solvent and called it Elixir Sulphanilamide. This elixir caused more than 100 deaths, mostly children. After the disaster, laws regulating drugs were forced to improve and marked the beginning of the modern FDA. Sulfa drugs (sulphonamides) were best known as good wound healers, as well as the best way to prevent gaseous gan- grene. During WWII. Soldier’s 1st aid kits sulphanilamide in powder and pills to help prevent deaths by infected wounds. The patent game Domagk’s daughter, the secret first treated patient Massengill & Co. disaster WWII and their “sulfa” 1st aid kit 1932-35 1935 1937 1939 Streptomycin In 1944 Waksman, Schatz and Bugie published the first article stating the discovery of streptomycin, but Bugie was left out as discoverer in the streptomycin’s patent. Allegedly Waksman and Schatz told her that she was going to marry soon and have a family and therefore, she did not need the money, stating a clear example gender discrimination in science. Merck & Co. (in the USA) was the patent holder of streptomycin and its exclusive manufacturer. During the 1940’s strep- tomycin was solely produced by Merck and exported overseas. Some years later and due to the demand, Merck licensed streptomycin’s production to several companies. There was a legal dispute between Schatz and Waksman due to the distribution of royalties from streptomycin’s patent. After Schatz got a plaintiff against Waksman and Rutgers University, the later ones agreed to include Schatz and Waks- man’s former PhD students as recipients of streptomycin’s royalty profits. The Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University, led by Waksman, was built with the profits from streptomycin’s patent. Rutger’s royalties raised over 3 million USD. Elizabeth Bugie: another example of gender discrimination in science Exclusive production of streptomycin in the USA Controversies with streptomycin’s patent and royalties Creation of The Institute of Microbiolo- gy at Rutgers University 1944 1945 1950 1954 1932 KL695 (Streptozon®) synthesis & patent 1935 Prontosil® publication and marketing Arsphenamine Sulphanilamide Streptomycin Other events Articles after 1st screening Articles after 2nd screening Historical facts Arsphenamine Sulphanilamide Streptomycin 1235 24,4% 2101 41.6% 1719 34% Number of search results 5055 279 9,3% 1417 47.2% 1368 43.5% 3004 59,4% 165 6,1% 1313 48.3% 1239 45.6% 2717 90,4% 13 9 4 26 The New York Times The Times La Vanguardia PubMed Scientific literature Total 132 PO1-7-1 *Preliminary data presented at the 37th SEF National Congress, June 18-21, 2017, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain). Poster Session PO1-7-1, 18th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, July 1-6, 2018. Kyoto, Japan. Serés E., López-García A., Martín-Gonzalvo N., Baños J.E. and Bosch F. declare to have no COI with regards to the presentation. Disclosure of Conflict of Interest
Transcript of PO1-7-1 Identifying historical facts that can enhance the teaching … · 2018. 8. 14. · 1....
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Identifying historical facts that can enhance the teaching of PharmacologySerés E.1*, López-García A.1, Martín-Gonzalvo N.1, Baños J.E.2, Bosch F.1,21Dr. Antoni Esteve Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. *[email protected] 2Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Pharmacology is an important subject in many university undergraduate programmes. Like other disciplines, phar-macology can be taught with different strategies, from lectures to problem-based learning sessions. This study aimed to select some historical facts related to the first antimicrobials that can be used to enhance the teaching of pharmacology*.
We examined articles in scientific journals and materials in pharmacology textbooks related with the first antimi-crobials: arsphenamine, sulphonamides, and streptomycin. Subsequently, we searched The New York Times, The Times of London, and the Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia for news on these drugs published between 1908 and 1979 to identify historical facts and anecdotes that could be attractive for teaching. Finally, we wrote a brief sum-mary of each selected issue and created a card to use for teaching purposes that included a title for the historical fact, a summary, some images, and the selected references.
A review of 50 scientific review articles, 82 books, and 3,004 news articles yielded 26 key historical issues: 13 relat-ed to arsphenamine, 9 to sulphonamides, and 4 to streptomycin. As examples, we included the story of 606, the initial name for arsphenamine (Fig. 3); the controversy surrounding the patent for Prontosil; and sexist discrimina-tion against Elizabeth Bugie in assigning credit for the discovery of the streptomycin. Other selected historical facts addressed issues such as new approaches to administration, drug toxicity, new indications for drugs, patents, commercial interests, and the use of drugs during war.
Reviewing historical information related to drugs makes it possible to identify facts and anecdotes that can enhance the teaching of pharmacology. Interesting anecdotes about arsphenamine, sulphonamides, and streptomycin can serve not only for teaching antimicrobials, but also for teaching pharmacology in a much broader sense.
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
1908 Paul Ehrlich’s Nobel PrizePaul Gelmo’s sulphanilamide
1909 606 in animals
1912 Arsphenamine in the market
1910 Arsphenamine clinical trial
1914-1918 The Great War
1937 Sulphonamide derivatives1928 Penicillin’sdiscovery
1940 Penicillin synthesis1943 Streptomycin’s discovery
1944 Streptomycin’s first publication1948 Streptomycin’s patent
1952 Selman Waksman’s Nobel Prize
1939 Paul Domagk’s Nobel Prize
1939-1945 World War II
Figure 1: Number of analyzed articles in the study
Figure 2: Context timeline of the drug discoveries and some selected events
Figure 4: Proposed historical key facts cards
Figure 3: Summary of some key historical facts of arsphenamine, sulphanilamide and streptomycin
Poster design by Clara Borràs Eroles @clara.dou
Arsphenamine Paul Ehrlich found out compound number 606 was active against syphilis, later known as arsphenamine. The press made No. 606 famous because of the public’s interest in the new treatment for syphilis.
Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) was one of the few doctors that could administer Salvarsan by intravenous
injection in London. His practice became so popular that earned him the nickname “Private 606”.
A Lieutenant Colonel of the British Army Medical Corps stated at the 1913’s International Congress of Medicine that the
use of Salvarsan in the British Army, saved as much as keeping an entire battalion of infantry in hospital for 3 months, or
as much as 70,000 to 80,000 days of service.
Movies and TV series have included syphilis and arsphenamine in their plots, such as Out of Africa (1985), Miss Ever’s
Boys (1997), and The Knick (2015, 2nd season). But interestingly in 1940 Warner Bros premiered the film “Dr. Ehrlich’s
Magic Bullet”, where the life of Ehrlich and the discovery of arsphenamine were depicted in great detail.
606, when a number becomes famous
Alexander Fleming aka Private
606
606 and its repercussion in the British
Army
Salvarsan and the movies
1910
1910-11
1913
1940
SulphanilamideOn Christmas Day of 1932, Domagk and his colleagues (through IG Farbenindustrie) patented the first sulphonamide,
Streptozon®, later known as Prontosil®. Part of the molecule was already discovered in 1908. IG Farbenindustrie was
suspected to be trying to reformulate the original molecule to elude its patent protection.
Hildegard Domagk suffered a life-threatening septicemia at the age of 6. After having high fever for a few days, his
father decided to give her an experimental treatment. She recovered and became the first (secret) patient treated with
Prontosil®.
The American company tried to create a similar liquid formula as Prontosil®, but they used dietilenglicol (antifreeze
liquid) as solvent and called it Elixir Sulphanilamide. This elixir caused more than 100 deaths, mostly children. After the
disaster, laws regulating drugs were forced to improve and marked the beginning of the modern FDA.
Sulfa drugs (sulphonamides) were best known as good wound healers, as well as the best way to prevent gaseous gan-
grene. During WWII. Soldier’s 1st aid kits sulphanilamide in powder and pills to help prevent deaths by infected wounds.
The patent game
Domagk’s daughter, the secret first
treated patient
Massengill & Co. disaster
WWII and their “sulfa” 1st aid kit
1932-35
1935
1937
1939
StreptomycinIn 1944 Waksman, Schatz and Bugie published the first article stating the discovery of streptomycin, but Bugie was left
out as discoverer in the streptomycin’s patent. Allegedly Waksman and Schatz told her that she was going to marry soon
and have a family and therefore, she did not need the money, stating a clear example gender discrimination in science.
Merck & Co. (in the USA) was the patent holder of streptomycin and its exclusive manufacturer. During the 1940’s strep-
tomycin was solely produced by Merck and exported overseas. Some years later and due to the demand, Merck
licensed streptomycin’s production to several companies.
There was a legal dispute between Schatz and Waksman due to the distribution of royalties from streptomycin’s patent.
After Schatz got a plaintiff against Waksman and Rutgers University, the later ones agreed to include Schatz and Waks-
man’s former PhD students as recipients of streptomycin’s royalty profits.
The Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University, led by Waksman, was built with the profits from streptomycin’s
patent. Rutger’s royalties raised over 3 million USD.
Elizabeth Bugie: another example of
gender discrimination in science
Exclusive production of streptomycin in
the USA
Controversies with streptomycin’s
patent and royalties
Creation of The Institute of Microbiolo-
gy at Rutgers University
1944
1945
1950
1954
1932 KL695 (Streptozon®)synthesis & patent
1935 Prontosil® publicationand marketing
ArsphenamineSulphanilamideStreptomycinOther events
Articles after 1st screening
Articles after 2nd screening
Historical facts
Arsphenamine Sulphanilamide Streptomycin
123524,4%
210141.6%
171934%
Number of search results 5055
2799,3%
141747.2%
136843.5%
3004 59,4%
1656,1%
131348.3%
123945.6%
271790,4%
13 9 426
The New York TimesThe Times
La Vanguardia
PubMedScientific literature
Created by Barrizonfrom the Noun Project
Total
132
PO1-7-1
*Preliminary data presented at the 37th SEF National Congress, June 18-21, 2017, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain).
Poster Session PO1-7-1, 18th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, July 1-6, 2018. Kyoto, Japan.
Serés E., López-García A., Martín-Gonzalvo N., Baños J.E. and Bosch F. declare to have no COI with regards to the presentation.Disclosure of Con�ict of Interest
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1. Accepted abstract by the congress organization:
Identifying historical facts that can enhance the teaching of Pharmacology
Elisabet Seres1, Adrian Lopez-Garcia1, Neus Martin-Gonzalvo1, Josep-Eladi Banos2, Felix Bosch1,2 1Esteve Foundation, Catalonia, Spain; 2Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Catalonia, Spain Background. Pharmacology is an important subject in many university undergraduate programmes. Like other disciplines, pharmacology can be taught with different strategies, from lectures to problem-based learning sessions. This study aimed to select some historical facts related to the first antimicrobials that can be used to enhance the teaching of pharmacology. Methods. We examined articles in scientific journals and materials in pharmacology textbooks related with the first antimicrobials: arsphenamine, sulphonamides, and streptomycin. Subsequently, we searched The New York Times, The Times of London, and the Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia for news on these drugs published between 1908 and 1979 to identify historical facts and anecdotes that could be attractive for teaching. Finally, we wrote a brief summary of each selected issue and created a card to use for teaching purposes that included a title for the historical fact, a summary, some images, and the selected references. Results. A review of 50 scientific review articles, 82 books, and 3,078 news articles yielded 26 key historical issues: 13 related to arsphenamine, 9 to sulphonamides, and 4 to streptomycin. As examples, we included the story of 606, the initial name for arsphenamine (Fig. 1); the controversy surrounding the patent for Prontosil; and sexist discrimination against Elizabeth Bugie in assigning credit for the discovery of the streptomycin. Other selected historical facts addressed issues such as new approaches to administration, drug toxicity, new indications for drugs, patents, commercial interests, and the use of drugs during war. Conclusions. Reviewing historical information related to drugs makes it possible to identify facts and anecdotes that can enhance the teaching of pharmacology. Interesting anecdotes about arsphenamine, sulphonamides, and streptomycin can serve not only for teaching antimicrobials, but also for teaching pharmacology in a much broader sense.
2. Links:
Seres E, Lopez-Garcia A, Martin-Gonzalvo N, Banos JE, Bosch F. Identifying historical facts that can enhance the teaching of Pharmacology [Internet]. Abstract accepted at: 18th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology; 2018 July 1-6; Kyoto, Japan. Available at: https://www.micenavi.jp/wcp2018/search/detail_program/id:939 Seres E, Lopez-Garcia A, Martin-Gonzalvo N, Banos JE, Bosch F. Identifying historical facts that can enhance the teaching of Pharmacology [Internet]. Poster presented at: 18th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology; 2018 July 1-6; Kyoto, Japan. Available at: https://www.esteve.org/libros/poster-kyoto-identifying-historical-facts-that-can-enhance-the-teaching-of-pharmacology/
3. Contact information:
Elisabet Serés, PhD Project Manager [email protected], +34 934335322 Dr. Antoni Esteve Foundation Torre Esteve, Passeig de la Zona Franca 109 - 08032 Barcelona, Spain www.esteve.org
