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1
AbstractPhasor Measurement Units (PMUs) have been
increasingly widespread throughout the power network. As a
result, several researches have been made to locate the PMUs for
complete system observability. Many protection applications are
based upon the PMUs locations. This paper introduces an
important application in power system protection which is the
detection of single line outage. In addition, a detection of the
outaged line is achieved depending on the variations of phase
angles measured at the system buses where the PMUs arelocated. Hence, a protection scheme from unexpected overloading
in the network that may lead to system collapse can be achieved.
Such detections are based upon an artificial intelligence
technique which is the support Vector Machine (SVM)
classification tool. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed approach, the algorithm is tested using offline
simulation for the 14-bus IEEE system.
Index TermsPhasor measurement units, PSCAD, Support
vector machines, Transmission line measurements.
I. INTRODUCTION
INE outage study provides a measure of the overall effect
on the system due to that line outage. The power flow ofthe system is affected by the line outage. Therefore, this may
lead to overloading for certain lines. Also, this causes changes
in the power angles for several buses. A protective action
should be made to prevent large system disturbances (over
loading of lines) leading to cascaded tripping results in a
system collapse. However, connectivity information over the
wide area is very important for system operations [1, 2].
In recent years, PMUs are the only devices which are
deployed over the entire power grid and are capable of
providing geographically dispersed accurate synchronized
measurements [3]. Therefore, they are used for system control,
protection, state estimation and topology estimation [4 - 8].
Consequently, PMUs became a powerful technology in power
system protection.
Mikolinnas and Wollenberg [9] have presented a version of
the Megawatt Performance Indices (PI) whish are function of
bus voltages and line flows and the corresponding limits. They
A. Y. Abdelaziz, S. F. Mekhamer and M. Ezzat are with Electrical Power and
Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt.
E. F. El-Saadany is with Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
University of Waterloo, Canada
include all terms in the infinite Taylors series expansion for
all the change in the performance index due to different
outage. Irissari and Sasson [10] have proposed an improved
computational procedure based on DC load flow method.
Vemuri and Usher [11] have presented a unified approach to
find sensitivity of performance index for single branch outage,
generation/load outage and combination of them. D. Hazarika
et al. [12] describe an algorithm for determining the line
outage contingency of a line taking into account of line overload effect in remaining lines and subsequent tripping of over
loaded line(s) leading to system split or islanding of a power
system using fast decoupled load flow analysis. J. Tate and T.
Overbye [13, 14] introduce two researches for single line
outage and double line outage respectively using phasor angle
measurements. This is done by utilizing an optimization
technique for event detection. Authors of [13] presented
accurate results for a line outage case for a certain line in the
37-bus IEEE system.
This paper focuses on the line outage problem and proposes
an artificial intelligence based technique for outage detection.
The outaged line is determined by means of an SVM
classification tool. The task of SVM is to utilize the outputinformation from the PMUs to determine a status for each line
if it is outaged or not. The PMUs calculate the phasor angles atthe certain buses based on the complete observability
approach discussed in [15]. Section II of this paper describes
how to use the SVM approach in line outage detection and
determination of outaged line. Section III proposes anapproach for detection of the outaged line based on the
variations of the phasor angles at different buses with the aid
of the SVM tool. Section IV introduces a numerical simulation
for the 14-bus IEEE system using an offline simulation
program EMTDC/PSCAD [19] and the mathematical analysiswith the aid of MATLAB. Section V clarifies the extracted
conclusions.
II. SUPPORT VECTORMACHINE
Support vector machine [16, 17] was originally introduced
by Vapnik and co-workers in the late 1990s. It is a
computational learning method based on the statistical
learning theory. SVM mainly has two classes of applications,
classification and regression. In this paper, only the
application of classification is considered.
The classification problem can be restricted to consideration
of the two-class problem without loss of generality. In this
Line Outage Detection Using Support Vector
Machine (SVM) Based on the Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) Technology
A. Y. Abdelaziz, S. F. Mekhamer, M. Ezzat and E. F. El-Saadany
L
978-1-4673-2729-9/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE
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The propo
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e possible ca
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ystem), there
ber of train
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raining vecto
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rs of the SV
e is a vector t
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Fig. 3 Flo
Fig. 4 IE
ncrease of 25
ncrease of 25
ncrease of 25
ncrease of 25
wchart describin
E 14 bus system.
Samp
SVM
Output
YES
in loading a
in loading a
in loading a
in loading a
the proposed ap
END
Input:les of PMUs meas
START
Collect output res
Extract outaged l
Calculate thehase an les
Form a vectorcontainin the a
SVM
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Output
Need to vary Pen
error'C'
NO
bus 6.
bus 9.
bus 10.
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roach.
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SVM
Line 20
Output
alty
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SVM
raining
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4
Each of the six loading cases has an internal 20 cases of line
outage for the 20 lines in the system. Therefore, 120 vectors
are available to perform the required training of SVM.
The training vector consists of a number of parts arranged
together. Each part clarifies the angle variations at the buses
where the PMUs are located. The next step is to apply a
different loading case to test the SVM including all possible
line outages. Then, the results are tabulated and the accuracy
is calculated. It is proposed to perform such testing atconditions that differ from the training conditions.
Firstly, to study the importance of complete observability of
the power system, the training and testing are performed by
considering two, three and four PMUs. Table I gives detailed
results for a study case where the load at bus 14 is increased
25% than the normal loading in the standard IEEE 14-bus
system and two PMUs located at buses 2 and 10 are used.
Table II gives similar results while three PMUs at buses 2, 7,
and 10 are utilized. And Table III shows the same analysis
with four PMUs located at the buses 2, 7, 10, and 13.
Secondly, In order to ensure the superiority of the SVM
classification tool in the field of line outage detection, several
study cases have been studied including the complete
observability principle. The study cases are given as follow:
Study case (1): An increase of 25% in loading at bus 14.Study case (2): An increase of 25% in loading at bus 3.Study case (3): An increase of 40% in loading at bus 9.The targets of studying more study cases are; (1) to get an
approximated accuracy of the proposed approach, (2) to select
the appropriate range of penalty error for each line outage
detection case.
The results of the first study case are given in Table III,
while the other study cases are presented in Table IV and
Table V. The results are compared, and the comparison is
introduced in Fig. 5.
It is clear from Tables I, II and III that for each line, there is
a detectable range of penalty error "C" for the line outage.
When two PMUs are used, many lines are subjected to lack of
classification, either no detection or a miss of classification,
the accuracy in this case reaches a 16 correct classificationover 20 line outage cases. The remaining four cases are for
lines far away from the PMUs locations that results in a wrong
detection. The accuracy is improved when using three PMUs
and the correct detections reach 19 detections over 20 line
outage cases. Finally, when four PMUs are used and located
upon the complete observability approach, a complete
detection scenario is achieved and the correct detections reach
20 detections over 20 line outage cases and with a more wide
range of penalty error.
It is clear from Fig. 5 that for each line, there is a detectable
range of penalty error "C" for the line outage. Some lines are
classified clearly even the value of C is small which means
narrow range of classification or large which means wide
margin of classification (e.g. line connecting bus 6 and bus
13), where the result is correct for all tested range of C. While
other line needs a specified range of C (e.g. line connecting
bus 6 and bus 12), it requires a greater value of C starting from
1x104. On the opposite, some lines need small values of C
(e.g. line connecting bus 9 to bus 14), it requires lower value
of C up to 10, after that a miss-classification may occur and
the result becomes confusing.
TABLE I
RESULTS OF STUDY CASE (1) WITH 2PMUS LOCATED AT BUSES 2 AND 10
Study Case (1): An increase of 25% at bus 14 and PMUs are located at buses 2 and 10
Outage
Case
Result at
C = 1
Result at
C = 10
Result at
C = 100
Result at
C = 1000
Result at
C = 1x104
Result at
C = 1x105
Result at
C = 1x106
Result at
C = 1x107
Line 1-2 No outage 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2
Line 1-5 No outage No outage 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5
Line 2-3 No outage No outage 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3
Line 2-4 No outage 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4
Line 2-5 No outage No outage No outage No outage 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5
Line 3-4 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 3-4 3-4
Line 4-5 No outage No outage No outage No outage 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5
Line 4-7 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 7-9 7-9
Line 4-9 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 4-9
Line 5-6 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 5-6 5-6 5-6
Line 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11Line 6-12 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage
Line 6-13 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 6-13 6-13
Line 7-8 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage
Line 7-9 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 7-9 7-9
Line 9-10 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 9-10 9-10
Line 9-14 No outage 9-14 9-14 9-14 , 1-5 9-14 , 1-5 9-14 , 1-59-14, 7-9,
1-5, 6-13
9-14, 7-9,
1-5, 6-13Line 10-11 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 10-11 10-11 10-11
Line 12-13 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage
Line 13-14 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 13-14 13-14
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TABLE II
RESULTS OF STUDY CASE (1) WITH 3PMUS LOCATED AT BUSES 2,7, AND 10
Study Case (1): An increase of 25% at bus 14 and PMUs are located at buses 2,7, and 10
Outage
Case
Result at
C = 1
Result at
C = 10
Result at
C = 100
Result at
C = 1000
Result at
C = 1x104
Result at
C = 1x105
Result at
C = 1x106
Result at
C = 1x107
Line 1-2 No outage 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2
Line 1-5 No outage 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5
Line 2-3 No outage No outage 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3Line 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4
Line 2-5 No outage No outage No outage No outage 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5
Line 3-4 No outage No outage No outage 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4
Line 4-5 No outage No outage No outage 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5
Line 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7
Line 4-9 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 4-9 4-9
Line 5-6 No outage No outage No outage No outage 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6
Line 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11
Line 6-12 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 6-12
Line 6-13 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 6-13 6-13
Line 7-8 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 7-8
Line 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9
Line 9-10 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 9-10 9-10 9-10
Line 9-14 9-14 9-14 , 3-49-14, 3-4,
1-5
9-14, 3-4,
1-5
9-14, 3-4,
1-5
9-14, 3-4,
1-5
9-14, 3-4,
1-5, 6-13
9-14, 3-4,
1-5, 6-13Line 10-11 No outage No outage No outage 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
Line 12-13 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage
Line 13-14 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 13-14 13-14
TABLE III
RESULTS OF STUDY CASE (1) WITH 4PMUS LOCATED AT BUSES 2,7,10, AND 13(COMPLETE OBSERVABILITY)
Study Case (1): An increase of 25% at bus 14 and PMUs are located for complete observability
Outage
Case
Result at
C = 1
Result at
C = 10
Result at
C = 100
Result at
C = 1000
Result at
C = 1x10
4
Result at
C = 1x10
5
Result at
C = 1x10
6
Result at
C = 1x10
7
Line 1-2 No outage 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2
Line 1-5 No outage 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5
Line 2-3 No outage 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3
Line 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4, 10-11 2-4, 10-11 2-4, 10-11
Line 2-5 No outage No outage No outage No outage 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5
Line 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4
Line 4-5 No outage No outage No outage 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5
Line 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7
Line 4-9 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 4-9 4-9
Line 5-6 No outage No outage No outage No outage 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6
Line 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-116-11,
10-11
6-11,
10-11
6-11,
10-11
Line 6-12 No outage No outage No outage No outage 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12Line 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13
Line 7-8 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 7-8 7-8
Line 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9
Line 9-10 No outage No outage No outage No outage 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10
Line 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14, 3-4 9-14, 3-4 9-14, 3-4 9-14, 3-4 9-14, 3-4 9-14, 3-4
Line 10-11 No outage No outage No outage 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
Line 12-13 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 12-13
Line 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14
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6
TABLE IV
RESULTS OF STUDY CASE (2) WITH 4PMUS LOCATED AT BUSES 2,7,10, AND 13(COMPLETE OBSERVABILITY)
Study Case (2): An increase of 25% at bus 3 and PMUs are located for complete observability
Outage
Case
Result at
C = 1
Result at
C = 10
Result at
C = 100
Result at
C = 1000
Result at
C = 1x104
Result at
C = 1x105
Result at
C = 1x106
Result at
C = 1x107
Line 1-2 No outage 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2
Line 1-5 No outage 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5
Line 2-3 No outage No outage 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3Line 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4
Line 2-5 No outage No outage No outage No outage 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5
Line 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4
Line 4-5 No outage No outage No outage 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5
Line 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7
Line 4-9 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 4-9 4-9 4-9
Line 5-6 No outage No outage No outage No outage 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6
Line 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11
Line 6-12 No outage No outage No outage No outage 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12
Line 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13
Line 7-8 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 7-8 7-8
Line 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9
Line 9-10 No outage No outage No outage No outage 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10Line 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14
Line 10-11 No outage No outage No outage 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
Line 12-13 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 12-13
Line 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14
TABLE V
RESULTS OF STUDY CASE (3) WITH 4PMUS LOCATED AT BUSES 2,7,10, AND 13(COMPLETE OBSERVABILITY)
Study Case (3): An increase of 40% at bus 9 and PMUs are located for complete observability
Outage
Case
Result at
C = 1
Result at
C = 10
Result at
C = 100
Result at
C = 1000
Result at
C = 1x104
Result at
C = 1x105
Result at
C = 1x106
Result at
C = 1x107
Line 1-2 No outage 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2, 10-11 1-2, 10-11 1-2, 10-11 1-2, 10-11
Line 1-5 No outage 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5, 2-5 1-5, 2-5 1-5, 2-5 1-5, 2-5Line 2-3 No outage 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3
Line 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4, 2-52-4, 2-5,
7-8
2-4, 2-5,
4-9, 7-8,
2-4, 2-5,
4-9, 7-8,
Line 2-5 No outage No outage No outage No outage 2-5 2-5 2-5, 7-8 2-5, 7-8
Line 3-4 No outage 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4, 10-11 3-4, 10-11 3-4, 10-11 3-4, 10-11
Line 4-5 No outage No outage No outage 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5
Line 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7, 10-11 4-7, 10-11 4-7, 10-11 4-7, 10-11
Line 4-9 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 4-9 4-9
Line 5-6 No outage No outage No outage No outage 5-6 5-6, 10-115-6,10-11,7-8, 9-10
5-6,10-11,7-8, 9-10
Line 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11, 4-9 6-11, 4-9
Line 6-12 No outage No outage No outage No outage 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12
Line 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13Line 7-8 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 7-8 7-8, 10-11
Line 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9, 4-9 7-9, 4-9
Line 9-10 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 10-11 10-11, 7-8 10-11, 7-8
Line 9-14 No outage 9-14 9-14 9-14 9-14, 10-11 9-14, 10-11 9-14, 10-11 9-14, 10-11
Line 10-11 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 10-11 10-11 10-11
Line 12-13 No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage No outage 12-13
Line 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-14 13-1413-14,
9-10
13-14,
9-10
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Fig
Fig
. 5 Comparison o
. 6 Phase angle va
PhaseangleatBus2
PhaseangleatBus10
different study c
riation for outage
0 0.1-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 0.1-20
-15
-10
-5
0
ses using polyno
of line 6-13 at the
0.2 0.3
Time in seconds
0.2 0.3
Time in seconds
ial kernels.
instant t = 0.3 sec
0.4
0.4
Fig. 6
all pha
near b
decreas
accurat
Fig. 7
effect o
line 7-
accordioutage.
outage
from Fi
For t
than th
and (2).
case (2)
a miss
grey s
1x104.
40% o
cases e
permits
bus 10.
approa
detectio
The c
value o
for som
classifi
case o
process
subrout
"C" tha
to getof the S
cases o
onds for study ca
.5 0-20
-15
-10
-5
0
PhaseangleatBus7
.5 0-20
-15
-10
-5
0
PhaseangleatBus13
clarifies that
ors at all bus
s to the outa
e of about 4
e classificatio
shows that t
n the phase a
8 is normall
ng to the loaHowever, thi
of line 7-8 for
g. 5.
e study case
standard syst
. The differen
, the SVM fai
classification
adow. It det
The reason of
er loading le
specially near
a miss classi
Even a miss
h still has 1
n which mean
onclusion is t
f C increases
e cases the in
ations. There
f line outage
ing for all
ine operates
t to be adjust
orrect decisioVM classifica
er 60 cases w
se (1).
0.1
0.1
the outage of
s. But, the gr
ged line (i.e.o). Therefore,
in that case.
e outage of li
gle variations
y loaded wi
d flow studys may lead t
a great range
3), the bus nu
em that differ
e between th
ls in the detect
as shown in T
cts line 10-1
this miss cla
ts the study
the heavy lo
ication for the
classification
9 correct det
s a percentage
at the overall
to have much
rease in C all
fore, to have
, it is impo
lines with p
ith the suitabl
d through dif
ns. Consequetion tool for t
ith a percenta
0.2 0.3
Time in seconds
0.2 0.3
Time in seconds
line 6-13 has
eatest effect i
bus 13 phase
this result
e 7-8 is almo
. This happens
h a very s
before the ao a miss dete
of penalty err
mber 9 is 40
from both st
two study ca
ion of line 9-1
able V by bol
1 instead of
sification ma
ase far from
ded bus (i.e.
line connecti
ccurs, the ac
ctions versus
of 95 % of ac
accuracy inc
classification
ws an appear
correct deci
tant to mak
arallel subro
e or optimum
ferent study c
tly, the obtaiese study cas
e of 98.3%
0.4 0.5
0.4 0.5
7
an effect for
at the most
angle has a
elps for an
st having no
because the
all loading
tion of linection of the
or as noticed
overloaded
dy cases (1)
ses is that in
0 and makes
ded font and
-10 at C =
be that the
the training
bus 9). This
g bus 9 and
uracy of the
one wrong
curacy.
eases as the
margin. But,
nce of miss-
ion for any
a parallel
tines. Each
enalty error
ses in order
ed accuracys reaches 59
-
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8/8
Fig
de
th
re
(i.
en
pr
er
co
in
T
w
tra
be
wi
S
ne
cl
un
se
al
T
[1]
. 7 Phase angle va
he paper
termination o
technology o
ults when the
e. the PMUs
tire power net
ocessing for e
or. Therefore
rrect detectio
luding three s
e research c
en the regul
ining of SVM
so far from t
ll be achieve
M related to
twork dispatc
ssifications
loaded or ligh
ere action. F
he operating
orithm [18]
e amplitude a
US-Canada Po14, 2003 the Bl
riation for outage
V. CO
resents the
the outaged li
f PMUs. The
concept of c
are located i
work). The pa
ach line with
, the approa
s over 60 po
tudy cases for
n be applica
r daily loadi
. Hence, the a
e training cas
. It is suggest
he variations
center. The
ay occur du
t loaded line
ture work will
VI. AP
equations o
,
d phase angle
VII. RE
wer System Outaackout in the Uni
0 0.1-6
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
PhaseangleatBus2
0 0.1-17
-16.5
-16
-15.5
-15
PhaseangleatBus10
of line 7-8 at the i
CLUSIONSVM classi
ne in a power
proposed appr
mplete obser
certain buse
per suggests a
the optimum
h reaches an
sible cases of
the 14-bus IE
le for any n
g cases are
tual case of li
s. As a result,
ed to get a dy
f network loa
paper also sh
e to a case
hich cannot b
consider larg
ENDIX A
f the Rocke
of the sample
,
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0.2 0.
Time in secon
0.2 0.
Time in secon
nstant t = 0.3 seco
ication tool
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oach has accu
ability is appl
s to observe
pplying a para
range of pen
accuracy of
outage scena
E power syst
twork especi
onsidered in
e outage will
a good detect
namic trainin
ding stated by
ws that the
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e considered
r systems.
eller and Ud
d signal are:
nal Report on Auada, 2004.
3 0.4
s
3 0.4
s
nds for study cas
in
on
ate
ied
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llel
lty
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ios
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not
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iss
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s a
ren
gust
[2] US-Imp
[3] B. Sof p
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