PNT2-WP06-D-BTS-003-01 D6.1 Pre-standardisation for key ...

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IP1 TRACTION TD1 AND BRAKES TD5 – PHASE 2

D6.1

Pre-standardisation for key Technologies and key Deliverables

Due date of deliverable: 01/12/2020

Actual submission date: 22/01/2020

Leader/Responsible of this Deliverable: Mats Orrhede/ Bombardier Transportation

Reviewed: Y

Document status Revision Date Description

1 22/01/2021 First issue

Project funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

Dissemination Level

PU Public X CO Confidential, restricted under conditions set out in Model Grant Agreement CI Classified, information as referred to in Commission Decision 2001/844/EC

Start date of project: 01/09/2018 Duration: 30 months

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REPORT CONTRIBUTORS

Name Company Details of Contribution

Michel Piton Alstom Expert input and review

Emmanuel Batista Alstom Expert input and review

Mats Orrhede Bombardier Author

Iván Larzabal Goñi CAF Expert input and review

Werner Kauffeld DB Expert input and review

Eckhart Meesmann DB Expert input and review

Matteo Frea Faiveley Expert input and review

Luc Imbert Faiveley Expert input and review

Marcus Fischer Knorr Bremse Expert input and review

Andreas Nagel Siemens Expert input and review

Bernd Laska Siemens Expert input and review

Pascal Mannevy SNCF Expert input and review

Eduardo de la Guerra Ochoa

Talgo Expert input and review

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A common review of PINTA2 activity was carried out with all partners in the perspective of identification of standardisation needs.

The main results of this work package are:

A list of all normative references involved in PINTA2 activity

Identification of key technical topics to be studied

Launch of preliminary actions to prepare future standardisation activity

This report is an update of activities and status from S2R PINTA D6.3 Pre-standardisation concepts and structures. [REF 01]

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Report Contributors .................................................................................................................... 2

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 3

Abbreviations and Acronyms ...................................................................................................... 3

Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 3

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 6

1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Objectives of the deliverable ......................................................................................... 7

1.2 Approach for collection of inputs ................................................................................... 7

2 Main results ........................................................................................................................ 8

2.1 Possible links of results with other deliverables ............................................................ 8

3 Collection of data from PINTA2 WP’s .................................................................................. 8

3.1 WP1: KPI Quantification and Progress ......................................................................... 8

3.1.1 Reminder of scope of WP1 .................................................................................... 8

3.1.2 Priority topics for WP1 ........................................................................................... 8

3.2 WP2 & WP11: Development of lab prototypes .............................................................. 9

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3.2.1 Reminder of scope of WP2 & WP11 ...................................................................... 9

3.2.2 Priority topics for WP2 & WP11 ............................................................................. 9

3.3 WP3 & WP12: Specifications and simulations to reduce Noise and EMI Emission / Validation of noise and EMI simulation tools ......................................................................... 14

3.3.1 Reminder of scope of WP3 & WP12 .................................................................... 14

3.3.2 Priority topics for WP3 & WP12 ........................................................................... 14

3.4 WP4 & WP13: Specifications, modelling and Validation for Reliability and Smart Maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 16



3.5 WP5 & WP14: Requirements, specifications and acceptance of virtual validation concepts ............................................................................................................................... 17



3.5.3 PINTA2 WP5&14 questionnaire for simulation at standard level .......................... 18

3.6 WP7 & WP15: Wheel/rail adhesion measurements supporting normative changes and solutions for elimination of negative adhesion effects............................................................ 19



3.7 WP8 & WP16: WSP test bench update and solution, sanding dispenser and efficient force transmission solutions¤ ................................................................................................ 21



4 IDENTIFICATION of PRIORITY TOPICS .......................................................................... 22

4.1 PROPOSED APPROACH FOR PRIORITY TOPICS .................................................. 25

4.1.1 Isolation requirements: impact on isolation material submitted to stress in dV/dt and Vmax 25

4.1.2 Reference parallel design for semi-conductors .................................................... 25

4.1.3 Review of IEC 60747-15 ...................................................................................... 25

4.1.4 Identification of tests to be replaced by simulation ............................................... 26

4.1.5 Re-definition of the sand flow rates from g/30s to g/m. ........................................ 26

4.1.6 ETCS braking curve generation, especially definition of K_wet ........................... 26

4.1.7 Scientific proposal for substitution of field tests. ................................................... 27

5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 28

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References ............................................................................................................................... 28

ANNEX 1: PINTA2 WP5&14 feedback AT PLASA2 questionnaire for virtual TESTING ............ 29

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: list of standards referenced in WP2/WP11 activities ................................................... 13

Table 2: List of priority topics .................................................................................................... 24

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE DELIVERABLE

This deliverable concludes collaborative work of the members carried out under the following task:

Task 6.1 – Pre-standardization activities

Task Leader: BT SWEDEN, Task Contributors: ALS, CAF P&A, DB, FTI, KB, ST, SNCF-M, TALGO (M1-M27)

The area defined as examples for the work in this task in are

• Virtual certification, virtual validation (WP5, 7, 8 14, 15, 16),

• Predictive maintenance (WP4, 13)

• Life Cycle cost validation (WP2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14)

• Sensor and data collection for smart maintenance (WP4, 13)

• Adhesion management (WP7, 8, 15, 16)

1.2 APPROACH FOR COLLECTION OF INPUTS

The activities in this Work Package (WP6) is focused on the collection and progress of pre-standardization topics within S2R PINTA2.

A work group has been defined (see REPORT CONTRIBUTORS) and meetings have been held for the duration of the PINTA2 project. A majority of the standardization work itself is carried out in the different Work Packages of PINTA2, while WP6 collects the needs and topics, highlights the importance and provide some guidance to the work within the other Work Packages.

The working file for the collection of standardization needs can be found in Appendix [A 01]

It is also the task of WP6 to provide information to CCA IMPACT2 for the further consolidation and guidance of pre-standardization needs within S2R.

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2 MAIN RESULTS

The main results of this work package are:

A list of all normative references involved in PINTA2 activity

Identification of key technical topics to be studied

Launch of actions to prepare future standardisation activity

2.1 POSSIBLE LINKS OF RESULTS WITH OTHER DELIVERABLES

The results are directly linked to all other PINTA2 WP and interface to IMPACT2 Cross Cut Activity.

3 COLLECTION OF DATA FROM PINTA2 WP’S

This chapter presents the data collected in each PINTA2 WP.

3.1 WP1: KPI QUANTIFICATION AND PROGRESS

3.1.1 Reminder of scope of WP1

The scope of WP1 is to collect and report on the progress of development activities within Shift2Rail PINTA2, based on the on the Top level requirements/KPIs listed in Roll2Rail and further defined in Shift2Rail PINTA phase 1.

The Top-level requirements are incorporated in the other WPs (2…16) of PINTA2 and serve as guidelines and targets for the development of technologies and solutions.

3.1.2 Priority topics for WP1

During the work for KPI definition and targets in Shift2Rail PINTA phase 1, there were two standards that were referenced and used. The same standards are still of relevance for PINTA2 WP1.

System scope:

For the Traction partners of PINTA, a framework was agreed for the definitions of subsystems and technical scope. This framework is based on EN15380-2, Railway applications - Designation system for railway vehicles -Part 2: Product groups report.

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From this standard, it was possible for each application to define what system level functions to include for the baseline as well as for the future system. The definition may not be the same between one application to the other, however it is critical that the functional scope is the same between baseline and future system for each application.

Recommendation: The Norm EN15380-2 could be applied and used in the WP. No changes/updates identified.

Application conditions

The applications (Tramway, Metro, Sub-urban, Regional, High Speed) vary in usage, load cycle and speed. During the target setting in S2R PINTA phase 1, a standardized measure of how to evaluate the performance was taken from the operational profiles from the draft norm prEN 50591, Specification and verification of energy consumption for railway rolling stock.

The EN 50591 has since been released (2019) and can be used also for future reference operational profiles

Recommendation: The Norm EN 50591 can be applied and used in the WP. No changes/updates identified. The standard definition of reference operations profiles facilitates comparisons and benchmarks, but it should be noted that PINTA has decided to only use comparative target setting (ie %-values) between baseline and future system. For absolute values of energy consumption of a train, even small changes in operational profile may have significant impact.

3.2 WP2 & WP11: DEVELOPMENT OF LAB PROTOTYPES

3.2.1 Reminder of scope of WP2 & WP11

The main objective of these WP’s are the development of prototypes of innovative Traction components and/or sub-system and prepare for further validation in WP11 for a long term objective to prepare the future traction systems on trains testing (TRL7) on further work of S2R Traction TD.

WP2 and WP11 includes:

Development of SiC based power train

Development of low-floor traction system for an independently rotating wheel architecture

3.2.2 Priority topics for WP2 & WP11

During the work in PINTA WP2, a list of standards referenced by the members was compiled and is presented in Table 1.

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This list has served as a guidance also during PINTA2. With cross refences to needs and progress of the evolving traction demonstrators.

The traction demonstrators are:

1. Tramway SiC Traction

2. Metro SiC Traction

3. Sub-Urban SiC Traction

4. Regional SiC Traction

5. Traction system based on independently rotating wheels for High Speed Trains

A majority of the standards in Table 1 was initially (in PINTA) assessed as not having an impact on the technologies developed in PINTA & PINTA2, but a continuous re-assessment has been made and several new topics has been raised as of relevance to the demonstrators (see Table 1).

The most critical standards/areas are further discussed in Chapter 4 of this report.

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EN 12663 Railway applications - Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodiesX

1999/519/EC 1999 Limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)X

EN 50121-1 Railway Applications – Electromagnetic Compatibility – Part 1: GeneralX

EN 50121-3 Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibilityPart 3-1: Rolling stock – Train and complete vehicle X

EN 50121-3 Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibilityPart 3-2: Rolling stock – Apparatus X

EN 50500Measurement procedures of magnetic field levels generated by electronic and electrical apparatus in the railway environment with respect to human exposure X

EN 50124 -1Railway applications – Insulation coordination – Part 1: Basic requirements – Clearances and creepage distances for all electrical and electronic equipment. X X

EN 50124 -2Railway applications - Insulation coordination -- Part 2: Overvoltages and related protection.distances for all electrical and electronic equipment. X

EN 50125-1Railway applications. Environmental conditions for equipment. Equipment on board rolling stock X X

EN 50126Railway applications - The specification and demonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) X

EN 50128Railway applications – Communications, signalling and processing systems – Software for railway control and protection systems X X

EN 50129Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems – Safety related electronic systems for signalling X

EN 50153 Railway applications - Rolling stock - Protective provisions relating to electrical hazardsX

EN 50155 Railway applications - Electronic equipment used on rolling stockX

EN 50215Railway applications – Testing of rolling stock after completion of construction and before entry into service X

EN 50343 Railway applications – Rolling stock – Rules for installation of cablingX

IEC 60076-10-1 2001 Power transformers - Part 10-1: Determination of sound levels – Application guideX

EN 60077-1 Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 1: General service conditions and general rules X

EN 60077-2Railway applications – Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 2: Electrotechnical components - General rules

EN 60077-3Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 5: Electrotechnical components - Rules for HV fuses

EN 60349Electric traction – Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles; Part 4: Permanent magnet synchronous electrical machines connected to an electronic converter X

EN 6052 Specification for degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)X

EN 61373 Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Shock and vibration testsX

EC 61377 2016Railway applications. Rolling stock. Part 1: Combined testing of inverter-fed alternating current motors and their control system X

EN 61881 Railway applications - Rolling stock equipment - Capacitors for power electronicsX

IEC 61375 Train communication network. Electric railway equipmentX

EN 60204-1 Safety of machinery- Electrical equipment of machines- Part 1: General requirementsX

EN 5035 Railway applications- Railway rolling stock cables having special fire performanceX

EN 15085-2Railway applications- Welding of railway vehicles and components- Part 2: Quality requirements and certification of welding manufacturer X

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EN 60034-14Rotating electrical machines. Mechanical vibration of certain machines with shaft heights 56 mm and higher. Measurement, evaluation and limits of vibration severity X

EN 13749 2011Railway applications: Wheelsets and bogies- Method of specifying the structural requirements of bogie frames X

ISO 9614-2 1996Acoustics -- Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity -- Part 2: Measurement by scanning X

ISO 3744 2010Acoustics -- Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure -- Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane. X

ISO 3745 2012Acoustics -- Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure -- Precision methods for anechoic rooms and hemi-anechoic rooms X

Converter system / General EN 61287 2014Railway applications - Power convertors installed on board rolling stock- Part 1: Characteristics and test methods

X X

EN50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networksX

EN 50163 Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systemsX

EN 60850 Supply voltages of traction systemsX

EN 50500Measurement procedures of magnetic field levels generated by electronic and electrical apparatus in the railway environment with respect to human exposure X

Converter system / Power module EN 60 747-1 2007 Semiconductor devices - Part 1: General X

EN 60747-15 2010 Isolated power semiconductor devicesX

EN 60749 Mechanical and climatic test methods for semiconductorsX

Converter system / Power capacitor EN 61 881-1 2011Railway applications. Rolling stock equipment. Capacitors for power electronics. Paper/plastic film capacitors

X

EC 60384 -1 Electrolytic capacities

EC 60384-4 Electrolytic capacities

IEC 60871-1: AC power capacities

Transformer / inductor EN 60310 2004 Railway applications - Traction transformers and inductors X

EN 60076-2 2011 Power transformers. Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformersX

Traction motor EN 60349-1Electric Traction. Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles. – Part 1: Machines other than electronic converter-fed alternating current motors

EN 60349-2 2010Electric Traction. Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles - Part 2: Electronic converter-fed alternating current motors

X

EN 60349-3Electric traction. Rotation electrical machines for rail and road vehicles Part 3 .- Determination of the total losses of converter-fed alternating current motors by summation of the component losses

EN 60349-4 2013Electric traction - Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles - Part 4: Permanent magnet synchronous electrical machines connected to an electronic converter X

Gear

Cable EN 50382-1 2013Railway applications. Railway rolling stock high temperature power cables having special fire performance. General requirements

X

EN 50382-2 2008Railway applications - Railway rolling stock high temperature power cables having special fire performance - Part 2: Single core silicone rubber insulated cables for 120 °C or 150 °C X

EN 50143 2009Cables for signs and luminous-discharge-tube installations operating from a no-load rated output voltage exceeding 1000 V but not exceeding 10000 V X

EN 50264-1Railway applications. Railway rolling stock power and control cables having special fire performance. General requirements X

EN 50264-2-1Railway applications. Railway rolling stock power and control cables having special fire performance. Cables with crosslinked elastomeric insulation. Single core cables X

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Table 1: list of standards referenced in WP2/WP11 activities

EN 50264-2-2Railway applications. Railway rolling stock power and control cables having special fire performance. Cables with crosslinked elastomeric insulation. Multicore cables X

EN 50264-3-1Railway applications. Railway rolling stock power and control cables having special fire performance. Cables with crosslinked elastomeric insulation with reduced dimensions. Single core cables X

EN 50264-3-2Railway applications. Railway rolling stock power and control cables having special fire performance. Cables with crosslinked elastomeric insulation with reduced dimensions. Multicore cables X

EN 50306-4Railway applications. Railway rolling stock cables having special fire performance. Thin wall. Multicore and multipair cables standard wall sheathed X

EN 50343 Railway applications. Rolling stock. Rules for installation of cablingX

EN50533 Railway applications. Three-phase train line voltage characteristicsX

IEC60068-2-1 Environmental testing - Part 2-1: Tests - Test A: ColdX

IEC60068-2-2 Environmental testing - Part 2-2: Tests - Test B: Dry heat

IEC60068-2-5Environmental testing - Part 2-5: Tests - Test Sa: Simulated solar radiation at ground level and guidance for solar radiation testing

IEC60068-2-11 Basic environmental testing procedures - Part 2-11: Tests - Test Ka: Salt mist

IEC60068-2-14 Environmental testing - Part 2-14: Tests - Test N: Change of temperature

IEC60068-2-30 Environmental testing - Part 2-30: Tests - Test Db: Damp heat, cyclic (12 h + 12 h cycle)

IEC 60115-1 Low ohm resistors

IEC 60146 Semiconductor converters

IEC 60300-3-11 Dependability management - Part 3-11: Application guide - Reliability centred maintenanceX

IEC60322Railway applications. Electric equipmentf for rolling stock rules for power resistors of open construction X

IEC 60529 Classification of protection degreesX

IEC 60571 Electronic equipment used on rail vehiclesX

IEC-61377Railway applications – Rolling stock - combined testing of inverter-fed alternating current motors and their control X

IEC 6231Railway applications - Power supply and rolling stock - Technical criteria for the coordination between power supply (substation) and rolling stock to achieve interoperability X

High voltage equipment EN 60077-1 2002 Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 1: General service conditions and general rules X

ISO 12405-1 2011 / 2012

Electrically propelled road vehicles - Test specification for Li-ion traction battery packs and systems - Part 1 : High-power applications X

ISO 12405-3 2014

Electrically propelled road vehicles - Test specification for Li-ion traction battery packs and systems - Part 3 : safety performance requirements X

EN 62619 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications X

EN 62620Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes - Secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications X

IEC 62660-1 Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of electric road vehicles: Performances testing X

IEC 62660-2 Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of electric road vehicles: Safety requirements X

IEC 62660-3 2016 Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of electric road vehicles: Safety requirements X

EN 62864-1Railway applications – Rolling stock – Power supply with onboard energy storage system – Part 1: Series hybrid system X

ISO 6469-4Electrically propelled road vehicles -- Safety specifications-- Part 4: Post crash electrical safety X

EN 629282016

Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – On-board lithium-ion traction batteries (IEC 62928:2017); German version EN 62928:2018 X

IEC 62485-6 ( Draft )

Safety requirements for lithium-ion batteries and systems for traction applicationsX

ISO 2812007 Rolling bearings – Dynamic load ratings and rating life X

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3.3 WP3 & WP12: SPECIFICATIONS AND SIMULATIONS TO

REDUCE NOISE AND EMI EMISSION / VALIDATION OF NOISE

AND EMI SIMULATION TOOLS


The objective of WP3 & WP12 is to develop and validate methodologies and simulation tools able to predict the acoustic noise and EMI emissions during the development phases of the traction system and sub-systems in order to reduce, as a result, the acoustic noise and EMI emission of future traction systems. The methodologies and tools developed in WP3 & WP12 will be used, as much as possible, in the design and development of traction systems in WP2 and WP11.

Task 3.1 & Task 12.1 – Electromagnetic and acoustic noise models

Methodologies and tools to predict, control and reduce the acoustic noise, taking into account both aero-acoustic noise and noise induced by electromagnetic forces, in different operating conditions. The work will be mainly focused on methodologies to simulate the noise based in numerical CFD models/empirical/analytical models for aeroacoustics and numerical FEM/analytical models for the Electromagnetic forces simulation. Electromagnetic forces will be linked to mechanical FE models to predict the acoustic emission of traction sources. The results from the application of such methodologies will be validated by means of experimental results.

Task 3.2 & Task 12.2 – Modelling & methodology to analyse EMI noise problem

Reduce EMI emission of power systems including but not limited to traction systems, in different topologies, operation modes and line conditions. The work will be mainly focused on methodologies to simulate the EMI emission to anticipate the impact on vehicle's EMC due to the introduction of new type of semiconductor (SiC).


The main topics will be carried out in WP3 &WP12 in the two tasks will be as follow:

Task 3.1 & 12.1– Acoustic noise simulation

Methodologies for the simulation of electromagnetic noise of traction motors.

Electromagnetic acoustic noise will be measured on an induction motor fed by a SiC-inverter.

Methodologies for the aero-acoustic noise simulation of cooling systems in traction motors. Validation of the simulations.

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Evaluation of acoustic noise characteristics and combined effects for the complete traction system and interfaces.

Task 3.2 &12.2 – EMI noise reduction

Identified EMI noise source equipment other than traction systems.

Common Mode Current phenomena study: compatibility with ATP systems, parasitic currents through traction motor bearings, overvoltage due to stationary waves between subsystems. Impact due to migration to SiC.

Requirements for standardization on EMC safety management. Definition, development, application and validation of methodologies and tools for the simulation of EMI emission of traction systems.

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3.4 WP4 & WP13: SPECIFICATIONS, MODELLING AND VALIDATION FOR

RELIABILITY AND SMART MAINTENANCE


The general objective of these work packages is to increase reliability and availability of the traction system and the related traction components, especially SiC power modules, sensors and inductive components.

Increasing reliability will not only reduce Life Cycle Cost but also boost safety approvals, simplify verification and validation activities and allow operators to run trains according to their schedule and therefore increase availability.


The main topics will be carried out in WP4 &WP13 in the two tasks will be as follow:

Task 4.1 & 13.1– Reliability data of traction components

The target of T4.1 is to prepare a validated requirement specification for the SiC power semiconductor devices on environmental conditions within a converter box.

In T13.1 a list of traction inverter related components will be prepared concerning the field experience of reliability and lifetime limitation (e.g. electrolyte capacitors, drive units, …). Afterwards these components will be quantified and there will be investigations made on those components with the most significant impact on reliability

Task 4.2 &13.2 – Lifetime models for aging and failure mechanisms of SiC semiconductor devices

Define and evaluate relevant failure mechanism together with the suppliers of SiC power semiconductor devices. The results will be used to derive reliability and lifetime models, which are suited for the operation of traction inverter.

Task 4.3 &13.3 – Smart maintenance solutions

Define and demonstrate a “data observation system” as a basis for Smart maintenance solution/process of traction system on rolling stock.

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3.5 WP5 & WP14: REQUIREMENTS, SPECIFICATIONS AND ACCEPTANCE OF

VIRTUAL VALIDATION CONCEPTS


The main objective of work package 5 & 14 is to contribute to a reduction of Rolling Stock capital costs by developing methods and simulation tools/methodologies which would enable a significant reduction in the number of traction component and system validations and physical tests.

The focus of these WPs are to investigate and develop methods for performing as much as possible of the validation and certification work by simulation using a SIL (software-in-the-loop), a HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) environment or different approaches for multi-physics simulations of mechanical, thermal and electrical models. By using a virtual approach, it is possible to perform tests early in the development process. This way the amount of tests required on train can be heavily reduced, and the quality of the system will also be in better shape once the train testing phase starts.


The main topics are carried out in WP5 &WP14 in tasks as follow:

Task 5.1 & 14.1 – Virtual design and validation methodologies

The main objective these work packages is to establish models (multiphysic 3D modelling, Hardware in the Loop (HIL) and Software in the Loop (SIL)) for the use in virtual testing as an alternative to real testing and present a certification/assessment analysis of a product/system within the propulsion area. The output results from virtual certification should be equivalent to real testing. It should be a prerequisite that the choice of test procedure should not affect the decision to accept or reject a propulsion systems/product. Experimental correlations have been proposed to justify the quality of the simulation process in reports D5.1 and D14.1.

Task 14.2 – Acceptance of the methodologies for virtual validation

In parallel to this acceptance of Operators, an identification of standards impacted by simulation has been proposed and has been shared with CCA Virtual Homologation (PLASA2 project). Simulation and modelling methodologies details have been given as well via a generic questionnaire. This questionnaire is available in D14.2 report and is added below. The general synthesis of these questionnaires at S2R program level (including CONNECTA, PIVOT, PINTA visions) has been presented during the PLASA2 final conference and is available on S2R website.

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It is interesting to note that a dedicated CEN working group TC256 WG55 has been created to propose a general way to integrate simulation in standards. A mapping of existing standards using simulation means of proof is on-going and will be addressed in PINTA3 WP5 activity.

3.5.3 PINTA2 WP5&14 questionnaire for simulation at standard level

The PINTA2 WP5&14 feedback about simulation methodologies and impact at standard level is added in annex 1.

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3.6 WP7 & WP15: WHEEL/RAIL ADHESION MEASUREMENTS SUPPORTING

NORMATIVE CHANGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR ELIMINATION OF NEGATIVE

ADHESION EFFECTS


The objective of the work packages WP7 & WP15 is first of all to set the basis for the development of solutions for elimination of negative wheel/rail adhesion effects. This is done by compilation of solution specifications (WP7) and the collection of information on relevant wheel/rail adhesion conditions for updating the adhesion catalogue (collection started within PINTA). The generation of measurement data is done using test rigs, e.g. roller rigs, or where available test trains. The information gathered is used to support the following development of the adhesion related solutions (TRL3-4, WP15). In order to be able to raise the benefits facilitated by those new solutions to be developed, general performance specifications are compiled, and necessary standards updates are identified. Beyond, the measured data is also used to confirm and/or update the WSP test bench models defined within PINTA2 (WP16).


The main topics that are carried out in WP7 & WP15 (whereas the WP7 task always represents preparation work for the corresponding WP15 task) are the following:

Task 7.1 & 15.1 – Adhesion data collection (definition of needs and actual collection)

The tasks focus on the definition of necessary wheel/rail adhesion measurements, the actual collection of the data itself using test trains and test rigs as well as the data analysis. During the latter one especially the effects of defined parameters (to be varied during the measurements) on wheel/rail adhesion are investigated. The data is finally transferred into the adhesion catalogue started within the PINTA project and towards further PINTA2 tasks.

Task 7.2 & 15.2 – Update of proposals for normative changes and the performance specification

Primarily based on the new information on wheel/rail adhesion gathered and further data analysis performed during the project PINTA2, during these tasks the proposals for normative changes defined during PINTA as well as existing general requirements (performance specification for wheel/rail adhesion related solutions) are revised, updated and expanded.

Task 7.3 & 15.3 – Specification and development of solutions for minimising the effects of low wheel/rail adhesion conditions

The objectives of these tasks are the specification and the development of solutions to reduce the negative effects of low wheel/rail adhesion conditions. The solutions aim at different adhesion induced effects during braking and traction and therewith address different benefits. Nevertheless, they finally both contribute to the optimisation of rail operations by optimisation of

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wheel/rail adhesion usage, the improvement of operational reliability and the reduction of maintenance costs. Tests are executed to validate the performance of both solutions by simulations, test rig and test train usage.

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3.7 WP8 & WP16: WSP TEST BENCH UPDATE AND SOLUTION, SANDING

DISPENSER AND EFFICIENT FORCE TRANSMISSION SOLUTIONS¤


The main objective of these WPs is to develop and test new adhesion management prototypes. The assessment of the performance of the Adhesion improving dispenser and the Adaptive WSP prototype is made. The WSP prototype will then lead to a demonstrator in the following S2R project. From a performance point of view, it will reduce the braking distance extension from 25% to 15% and reduce the LCC due to a lower occurrence of wheel flats.

This WP will also propose and evaluate new concepts for blending strategies, based on the communication between the TCU and BCU. The proposal focuses on the use Electrodynamic and Electropneumatic brakes without causing loss of performance or wheel flats. This will lead to a lower wear rate of the brakes and a higher efficiency of the braking sequence.


The main topics are carried out in WP8 & WP16 in tasks as follow:

Task 8.1 – Determination of the impact of better braking performance on the future rail traffic

A study of the interaction between the train control and the braking systems. The task will identify the impact, on rail traffic, of guaranteed braking distance under low adhesion conditions.

Task 8.2 – Update of WSP test bench and Test procedure

The Specifications of the WSP test bench and the test procedure are reviewed and improved based on new findings. They are based clarifications needed after the PINTA implementation.

Task 8.3 & 16.2– Development of adhesion management concepts and prototypes

A WSP algorithm is developed and then implemented into a prototype. The testing of the algorithm is done using a WSP prototype and the WSP test bench defined in PINTA.

Also, adhesion optimized blending concepts is integrated into a Simulation tool, further reviewed and evaluated according to the influence on the braking distance, the energy consumption and the brake disc energy.

Task 16.1 – Update of Adhesion model

As the research on the wheel-rail adhesion is ongoing, new subtleties in the interactions between the parameters of the adhesion model are expected to be discovered. For example, the link between the contaminant and the cleaning effect, the track cleaning and the self-

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cleaning or the static load impact. This implies modifications to the adhesion model official Specification.

4 IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY TOPICS

Based on data collected from the Work Packages within PINTA2, topics to be addressed were prioritized according to the following scale:

1 : Short-term action is needed before end of PINTA programme

2 : Topic is covered by running activity in other WP or external workgroup

3 : Topic is relevant but not mature enough to initiate standardisation work

4 : No impact on standard identified at this stage

Item WP in

PINTA WP in PINTA2

Topic Priority PINTA

Priority PINTA2

Comments

#1 PINTA WP1

PINTA2 WP1

Energy consumption ( pr EN 50 591 )

4 Closed Standard released by CENELEC in 2019

#2 PINTA WP2

PINTA2 WP2/11

Isolation requirements : impact on isolation material of motors, transformers – inductors, cables submitted to stress in dV/dt, Vmax

1 2 Agreement in PINTA that the topic is not critical, see actions below Continously monitored in project.

#3 New PINTA2 WP2/11

Main Transformer testing for SiC app's

3 EN60310, Specification of type test for main transformer is not matching SiC converter capabilities


Main Transformer Impedance

4 EN50388, Description of Diode rectifying is not fitting the design potential of SiC converter


Overvoltage conditions vs decreased filter size

3 EN50163, EMI relevant Line filter sizing may be decreased with the high switching capability of SiC. The transients and surges described in EN50163 may limit the use of this feature.

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Overvoltage conditions for E-transfo

N/A E Transformer has been removed from project


Traction motor design for SiC app's

3 Specification of traction motor design is not matching SiC converter capabilities

#8 PINTA WP3

PINTA2 WP3/12

EMI 3 3 EMI impacted with switching frequency, to be concluded in specific application design.

#9 PINTA WP3

PINTA2 WP3/12

Acoustic noise 4 4 No impact on standards identified.

#10 PINTA WP4

PINTA2 WP4/13

Power semi-conductor reliability

2 2 Continously monitored but no need for standardization identified


Corrosion test Specification for Semiconductors

3 Continously monitored To be discussed in next project.


Climate condition specification for Semiconductors



Condensation test Specification for Semiconductors


#14 PINTA WP2

PINTA2 WP4/13

Reference parallel design for semi-conductors

1 1 : Done

Released in 2019 See actions below

#15 PINTA WP2

PINTA2 WP4/13

Review IEC 60747-15 ( Isolated power semi-conductor devices ) linked with R2R standardized spec

1 1 : Done

See actions below

#16 PINTA WP2

PINTA2 WP4/13

Increase of operating temperature

3 3 Continously monitored To be discussed in next project.

#17 PINTA WP2/4

PINTA2 WP4/13

Smart maintenance 3 3 Topic will require standardisation activity but too early to identify clear topics; Big Data definitions for Smart Maintenance

#18 PINTA WP5

PINTA2 WP5/14

Identification of tests to be replaced by simulation

2 2 See actions below

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#19 PINTA WP5

PINTA2 WP5/14

General standard to be applied on virtual validation of traction system

3 3 Some standards integrate simulation results for component validation (i.e. brakes) but it is not a general methodology at traction system level and a maturity evaluation is needed. Depending on the maturity of item #18 this general standard is addressed as priority 3.

#20 PINTA WP7

PINTA2 WP7/15

Effect of wheel slide levels

3 3 This topic was addressed mainly during the PINTA project. Currently there is no standardisation action planned for it.

#21 PINTA WP7

PINTA2 WP7/15

Re-definition of the sand flow rates from g/30s to g/m.

2 2 This topic is managed outside PINTA2 (outside S2R). Support was given to the prEN15427 working group via company internal contacts.


ETCS braking curve generation, especially definition of K_wet.

- 1/ 3 Performance improvements at low wheel/rail adhesion conditions do not facilitate benefits for rail operation if not considered within the overall railway (signaling) system. Immediate input was given to ERA. Further work is to be done as work was considered not mature enough yet.

#23 PINTA WP8

PINTA2 WP8/16

Scientific proposal for substitution of field tests

2 2 Topic adressed to EN15595

Table 2: List of priority topics

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4.1 PROPOSED APPROACH FOR PRIORITY TOPICS

Four priority 1 & 2 topics requiring short-term work have been identified:

4.1.1 Isolation requirements: impact on isolation material submitted to stress in dV/dt and Vmax

The topic was addressed in PINTA and the priority was changed to 2 in PINTA2. The handling assessment of the topic in PINTA is included (in short) also in this report for completeness:

A common review to assess impact on isolation requirements of introduction of SiC based power semi-conductors in railway traction system [REF 02] was organized. During this review, a view of on-going work on this topic by the partners was shared and the general position is the following:

There is no need to change standard regarding this problem as each company must take care of the dv/dt and the overvoltage impact on the insulation material definition or add external solution to limit the constraints.

Nevertheless, it could make sense to think of standard tests definition to validate conformity of the equipment (transformer, cable, motor, coil) regarding dV/dt and overvoltage stresses.

4.1.2 Reference parallel design for semi-conductors

Paralleling of Si & SiC devices is getting more important with the upcoming new dual modules with lower current rating than currently used devices. To ensure optimum converter design (with low derating factor between paralleled devices) and keep cost low (acceptable yield for the semi-conductor supplier), a compromise is needed.

As the mechanical setup can have a substantial impact on the paralleling, in order to involve supplier responsibility, the general approach of defining a reference setup as an interface between semiconductor suppliers and converter manufacturers was agreed from all partners.

The reference design was discussed and defined in document Paralleling Reference Setup V1.1 [REF 03], this document has been uploaded to S2R website for further referencing and distribution to semiconductor suppliers by the PINTA2 partners.

4.1.3 Review of IEC 60747-15

The standard IEC 60747-15 (Isolated Power Semiconductor Devices) has been reviewed by the members of the PINTA2 working group. The purpose was to identify possible areas for improvement of the standard, mainly based on the Roll2Rail D1.2 Power Semiconductor Specification [REF 04] and the foreseen growth of silicon carbide-based power semiconductors.

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The consensus in the working group is that there is no immediate need to update IEC 60747-15, and no new actions need to be planned. As there is work ongoing regarding power semiconductor reliability in the ECPE project group, it is advisable to wait until those results are finalized before updating existing power semiconductor standards.

4.1.4 Identification of tests to be replaced by simulation

In WP5/WP14, a significant part of the work has focused on the feasibility to replace physical tests by simulation. This has been discussed and reported in the reports PINTA D5.2: Requirement specifications for virtual validation tools and concept specification for simulations [REF 05] and PINTA D5.3: New methodologies for validation. [REF 06]

The work has continued into PINTA2 with applying the topic on use cases to test the approach of virtual validation. This has been discussed in PINTA2 D5.1 Report on virtual process on use cases [REF 07]

The activities for Pre-standardization in this area is well covered in the mentioned reports and will not be reported in detail in this report.

4.1.5 Re-definition of the sand flow rates from g/30s to g/m.

A need for standard update was identified in WP7/WP15. As the update has been transferred into the related working group of standardisation we experienced that a discussion on that topic is already ongoing. Hence support has been given to the discussion. A standard change is foreseen to be a part of a future update of EN15427.

The update is related to the redefinition of sand flow rates to reference the amount of sand to be used over a distance travelled by the train rather than amount of sand to be used over time.

4.1.6 ETCS braking curve generation, especially definition of K_wet

For this topic, a need for standard creation/ evolution was identified in PINTA2 WP7/WP15.

Background to this is that the solution developments addressed within the PINTA2 project relate to realisation of performance improvements at low wheel/rail adhesion conditions. But the technical benefits they facilitate cannot be raised as benefits for rail operation in general if they are not considered within the overall railway (signaling) system.

Hence contacts have been established by the PINTA2 group to signaling/ rail operation related stakeholders to discuss this topic. Input was given to ERA for the TSI update of 2022 but was considered to be not mature enough yet. That is why the topic now is followed up and further discussed with relevant stakeholders in multiple groups.

To further pursue this topic, the group will investigate whether it can be addressed in one of the UNISIG Subsets on ETCS/ERMTS or a separate standard is to be generated.

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4.1.7 Scientific proposal for substitution of field tests.

In WP8/WP16 the proposal for replacing field tests by virtual tests has been. In the same way as for the traction work packages of PINTA2

In EN15595 Braking – Wheel slide protection standard, a virtual methodology is defined for slide effects, but there are needs to further evolve this and make it applicable to a more general and accepted virtual validation process for adhesion.

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5 CONCLUSION

The objective of this report in the continued efforts on pre-standardization activities within S2R PINTA2.

The topics have been collected and assessed within the workgroup of Work Package 6. The topics of highest priority (1 & 2) have been discussed and addressed. Several of the topics have been concluded either as standard been issued (as in EN 50 591) or support being given to standardisation groups (as in prCEN/TS 15427-2:2016).

The reference set up for paralleling of semiconductors has been defined within PINTA&PINTA2 and documented in a joint report for further use by suppliers and other stakeholders.

In some cases, there have been reviews and assessments leading to conclusions that no change is necessary and that the existing standards can be used and support the future designs without updates (as in IEC 60747-15).

Other investigations lead to the establishment of connections to working groups of other disciplines in- and outside S2R, in particular to signaling and rail operation experts, in order to identify multi-disciplinary, system-based approaches for consideration of new solutions’ influence on improving rail traffic.

The work of pre-standardization is foreseen to continue in upcoming S2R projects and the list of topics and actions will be carried over to these projects.

REFERENCES

[REF 01] Pre-standardisation concepts and structures – PNT-T6.3- -ALS-001-01 – November 2018

[REF 02] Definitive Technical Description of the Regional SiC Traction Subsystem - PNT-T2.2-D-ALS-003-01 – July 2018

[REF 03] Paralleling Reference Setup V1.1 - PNT-WP06-J-SIE-005-02 – March 2019

[REF 04] Common specification of new generation power semiconductors for railway traction applications – Roll2Rail - R2R-T1.1-T-BTS042-01 – November 2016

[REF 05] Requirement specifications for virtual validation tools and concept specification for simulations - PNT-T5.2-D-CAP-011-01 – February 2018

[REF 06] New methodologies for validation - PNT-T5.3-D-ALS-012-01 – November 2018

[REF 07] Report on virtual process on use cases- PNT2-WP05-D-ALS-005-01 – December 2019

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ANNEX 1: PINTA2 WP5&14 FEEDBACK AT PLASA2 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR VIRTUAL TESTING

Respondent

1. Company/Organisation PINTA2 WP5/14 “virtual validation” : Alstom, Bombardier, CAF, DB, Siemens, SNCF, Talgo.

2. Role

S2R PINTA2 WP5/14 leader

3. Contact details (optional)

[email protected] 4. Please list the specific technical fields you are knowledgeable about:

Traction drive/converter 5. Which standards that allow some level of Virtual Testing are you aware of? EN 14363: Testing and Simulation for the acceptance of running characteristics of railway vehicles - Running Behaviour and stationary tests

EN 12663: Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies EN 15227: Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies

EN 15595: Braking - Wheel slide protection

EN 50388: Railway Applications - Power supply and rolling stock – Technical criteria for the coordination between power supply (substation) and rolling stock to achieve interoperability

EN50129:2018 Railway applications - Communication, signalling and processing systems - Safetyrelated electronic systems for signalling

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State of the art in Virtual Testing

Please reply to the questions in this section based on your experience and the technical fields you are knowledgeable about. If you are familiar with more than one, please fill in for all those that apply.

1. In which time horizon could the following types of Virtual Tests reach maturity? Please briefly explain, as in the example shown, the reason for the chosen timeframe: Now / 1-5 years / > 5 years / Never

Types of Virtual Testing

Technical field Numerical simulation Software in the loop Hardware in the loop

Running dynamics

Now Common practice

1-5 years Testing tools will be mature

> 5 years Regulatory framework not ready

Shock & Vibration (IEC61373) [ALS]

Now Finite Element Methodology is mature Standard WG on going to introduce simulation

NA NA

Voltage stability (EN50388) [ALS]

NA NA

Now HIL simulation mature Regulatory framework not ready

Traction converter Thermal design [ALS]

Now Common practice

NA NA

Traction software (EN50657) [BT]

Now. Software behaviour is almost identical on desktop as on target controllers

Now. Software behaviour is almost identical on desktop as C code as on target controllers

Now Hardware in the loop is a 15-year-old strategy for testing software also known as Real Time Simulator (RTS).

[improvement on automation testing/traction chain model improvement/environment is getting better (faster, better performance)]

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Traction Hardware performance including Software (IEC61377 & IEC61133) [CAF]

Common practice

>3 years SIL simulation mature

Currently HIL simulation mature

Railway applications -wheelsets and bogies- (DIN EN 13103 & DIN EN 13104) [SMO]

NA NA >5 years HIL is mature enough to anticipate and reduce number of tests

2. In which time horizon could the following degrees of Virtual Testing reach maturity for the approval process? Please briefly explain, as in the example shown, the reason for the chosen timeframe: Now / 1-5 years / > 5 years / Never

Degrees of Virtual Testing

Technical field

Extension of approval1

Partial virtual testing2 Full virtual testing3

Running dynamics

Now Common practice

Now Common practice

> 5 years More experience is necessary

Shock & Vibration (IEC61373) [ALS]

NA NA Now For known mechanical assembly, the simulation process is mature. Field tests will be required for new mechanical assembly technology.

1 Extension of approval: Using models for already homologated systems/products to validate changes in terms of design change of system/product or change in operational environment. 2 Partial virtual testing: A blend of virtual testing and field tests are used to demonstrate conformance to the requirements for approval. 3 Full virtual testing: Either the use of numerical simulations, software-in-the-loop or hardware-in-the-loop to demonstrate conformance to the requirements for approval. In this scenario, field tests are not used for conformance evidence but may be used for validation of the virtual testing model.

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Voltage stability (EN50388) [ALS]

NA NA 1-5 years Technical criteria and simulation process definition are on-going in the standard working group


NA Now Common practice

NA

Traction software (EN50657) [BT]

NA Now Real Time Simulators are used with a combination of simulations and real hardware. On desktop testing currently used.

3-5 years Complicated electrical devices which need micro second precision are complicated to perform completely virtually

Traction Hardware performance including Software (IEC61377 & IEC61133) [CAF]

Now common practice Now common practice 3 years

Railway applications wheelsets and bogies- (DIN EN 13103 & DIN EN 13104) [SMO]

NA >5 years HIL is mature enough to anticipate and reduce number of tests

NA

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3. How would you rate the challenge posed by the following barriers for the introduction of Virtual Testing? Please introduce as many technical fields as applicable and circle the chosen option.

Technical field

Barrier

Shock & Vibration

(IEC61373) [ALS]

Voltage stability

(EN50388) [ALS]


Traction Software

(EN50657) [BT]

Traction Hardware

performance including Software

(IEC61377 & IEC61133)

[CAF]

Railway applications wheelsets

and bogies- (DIN EN

13103 & DIN EN 13104)

[SMO]

a. Simulation maturity/repres entativeness

High High High High High High

b. Availability and quality of input data

High Mid Mid Mid High Mid

c. Comparability of field tests and simulations

High High High High High

Mid

d. Simulation cost Low Low Low Low Low Low

e. Know-how protection (e.g., models and data)

Mid Mid Mid Mid High

Mid

f. Compatibility of simulation tools Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid

g. Trust in simulation High Mid High Mid High High

h. Others; please specify:

Organisation change

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4. How would you rate the potential benefits of introducing Virtual Testing in the following areas? Please introduce as many technical fields as applicable and circle the chosen option.

Technical field

Benefit

Shock & Vibration

(IEC61373) [ALS]

Voltage stability

(EN50388) [ALS]


Traction Software

(EN50657) [BT]

Traction Hardware

performance including Software

(IEC61377 & IEC61133)

[CAF]

Railway applications -

wheelsets and bogies-

(DIN EN 13103 & DIN EN 13104)

[SMO]

a. Life-cycle costs Mid Mid Mid Mid High Mid

b. Railway capacity Low Low Low Low Mid Low

c. Reliability and punctuality Mid Mid High High Mid High

d. Extension of the range of test conditions

Low Low Low High High

High

e. Promotion of quicker turnaround of innovations

Low Low Low High High

Mid

f. More flexibility, better comparability and better characterisatio n due to technical field distinction

High High High High High

High

g. Maintenance optimisation High Mid High Low High High

h. Improved interoperability Low High Low Mid High Mid

i. Increased safety requirements

High High High High High High

j. Others; please specify:

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5. How would you consider the variability and uncertainties when using Virtual Testing versus field tests (e.g., safety factors, reliability approach…)?

Sensitivity analysis and robustness of simulation results are very important aspects to be checked

6. Are you aware of any holistic methods for evaluating the overall credibility of simulations (e.g., TRL, Predictive Capability Maturity Model, Credibility Assessment Scale…)? Do you think it would be beneficial to use such methods?

In PINTA activity, D5.1 report dealt with state-of-the-art analysis of use of simulation in standards. In this work, CAS, TRL, PCMM methodologies have been analysed. CAS appeared to be the most suitable process to verify the quality of simulation.

EN-14363 and EN50129:2018 have been identified as quality process for simulation.

7. Do you have any other comments regarding the state of the art in Virtual Testing?

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Virtual Testing in the authorisation process

1. Do you consider the application of Virtual Testing in the railway sector…?

☐ Unnecessary

☐ Desirable

☒ Priority

☐ Don’t know

2. Do you consider the harmonisation of Virtual Testing requirements across technical fields…?

☐ Unnecessary

☐ Desirable

☒ Priority

☐ Don’t know

3. The application of generic requirements for Virtual Testing should be…?

☐ Not implemented at all

☒ Described in a guide

☒ Implemented in voluntary (harmonised) standards

☐ Implemented in mandatory (referenced) standards

☐ Don’t know Any comments:

4. To what extent should requirements on the verification of tools4 be defined for specific technical fields? ☐ It is sufficient to have generic requirements

☒ Use of common practices in the field

☐ Defined by expert assessor (e.g., internal, notified body…) ☐ Definition of strict criteria (e.g., mathematical comparison…) in the regulations ☐ Other; please specify:

4 Verification of tool: In the context of simulations, verification is the process of determining that a simulation in its tool environment produces expected results according to the underlying model. Verification of the tool is the first step of this activity and does not require a model to be made.

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5. To what extent should requirements on the verification of models 5 be defined for specific technical fields?

☐ It is sufficient to have generic requirements


☒ Defined by expert assessor (e.g., internal, notified body…) ☐ Definition of strict criteria (e.g., mathematical comparison…) in the regulations ☒ Other; please specify: It must be explained the reason the for the need to verify the models, i.e. the Requirements are not sufficient.

6. To what extent should requirements on the validation of models6 be defined for specific technical fields? ☐ It is sufficient to have generic requirements


☒ Defined by expert assessor (e.g., internal, notified body…) ☐ Definition of strict criteria (e.g., mathematical comparison…) in the regulations ☒ Other; please specify: It must be explained the reason the for the need to verify the models, i.e. the Requirements are not sufficient.

7. Do you see any difficulty to use technical-field-specific requirements from standards on physical tests together with a generic framework on Virtual Testing without additional technical-fieldspecific requirements on Virtual Testing? ☒ No, it should be

sufficient ☐ Yes; if so, please specify:

8. If, in addition to a generic standard, specific requirements for technical fields are necessary, how should they be considered in the regulatory framework?

☐ It is sufficient to have generic requirements

☐ They should be implemented in specific guidelines

☒ They should be implemented in specific standards

☐ Other; please specify:

5 Verification of model: It is the second step in the process of determining that a simulation in its tool environment produces expected results according to the underlying model. It requires the model to be made. 6 Validation of model: The process of determining the degree to which a model is an accurate representation of the real system in its environment.

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9. In a generic approach, based on which factors should Virtual Testing be categorised in

order to be subjected to different levels of requirements? Please tick all those that apply, or preferably, rank them in order of importance.

☒ Safety impact

☒ Consequences of the results on conformity decisions

☐ Uncertainty of results

☐ Complexity

☐ Degree of innovation / Grade of establishment

☐ Type of Virtual Test (numerical simulation, software-in-the-loop…)

☐ Other; please specify:

10. Which topics should be addressed when defining generic requirements (e.g. validation,

verification, data pedigree, results uncertainty, people qualification…)? [generic requirements per categories] Clarity of requirements. How well the requirements are defined leads to the needs to validate the models.

11. Do you think it is necessary to provide models and data in order to prove conformity to the requirements?

☐ Yes

☒ No

☐ It depends; please give details:

12. Do you have any comments specific to a generic framework for Virtual Testing?

13. Do you have any comments regarding Virtual Testing in the authorisation process?

Explanation should be provided when virtual testing cannot be used for the authorisation process

for software. E.g. vague requirements of the hardware controlled.

14. Do you have any other comments?

Simulation needs strict validation when related to:

- Safety issues, - New technology, - Vague requirements

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