pnq(2)

34
1. Which of the following is not a part of delivery management? a. proposal b. analysis c. closure d. execution 2 Which activity is associated with quality control? a. testing b. managing c. coding d. audit 3 Name the stages that SDLC covers in s/w development a. none b. requirements, design, testing, coding c. requirements, design, testing, coding and maintenance d. design, testing, coding and maintenance What r the diff operational model recommended for development projects in cognizant incremental iterative waterfall 4 For a client in the banking industry security level must be----------------- a. high b. depends c. client d. medium e. low 6 Coding is done after which step in SDLC model…. a. analysis b. unit testing c. design d. requirement

Transcript of pnq(2)

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1. Which of the following is not a part of delivery management?

a. proposalb. analysisc. closured. execution

2 Which activity is associated with quality control?a. testingb. managingc. codingd. audit

3 Name the stages that SDLC covers in s/w developmenta. noneb. requirements, design, testing, codingc. requirements, design, testing, coding and maintenanced. design, testing, coding and maintenance

What r the diff operational model recommended for development projects in cognizant incrementaliterativewaterfall

4 For a client in the banking industry security level must be-----------------a. highb. dependsc. clientd. mediume. low

6 Coding is done after which step in SDLC model….a. analysisb. unit testingc. designd. requirement

7 Which of the following security criteria is not required in cognizant..a. c1b. c3c. c2d. c0

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8 ordering a plate at a restaurant an analysis to which modela. iterativeb. waterfallc. incrementald. maintenance

9 project quality goal are found ina. proj estimatesb. OLBMc. Work mgmt pland. Metric plan

10 Cognizant is currently certified at CMMI level. Level 5

11 What do we measure using s/w metrics?a. processb. productc. clientd. process & product

12 Which one of the following is a quality assurance activity?a. testingb. code reviewc. coding d. process audit

13 Buying a branded computer with on the assembling in analysis to…….a. Maintenanceb. Waterfallc. Incrementald. Iteration

14 What does a100% effort variants along with on time delivery indicator?a. noneb. client satisfactionc. under estimation of effort requiredd. excellent commitment

15 Business understanding is a part of Proposal16 D17 D

18 ---------------- for the project need to be set based on the date from project of similar nature executed previously from OLBM

a. goalb. defectc. process

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d. metrices

19 Which of the following has an impact of product quality?a. load factor b. defect density c. productivity d. Effort variance.

20 Production support is the main feature of ---------a. waterfall b. incremental c. iterative d. Maintenance.

21 While developing a system for a client with rapidly changing requirement which of the following is the appropriate software

a. waterfall b. incremental c. iterative d. maintenance

22 Quality management system management responsibility Resource management, product realization are the section of

a. CMM b. CMMI c. iso9000d. B37799

23 Project management involves balancing which of the following factora. all the options b. quality c. scope d. resourcee. time

24 If the timeline is very stringent and cognizant process demand a lot of process documents what need to be done?

a. allow without generating the documentb. follow up the process anywayc. first decline and then develop the process documentd. Tailor the process to suit the situation and get approval.

25 J26 G27 Who is a subcontractor?

a. An internal stack holderb. a stack holder from the clientc. none of the option

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d. an external stack holder

28 Client requires a certain template for design cognizant process mandates a different template what step required to be taken

a. follow client templateb. Follow cognizant template.c. Follow client template and remove all information mandated by

cognizant template.d. follow client template and capture additional information

required by cognizant template anywhere

29 Which of the following is a concern of the project manager?a. Profitabilityb. Business developmentc. Utilizationd. all the optionse. scheduling

30 The entire process of ensuring quality is known as ---------------------a. Quality auditb. Quality controlc. Quality standardd. Quality management

31 A quality measure of a specific desirable attribute of s\wa. defectb. planc. metricd. base line

32 Who is not the internal stakeholder of projecta. SQAGb. end userc. project managerd. team manager

33 which of the following is eg of peer reviewa. testingb. client supplied product reviewc. performance reviewd. code review

34 Goal for schedule variance is h% while project is delivered as2%-1% what this indicate

a. Baseline needs to be reviewed because capability has improvedb. Goals set in OLBM are badc. Projects need to work slower

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d. Everything is ideal and should not be changed

35 A large project with fixed requirements need to follow which modela. Incrementalb. Iterativec. Adaptived. waterfall

36 which of the following is not a part of deliverable mgmta. Analysis

37 Duration of proj is 4 month n effort is 45 person months.wat type of proj is thisa. Mediumb. Smallc. Larged. Very small

38 In which document the team structure mentioneda. SPPb. Team structurec. PSPHd. Microsoft project plan

39 minimizing the schedule variance lead toa. on time deliveryb. reduced duration variancec. reduced cost overrunsd. all the above

40 Total no of defects found during review/total no of defects found during review n testing equals

a. Review efficiencyb. Defect removal efficiencyc. Review Efficiencyd. Defect density

41 You are required to perform the coding and testing of a very small module entirely on your own. from where will u find the task n activities associated with coding n testing

a. Qview and PSPHb. Project planc. ETrackerd. Prolite and timesheet

42 Metric goal maps toa. Delivery Qualityb. Management directionc. Project pland. Business goals

43 Project is executed by applying bya. Knowledge skill techniques and toolsb. Knowledge and tools

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c. Knowledge skill action and toolsd. Knowledge skill and tools

44 Proj A produces 2, 20,3, 25 defects in 4 tasks of the same size. proj B produces 18,19,18 n 18 defects .which proj is controlled

a. Project Bb. Both uncontrolledc. Can’t be saidd. Project A

45 Which sdlc model have separate n distinct phase of specification n development

a. Waterfallb. Iterativec. Incrementald. V model

46 delivery mgmt runs in ----------- to sdlca. Parallelb. Cyclicalc. Seriesd. Alternatively

47 If there is lot of volatile business requirements n the s\w prone to change which model is appropriate if the change vary enough to rehaul of certain SYS

a. Iterativeb. Incrementalc. Maintenanced. Waterfall

48 The following is not a sdlc mod practice in cognizanta. incrementalb. iterativec. waterfalld. none

49 In incremental module which stages are incrementeda. Allb. requirementc. construction n unit testingd. design, construction n unit testing

50 Ordering a platter at a restaurant is analogous to which modela. Waterfallb. Iterativec. Maintenance

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d. Iterative

51 which of the following security criteria is not relevant in cognizanta. c0b. c1c. c2d. c3

52 At the initial CMMI level the process is a. Chaotic(initial)b. Optimizedc. Managedd. Repeatable

53 Which is not sdlc moda. U modelb. V modelc. RADd. Evolutionary

54 which is quality assurance activitya. Process Auditb. Code reviewc. Codingd. Testing

55 Which is not result of CMMIa. New coding Languageb. Productivity increasec. Process involvementd. Reduction of defects

56 which of following flow shows the proper sequence of events in the quality journey of an organization

a. Framework-model-Certificationb. Certificationframeworkmodelc. Modelframeworkcertificationd. Modelcertificationframework

57 which is concern of proj managera. scheduleb. business developmentc. profitabilityd. alle. utilization

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58 where does one ctrl limits for a metrica. OLBMb. Metric planc. Qsmartd. Project plan

59 The sdlc to be followed for a development project must be one of waterfall iterative, incremental

a. False

60 the security certification of cognizant is currentlya. BS7799b. CMMic. Six Sigmad. ISO9000

61 EMMA can instrument JAR filesa. Trueb. False

62 What do we call test cases with and conditions varies marginallya. Regressionb. Boundaryc. Over boundaryd. Correlation

63 Unit Test cases are insensitive to the number of iterations of the code.a. Trueb. False

64 If unit Test case passes, ideally, Integration test cases will pass.i. Trueii. False

65 Order the steps:a. Automation life cycle

66 Order the steps:a. Defect Mgmt life cycle

67 Order the steps:a. Test life cycle

68 Which are the testing models?a. Automation script generation.b. Automation Executionc. Test planningd. Test case generatione. Manual test execution.

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Ans: a, b, d, e69 Comments improve the readability of poorly written code

i. Trueii. False

70 Performance testing includesi. Loadii. Stressiii. Volumeiv. Peak

Ans: a, b, c

71 Project s/w process is stored ini. PSPH

72 Change history is stored ini. SCM history form-cii. Change requestiii. SCM plan

73 Set for a project is taken from previous projects or OLBMi. Goalii. Metrics

74 Contract is output ofi. Formalizationii. Closureiii. Startupiv. Proposalv. Execution

75 Business understanding is part ofi. Formalizationii. Closureiii. Startupiv. Proposalv. Execution

76 AD last stage isi. Implementationii. Maintenanceiii. Knowledge Transitioniv. Post implementation support

77 Project of 8 members and 12 months isi. Very smallii. Smalliii. Mediumiv. Largev. Not a project

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78 Classify requirementsi. Minor 0<x<20ii. Major 20<x<100iii. Super major 100<x<320

b. Minor 0<x<30i. Major 30<x<90ii. Super major 90<x<320

79 Code profiling is done in( I think d ans s “coding”. Not very sure)i. Codingii. UAT

iii. Integration & System testing

80 Req document is signed and acts as terms of agreement b/w client & customer. This is achieved in

i. Elicitationii. Review

iii. Validationiv. Analysis

81 Change of request comes after design stage, then what should u do?i. Impact analysisii. Since coding has not begun, impact is less, reject the change and

proceed with the codingiii. Since coding has not begun, impact is less, change the req doc and

start design

82 Change of design to machine language is done ini. Codingii. Design

83 Coding is ______ of SDLCi. 5%

84 Application Installation is a part of installation testing.i. Trueii. False

85 What testing is done before application goes live?a. UAT(user acceptance testing)

86 Tear down in JUnit refers?

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i. Tears down the test case step by step for debuggingii. Brings down application serveriii. none of the listed optionsiv. Executed after test case execution

87 four types of maintenance?i. Preventiveii. Perfectiveiii. Adaptiveiv. Corrective

88 QSM ini. Qview

89 Security in Cognizanti. BS 7799

90 30) CMMI level 4i. Managed

ii. Quantitatively managediii. Optimized

91 New defect found isi. Acknowledged by development team lead & opened

92 Who closes the defect?i. Testerii. Revieweriii. Developer

93 Test plan does not containi. Test Metricsii. Test Environmentiii. Test Objectiveiv. Test Case

94 Unit test cases are dependent on each otheri. Trueii. False

95 public class{

int a;int b;

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int c;//AddPublic void add(int x, int y){

If (a>x) {

If(b>y){

If(x>y){

If((x+y) < (a+b)){

X=a+b+y;}

}}

}}

i. Inadequate commentii. No real outputiii. Invalid logic evaluationiv. Unused variablev. More nested if’s than recommended

96 Which of the following is not an automation tool?i. Winrunnerii. Junitiii. Borland silk testiv. Rational functional testerv. None of the above

97 Purpose of traceability of requirementsi. Adequate testingii. Adequate project mgmtiii. Satisfied requirements

98 Which is correct regarding s/w quality process?i. Costs too muchii. No need of quality process when SRS is cleariii. Time consumingiv. None of listed options

99 Selection of life cycle model depends oni. Natureii. Scopeiii. Sizeiv. All of above

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100 Why security is critical?i. Customer trust to Cognizant. Loss in customer dataii. Loss of info to outside. Competitors indulge info.iii. Info lost once, difficult to gainiv. All of above

101 Schedule variance is 60% & low requirement stability index indicatesi. poor planning

ii. Req changing leads to schedule slippageiii. Inadequate resources

102 The overall system structure, architecture is tested ini. system testing

103 E-tracker and Prolite are used in which phase?a. start upb. executionc. closured. all

104 OLBM- Organizational Level Bench Marka. Process improvementb. organization maturityc. organization capabilityd. all

105 Which SDLC model followed in cognizant

a. Partially onsite and partially offshore

106 Which is not a type of project in cognizant?a. Largeb. Smallc. Mediumd. very large

107 people soft is used fora. effort varianceb. measuring resourcec. billing to clientd. All

108 What data design does?

a. Explain internal data structures b. Cross reference connection of data objects and systemc. Explain external data structuresd. How data stored and maintained

109 What is a defect tracking tool and not internal tool? a. ETracker

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b. Godzillac. Prolited. Bugzilla

110 Which aspect of software production is catered by software engineering?a. Design and developmentb. Codingc. All listed optionsd. Delivery

111 Similar variables should be declared a. Togetherb. Wheneverc. As they occurd. Separately

112 Baseline definition

a. Specification or product completely reviewed and agreed upon and cannot be changed without a waiver

b. Approved o/p

c. Formally reviewed and agreed upon solution and it serves as basis

d. Prepared o/p

113 High quality program necessary to follow

a. Testing methodology

b. Design method

c. s/w dev method

d. coding method

114 Activities in a phase corresponds to

a. Verification

b. Exit

c. Task

d. Entry

115 When is the defect prevention initiated in a project?

a. Quarterly

b. When first defect found

c. Start up of project plan

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d. Frequency defined at start

116 What gets improved on good coding?

a. Readability and size

b. Complexity and size

c. Readability and maintainability

d. Maintainability and complexity

117 What are non functional requirements/ implicit requirements?

a. Attributes or qualities of a s/w system or product related to system functionality spelt out by the client

b. Attributes or qualities of a s/w system or product that are less important than the function requirement and taken care later

c. Attributes or qualities of a s/w system or product related to system functionality and necessary for the day to day function of the system

d. Attributes or qualities of a s/w system or product unrelated to system functionality and necessary for the day to day function of the system

118 What does peer review ensure?

a. Defects are detected and rectified early

b. Code tested

c. Defects logged

d. Code is delivered

119 Cognizant and Peer review comments are done by

a. ETracker and Prolite

b. Qsmart

c. ETracker, Prolite and Qsmart

d. None

120 Locking files to help data securely is a feature of

a. Offensive programming

b. Defensive

c. Secure

d. Cryptic

121 Activities in appl. Maintenance

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a. Production support, bug fix, minor enhancements, major enhancements, testing, document, reengineering, development

b. Production support, bug fix, minor enhancements, major enhancements, testing, document, reengineering

c. Production support, bug fix, minor enhancements, major enhancements, testing, document

d. Production support, bug fix, minor enhancements, major enhancements,

122 Why do we use functional spec document

a. Detailed spec of each requirement document in design document

b. Function spec design

c. Detailed spec of each requirement document

d. Detailed spec of each task

123 Post implementation process document covers

a. Management of overall support process, level of support, service level agreement with client, release plan for bug fixed, contact details of help desk and support team

b. Management of overall support process, level of support, service level agreement with client, release plan for bug fixed

c. Management of overall support process, level of support, service level agreement with client, contact details of help desk and support team

d. Management of overall support process, level of support, service level agreement with client

124 Categorize request in terms of effort person hour*****

a. Minor request 0<x<30, major request 30<x<90, super major request 90<x<320, dev taskl >320

b. Minor request 0<x<100, dev taskl >100

c. Minor request <20, major request <50, super major request <320, dev taskl >320

125 SCI subjected to change under what condition

a. Change initiated by customer

b. Change due to enhancements

c. All

d. Bugs identified during testing

126 Peer review reviewer detects a defect. What does a peer reviewer do?

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a. Inform to client

b. Fixes the defects himself and don’t inform developer

c. Inform developer and asks him to rectify

d. Def document, closed and later on analyzed

127 ----------- targets testing on small unit of testing

a. System testing

b. Unit

c. Acceptance

d. Integration

128 Objectives of testing

a. Code works

b. Presence of errors

c. Code does not work

d. Absence of errors

129 S/w development means only coding

a. True

b. False

130 Change history of SCI is found in

a. SCM plan

b. SCM history form

c. s/w release history

d. change request

131 Structured Analysis and design deals with

a. World as a set of objects

b. Breaks into many small modules and implement them

c. Overall problem domain is characterized as objects and specify relationship between them

d. Stored data and maintains it in the system

132 Which is not used in coding stage?

a. Code review check list

b. Requirement traceability matrix

c. Design document

d. Roll out doc

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133 In which phase completed product is placed in a operated environment?

a. Coding

b. Testing

c. Maintenance

d. Product roll out

134 Benefits of usage identification header in program

a. Maintainability

b. Security

c. Flexibility

d. Complexity

135 Max no of if.. then .. else that should be in a program is

a. 4

b. 3

c. 2

d. 1

136 ------- done to ensure that action to rectify objects defects have not produced any errors.

a. Integration testing

b. Unit

c. System

d. regression

137 Identifying business needs/concerns/high level requirements in the mind of customers. This is done in which stage?

a. Elicitation

b. Analysis

c. Documentation

d. Validation

138 Which is true about integration testing?

a. Unit individually tested

b. Testing interface of system with external system

c. Targets changes to code

d. Testing interfaces between modules

139 Testers need to make sure that

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a. Requirements are satisfied

b. Design stipulations have been met

c. Defects are identified

d. Coding standard have been followed

140 Define requirements as

a. What wanted

b. What needed and not wanted

c. What needed

d. What wanted and needed

141 Developer not involved in which stage?

a. Unit

b. Integration

c. System

d. Acceptance

142 s/w dev process starts with

a. requirements

b. analysis

c. design

d. delivery

143 Risk management is done at which stage?

a. Project life cycle fully

b. Project delivery

c. Project start up

d. Proposal stage

144 What should be focus in post implementation?

a. Has product delivered?

b. Is product needed?

c. Does function correctly

d. Has product installed

145 What does ETVX means?

a. Entry, task, verification, Exit

b. Entry, tools, verification, exit

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c. Entry, task, validation, exit

d. And some other option

146 Which is not associated with testing?

a. Prolite

Qviewb. ETracker

c. Qsmart

147 Architectural design will not have which of the following?

a. Programmer name

b. Program unit

c. Cross reference between

d. Program unit structure

148 Unit testing is used to test the small units of program

149 Performance testing - testing a application for speed and availability

150 NON benefits of unit testing check box 2 choices

151 Types of maintenance testing production support bug fix enhancement

152 Internal stakeholders check box 3 choices- HR Finance PM

153 TCP can be derived from –all the options like test case generation, test script automation so on

154 Rational robot is used for power building application true/false

155 Defect tracker tool which is not an internal tool? bugzilla

156 A site should be available for 24/7 for 300 days. This is a nonfunctional requirement - T/F

157 A Team is working in a cosmetic bug fix and some function enhancement n should be submitted in the stimulated time.. a user emails to change onscreen. What will the team do??prioritize on severity n fix it after impact analysis

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158 Arrange the following in order

a. write the code

b. design document

c. peer review

d. write test case

e. code repository

f. run the test case

b ,a, c, e, d, f

159 Knowledge transition a. maintenance project

160 Requirement variabilitya. 6 Sigma

161 Both defect management and SDLC a. Project management plan

162 Financial data is C1 secure163 Large project with fixed requirements

a. Incremental 164 Contract review comes under which stage

a. Project execution and control165 Entire process of ensuring quality

a. SQM166 Template of business continuity plan will be available at the time

a. Project Startup167 Review contract is done at what stage

a. Project Execution168 Developer is responsible for

a. Coding and unit testing169 OLBM

a. Used for setting goals / metrics170 In cognizant who is responsible for quality management

a. SQAG171 Load factor is used for

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a. Process b. Product c. Process and product d. All the above

172 Project time period is 4 months, no. of employee is 46 in which type of project is this

a. Medium173 Requirement is given by customer which SDLC you will follow?

analysis

174 Client is a part of choosing the SDLC model – true/false

175 EVTX is present in every stage of SDLC T/F

176 Stress testing testing beyond specified requirements

177 Who is not responsible for the quality of the project? Client

178 Tester /Reviewer have write access to which area?

a. Code development area

b. Test/review area

c. None of the above

179 s/w development involves only coding – false

180 Testing by the user at the clients side – beta testing

181 Which is not the level of testing??

182 Manual testing has more control than automation testing -T/F

183 Program architecture is done after high level design T/F

184 Test strategy/scenario determines the complexity of test case T/F

185 A bug which is fixed can be reopened – T/F

186 developer can fix the bug in which 2 phases? Coding and testing

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187 what is the need for test result analysis??reports

188 Prolite setup is used in which phase?

a. Proposal

b. Closure

c. Execution and control

d. None

189 EMMA is indirectly used to detect the dead code – true

190 Levels of integration testing- big bang, top down and more( totally three)

191 Purpose of system testing interaction of comonents

192 60% schedule variance and low requirement stability index implies what?cost performance,frequent req changes

193 Requirement change causes schedule lagging.

194 Six sigma is 99.9997 error free code

195 Project configuration is stored where? Prolite etracker,visual source

196 Why do we perform testing and use of it-to check whether all the requirements are met or not

197 people soft is used for

a. effort variance

b. measuring resource

c. billing to client

d. all

198 If the requirement and design document is given by the client, with what stage will the project start?

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a. testing

b. coding

c. design document delivery

d. requirement document delivery

199 Functional testing is more important than non functional testing. True or false?

200 JUnit consists of which classes?junit test case.

201 Test execution results are stored in: - Test Log

202 For checking functionality which test is to be done?

a. Integration Testing

b. Beta testing

203 A test leader will give least importance to……name of the developer..

204 Bug tracking tools are:

a. Bugzilla

205 Cognizant defect tracking is stored in e Tracker

206 For checking loop how many test case are required 3

207 TCP is executed after executing the complexity of test case .true or false?

208 BS7799 follows information security

209 What does the setup method in JUnit does… initialize

210 How many test cases will be required for if condition 2

211 Post implementation Condition supprt bug fix enhancement

212 Code profiling is done in which stage coding

213 Retrospective document is stored in……..Prolite

214 Who incorporates peer review comments……….Developer

215 Which of the following is proactive……..

a. Corrective

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b. Preventive

c. Perfective

216 Is tester are stakeholder part. True or false? True

217 Test case generation is a test model. True or false? True

218 Rational tools does not support….TCP

219 Arrange the following in the order of their execution

a. Unit Testing

b. System testing

c. Configuration testing

d. Beta testing

e. Acceptance testing

220 After which stage application goes live?

a. Pre production

b. Acceptance

221 Which is not a performance tools?

a. Win runner

222 Developers find a high severity bug what does the developers should do

223 In which stage use case is generated?

a. Requirement analysis

224 Commenting on each and every line of code is advisable

a. False

225 USE CASE design in which stage

a. Requirement ANALYSIS

226 Detailed estimation which phase

a. Start up

227 Product realization and mgmt responsibility in which quality model

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a. ISO 9000

228 Rational Robot is use to develop VB Script for recording false

229 Automation methods

a. data-driven and captured playback

230 delivery management and SDLC both r included in

a. PROJECT Management phase

231 Defect management tool………………

a. Bugzilla

b. Prolite

c. IBM clearquest

d. EMMA 

232 Functional testing is more important than non functional testing…….        T/F

233 Which testing is done to test that functionality meet the specification before acceptability testing………….

a. Beta

b. implementation

c. configuration

d. integration

e. installation

234 peer review is ………….SQA activity- false quality control

235 In GUI testing functionality of all involved component is checked?

a. true

236 Min. no. of test case need to be executed for “while” loop  and “if” statement…..:- 1,2,3,4,5

237 JUnit testing framework use which class for testing…….

a. Assert

b. JUnit

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c. JUnit TestCase

d. JUnit TestSuite

e. test case

238 Use case development is done during which stage….sys. Design

239 cognizant…management sys belongs to…….ISO9001

240 INTERNAL WORKING OF SYS. IS TESTED by using white box

241 code profiling is done in …….coding phase

242 code coverage tells how much requirements are covered in implementation  False

243 5th level in CMMi – optimization

244 Functional testing is more important than nonfunctional testing ?t/f

245 Complexity of testcases are derived from test strategy . t/f

246 Metric goal :-

a. delivery quality

b. Business objective

c. Management direction

247  software project process is stored in the document

a. SPP

b. SSSD

c. PSPH

d. SCM

248 In defect type extra means: - no requirement for that

249 Performance testing is a process of understanding how the web application and its operating environment respond at various user load levels.

250 size /effort =productivity

251 TCP is calculated/derived from execution complexity. t/f

252 Tester and reviewer has the access write to which of the following :-

a. review

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b. development

c. baseline

d. metric

253 unit testcases are written just after coding the unit ----false

254 test cases are written in the design phase :- t/f

255 In case of peer review comments are given by –

a. Developer

b. Pl

c. Reviewer

256 detailed estimation activity comes in---start up phase

257 test results are stored in –test log

258 which of the following is not true for top down integration testing-

a. Core functionality is tested

259 post implementation –support for service level agreement ,contact helpdesk, reschedule of bugs and defects,

260 Bug fix involves analysis ,design ,test ----true/false

261 class abc { int a,b,c; //add Public:add(int x,int y) If(x<a) {if (y<b) {if(a>b) { if(a+b>x+y0 [x=a+b+y; } } }}

a. inadequate commenting

b. logical error

c. unused variable

d. no output generator

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e. use of excess if condition

262 Nonfunctional requirement :-

a. not related to functional requirement but necessary for day to day functioning

b. Related to functional requirement, but the absence can cause defects.

c. error prone

d. less important than functional requirement so it can be developed later