Pm

You’re doing pretty well so far…at this You’re doing pretty well so far…at this point you should be able to identify an point you should be able to identify an

Ineffective Natural ContingencyIneffective Natural Contingency

So let’s move on to…So let’s move on to…

The Performance The Performance Management Management ContingencyContingency

Estimated Time: 15 min.Estimated Time: 15 min.

One of the first tests we’re putting the Contingency through is the Planned Contingency TestPlanned Contingency Test..

We’re asking if the Contingency was added by anyone, and if the

Contingency is designed with the intent to manage performance.

Adam is a sixth grader who isn’t Adam is a sixth grader who isn’t getting all his homework done, and getting all his homework done, and his parents are worried that his his parents are worried that his grades will start slipping. So, Adam’s grades will start slipping. So, Adam’s parents tell him that each day he parents tell him that each day he brings all of his homework home, he brings all of his homework home, he can get a treat.can get a treat.

This is a Performance Management Contingency. It was added by Adam’s parents to increase the frequency of Adam bringing home his homework. So, it passes the Planned Contingency Test.

Adam will not get a treat

when he getshome

Adam puts allhis homework

in his backpack

Adam will geta treat when

he gets home

Before Behavior

After

Tracy is required to call each Tracy is required to call each customer by his or her name. customer by his or her name. Each recorded occurrence of Each recorded occurrence of using a customer’s name earns using a customer’s name earns Tracy points towards a bonus.Tracy points towards a bonus.

Tracy is a bank teller at Tracy is a bank teller at a local bank. Because of a local bank. Because of

customer complaints, Tracy’s customer complaints, Tracy’s boss is monitoring her boss is monitoring her

interaction with customers.interaction with customers.

Is this Contingency added and planned?

A. Yes

B. No

#13

Before Behavior After

Tracy will lose

opportunityfor points at

the end of the day

Tracy calls thecustomer by

name

Tracy will notlose


the end of theday


Tracy will lose


the end of the day


name

Tracy will notlose


the end of theday

Back to the question!


A. Yes

B. No

No, this Contingency IS added. Tracy’s boss won’t give her any points if she

doesn’t call the customer by name…her boss added it to

increase her behavior.


Tracy will lose


the end of the day


name

Tracy will notlose


the end of theday


A. Yes

B. No

Right. Tracy’s boss added it to increase Tracy’s behavior of

calling the customers by name.

What about this example, is it an Added or Built-in Contingency?

A. Added PM Contingency

B. Built-in Natural Contingency


Tracy does notsee the

customer smile


name

Tracy does seethe customer

smile

#14




customer smile


name


smile

We’re assuming the customer’s smile is a natural reaction. The customer didn’t design this Contingency to increase the frequency of Tracy calling customers by

their names.






customer smile


name


smile




Excellent!!!! The customer didn’t purposely smile so that Tracy

would call her by her name. It’s not added or planned.


Sue will not beable to takeclasses next

semester

Sue registersfor classesduring herscheduled

time

Sue will be ableto take classesnext semester

A. PM Contingency

B. Natural Contingency

#15

How about this one, what kind of contingency is the following?

How about this one, what kind of contingency is the following?



semester


time


Whether an individual student registers or not, it

doesn’t really matter to the university. This would be a natural contingency.

A. PM Contingency


This is tricky. The school implemented the

registration deadline, but did so to make it easier

on their systems.



semester


time


How about this one, what kind of contingency is the following?Good job! This is a Natural

Contingency. Even though Sue’s behavior is under the control of a designed outcome, if Sue doesn’t register, it’s really no big deal to

the University.

A. PM Contingency


The MoralThe Moral

Even though the outcome of a Even though the outcome of a contingency was designed by contingency was designed by somebody else, it doesn’t mean somebody else, it doesn’t mean that contingency is a PM that contingency is a PM contingency.contingency.

We consider these contingencies We consider these contingencies to be natural contingencies to be natural contingencies because the person that designed because the person that designed the outcome didn’t do so to with the outcome didn’t do so to with the direct intention to manage the direct intention to manage performance.performance.

Moving on now…We have to ask whether the Performance Management

Contingency is effective. That is, the outcome must be both

sizable and probable to control behavior. We call this

the: Effective Contingency TestEffective Contingency Test

To test this, we look at the before and after conditions…and see if the change from the before to the after condition is sizable and/or probable enough to control behavior.

AfterBefore Behavior

Tracy will loseopportunity for

pointsat the end of

the day


name

Tracy will not lose

the opportunityfor points at

the end of theday

If the change is If the change is sizable enough…..sizable enough…..

And probable And probable enough…to enough…to control that control that behavior….behavior….

Then the Then the Contingency is Contingency is effective.effective.

Is the change in the size and probability of this outcome large?

A. Yes

B. No


Alice will haveto do her

roommate’slaundry

Alice washesthe dishes

Alice will nothave to do her

roommate’slaundry

#16



roommate’slaundry



roommate’slaundry


No, this outcome is both sizable and probable. Alice won’t have to do her roommate’s laundry, which is definitely sizable, and

it’s also probable. It is effective!


A. Yes

B. No



roommate’slaundry



roommate’slaundry


Right!!! It is both sizable and probable. So it will control behavior…now

let’s move on!

A. Yes

B. No

We also need to make sure the We also need to make sure the PM Contingency will affect PM Contingency will affect behavior in the appropriate behavior in the appropriate direction (increase or decrease)direction (increase or decrease)

Anytime you are trying to Anytime you are trying to increase or maintain increase or maintain performance the PM Contingency performance the PM Contingency should be an Analog to should be an Analog to Avoidance Contingency.Avoidance Contingency.

This is the This is the Analog to Analog to Avoidance Test.Avoidance Test.

Remember:Remember:

The contingency is an Analog to The contingency is an Analog to Avoidance and not simple Avoidance and not simple Avoidance because the outcome Avoidance because the outcome is delivered after a delay of is delivered after a delay of greater than 60 seconds.greater than 60 seconds.

A. More often

B. Less often

Tracy will lose

opportunity forpoints at end of

day

Tracy calls the

customer byname

Tracy will not lose

opportunity forpoints at end

of day


#17

Does Tracy’s supervisor want her to call customers by the first name more or less often?

Tracy will lose


day

Tracy calls the

customer byname

Tracy will not lose


of day


No, look at the contingency again…think about what

kind of contingency this is.



A. More often

B. Less often

Tracy will lose


day

Tracy calls the

customer byname

Tracy will not lose


of day


That’s right! This is an Analog to Avoidance, which

means that my response frequency should increase.


A. More often

B. Less often

A. Analog to avoidance of loss of a reinforcer

B. Analog to avoidance of an aversive condition

Tracy will lose


day

Tracy calls the

customer byname

Tracy will not lose


of day


#18

We know this is an Analog to Avoidance, but specifically what kind of Avoidance Contingency is it?



Tracy will lose


day

Tracy calls the

customer byname

Tracy will not lose


of day



Great job! Tracy is avoiding the loss of

a reinforcer (the points) at the end

of the day!



Tracy will lose


day

Tracy calls the

customer byname

Tracy will not lose


of day



Careful! This can be tricky – Tracy is actually avoiding the loss of the points. Take

another look at this contingency.

The PM Contingencies are The PM Contingencies are Analogs because there is a Analogs because there is a

delay between the response delay between the response and the consequence. and the consequence.

The Delayed Outcome TestThe Delayed Outcome Testspecifies that it is important to specifies that it is important to specify this delay in the before specify this delay in the before

and after conditions.and after conditions.

A. Yes

B. No

Yoko will haveto do one of her

roommate’schores onSaturday

Yoko practicesher violin for30 minutes

Yoko won’thave to do one

of herroommate’schores onSaturday


Is there a delay that is apparent Is there a delay that is apparent within the before and after condition?within the before and after condition?

#19









A. Yes

B. No

The delay IS specified. Yoko will have to do

the chore on Saturday.








A. Yes

B. No

Right. The delay (Saturday) is specified in

the before and after conditions.

We also have to be concerned with We also have to be concerned with thethe

Analog to Punishment Test:Analog to Punishment Test:

If you are trying to If you are trying to decreasedecrease the the frequency of behavior, the frequency of behavior, the

contingency should an Analog to contingency should an Analog to Punishment or an Analog to Penalty.Punishment or an Analog to Penalty.

Tony is a hospital patient Tony is a hospital patient who gets very aggressive who gets very aggressive when he is hooked up to when he is hooked up to heart monitors.heart monitors.

A nurse begins to A nurse begins to observe his observe his behavior from behavior from behind a two-way behind a two-way mirror.mirror.

If Tony was not showing any If Tony was not showing any aggressive behavior during the aggressive behavior during the

30-minute interval, he was 30-minute interval, he was awarded one token. At the end of awarded one token. At the end of the week, he could exchange his the week, he could exchange his

tokens for prizes.tokens for prizes.


Tony will geta token within

30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse

Tony will not get a token

within 30minutes

A. Increase

B. Decrease

In this example, are we trying to increase or decrease Tony’s aggressive behavior?

#20



30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse


within 30minutes


A. Increase

B. Decrease


No. The nurse implemented the PM contingency to

DECREASE Tony’s aggressive behavior.




30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse


within 30minutes

Right. The nurse implemented the PM contingency to decrease

my aggressive behavior.

A. Increase

B. Decrease

Since we are trying to decrease behavior, what kind of contingency should the PM contingency be?

A. Avoidance

B. Punishment/Penalty

C. Analog to Avoidance

D. Analog to Punishment/Penalty



30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse


within 30minutes

#21

If we are trying to decrease behavior, what kind of contingency should the PM contingency be?



30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse


within 30minutes

No. If a contingency is to increase or

maintain performance, it

should be an analog to punishment or

penalty.


A. Avoidance






Tony will get a token within

30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse

Tony will not get a token within 30 minutes


A punishment or penalty contingency will decrease

behavior. But the outcome is too delayed. So it should be an analog to punishment or penalty.

A. Avoidance







30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse

Tony will notget a tokenwithin 30minutes

No. If a contingency is to increase or

maintain performance, it

should be an analog to punishment or

penalty.


A. Avoidance







30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse

Tony will notget a tokenwithin 30minutes

You got it!!! An analog to

punishment or penalty will

decrease behavior!

A. Avoidance




Is there a deadline in this contingency? Does Tony have to hit the nurse before some specific time?

A. Yes

B. No


Tony will geta token in less than

30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse

Tony will notget a tokenin less than30 minutes #2

2



30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse

Tony will notget a tokenin less than30 minutes


No. Tony will lose the opportunity for a token WHENEVER he hits the

nurse. There is no deadline for analogs to penalty or punishment.


A. Yes

B. No



30 minutes

Tony hits the nurse

Tony will notget a tokenin less than30 minutes


Right!! Tony will lose the opportunity for points

whenever he hits the nurse. So we don’t have a deadline

in examples of penalty or punishment.

A. Yes

B. No

We have one more thing We have one more thing to look at when the PM to look at when the PM

Contingency is an Analog Contingency is an Analog to Avoidance:to Avoidance:

The Explicit Deadline The Explicit Deadline TestTest

One of the defining criteria of Avoidance Contingencies is the presence of a deadline. Without one, behavior might not occur!

This deadline must be stated as part of the SD.

Before we show you an example, let’s define “explicit” and “implicit” for our purposes:

Implicit – The contingency implies that there is a deadline, but it isn’t a specific time. Before somebody enters/leaves a room is an implicit deadline.

Explicit – The deadline specifies a clear and definite day or time. “Sunday at noon” is an explicit deadline.

Susie’s room is a mess, so her Susie’s room is a mess, so her Mom tells her to go to her room Mom tells her to go to her room and start cleaning it. If she and start cleaning it. If she finishes cleaning her room, finishes cleaning her room, Susie can go see a movie at Susie can go see a movie at 6:00. However, Susie needs to 6:00. However, Susie needs to start cleaning it before Mom start cleaning it before Mom comes in the room to check on comes in the room to check on her, or she’ll get a scolding. her, or she’ll get a scolding.

Before Behavior

Susie will getyelled at by

Mom

Susie startscleaning her

room

Susie won’tget yelled at

by Mom

After

SD: Before Mom enters the room

To avoid getting yelled at, Susie has to To avoid getting yelled at, Susie has to start cleaning her room before Mom start cleaning her room before Mom comes in. This is an implicit deadline, comes in. This is an implicit deadline, because Mom could come in at any time.because Mom could come in at any time.

Before Behavior

Susie can’tgo see amovie at

6:00

Susie finishescleaning her

room

Susie can gosee a movie

at 6:00

After

SD: Before 5:30 p.m.

Now, this contingency has an explicit Now, this contingency has an explicit deadline. If Susie finishes cleaning her deadline. If Susie finishes cleaning her room before 5:30 p.m., she can go see a room before 5:30 p.m., she can go see a movie at 6:00.movie at 6:00.

Lizzie wants to start Lizzie wants to start exercising. So she makes exercising. So she makes an agreement with her an agreement with her roommate. She will roommate. She will exercise for 20 minutes on exercise for 20 minutes on Monday through Friday, Monday through Friday, before 10 PM each night. If before 10 PM each night. If she doesn’t, she will give she doesn’t, she will give her roommate $1 on her roommate $1 on Sunday for each day she Sunday for each day she misses.misses.

Before Behavior

Lizzie will lose $1 on Sunday

Lizzie exercises for20 minutes

Lizzie will notLose $1 on

Sunday

After

SD:

What is the deadline in this example?

A. 10 PM

B. Sunday

#23


Before Behavior



Lizzie will notlose $1 on

Sunday

After

SD:

No. This is a tricky one. Sunday is when she will lose

the money. But this is not the deadline. The deadline would be before 10 PM. She has to exercise before 10 PM or she

will lose the money.


A. 10 PM

B. Sunday


Before Behavior



Lizzie will notlose $1 on

Sunday

After

SD: 10 PM

That’s right!!! She has to exercise before 10 PM to

avoid losing the money on Sunday!!!

A. 10 PM

B. Sunday

A. Yes

B. No

Tracy will lose


of day

Tracy calls a

customer byname

Tracy will not loseopportunityfor points atend of day


SD: ???

#24

Back to Tracy, is there a deadline in this example?


A. Yes

B. No


Tracy will lose


of day

Tracy calls a

customer byname



SD: ???

This one is tricky. This contingency has an IMPLICIT

deadline. The deadline is before the customer leaves.

Tracy will lose


of day

Tracy calls a

customer byname



A. Yes

B. No


SD: Before the customer leaves

Excellent!!! This contingency has an IMPLICIT deadline: before

the customer leaves. We can specify this deadline as part of

the SD.

Tracy must call the customer by name before the customer leaves…otherwise, Tracy will lose the points at the end of the day.

Before Behavior

Tracy will lose


the end of the day


name

Tracy will notlose


the end of theday

SD: Before the customer leaves

After

A.Explicit

B. Implicit

Ralph will lose

participationpoints

Ralph putshis flash-

cards away

Ralph won’tlose

participationpoints


SD: Before Dr. Malott starts the Power Point show

#25

One more question: is the following deadline implicit or explicit?

Ralph will lose

participationpoints


cards away

Ralph won’tlose

participationpoints




A.Explicit

B. Implicit

Careful…is this deadline a specific time or date? If it is an arbitrary or variable deadline, then it can’t be

explicit!

Ralph will lose

participationpoints


cards away

Ralph won’tlose

participationpoints




A.Explicit

B. Implicit

Good job! This deadline is variable, which means the

deadline isn’t a specific time. This is an implicit

deadline!

The PM Contingency section of the work

show is done. You may quit now or continue

with the Inferred Theoretical

Contingency Section.

Pm

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