PM , Air Toxics, And Crankcase Emissions In The Truck Stop … · 2015-08-28 · Managed by...
Transcript of PM , Air Toxics, And Crankcase Emissions In The Truck Stop … · 2015-08-28 · Managed by...
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PM2.5 , Air Toxics, And Crankcase Emissions In The Truck Stop Environment
November 5, 2009
National Ambient Air Monitoring Conference
Nashville, Tennessee
John Storey, Jim Parks, and Teresa Barone
Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center
[email protected] 865-946-1232
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Acknowledgements
This work supported by the NTRC, Inc. with CMAQ funds ultimately from FHWA
Collaboration with UT –
Dr. Terry Miller et al.
Dr. James Eberhardt and DOE’s
Office of Freedom CAR and Vehicle Technologies’
Environmental
Sciences Program provided support for the WRELI initiative
EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality provided some support for the crankcase emissions study
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Average Annual Daily Truck TrafficSource: Federal Highway Administration (DOT) [www.dot.gov/freight/]
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Average Annual Daily Truck Traffic … Expected to GrowSource: Federal Highway Administration (DOT) [www.dot.gov/freight/]
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Tennessee Truck Traffic
1998 2020AADTT: Average Annual Daily Truck Traffic
50,00025,00012,500
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Aerial view looking South
Region in non-attainment for PM2.5 , near non-attainment for ozone
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Why study the Watt Road interchange?
Confluence of I-40 and I-75 for twenty miles
Heavy commercial truck traffic (~20K/day)–
FHWA interested in traffic influences on PM
Multiple over-nighting facilities for Class 8trucks, including truck stop electrification–
CMAQ project interested in seeing effects of TSE
Proximity to ORNL/UT
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Elevation Exaggeration=3x
Watt Road-Interstate 40/75 Interchange
Watt Road-I-40/75 Interchange
Three Major Truckstops
Weigh Station
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Air Quality Studies: Location of Roadside, Truckstop, and Ridgetop(Background) Sampling Points
I-40/I-75
Watt Road
RoadsideElevation: 877 ft
Ridgetop(Background)Elevation: 1182 ft
TruckstopElevation: 920 ft
N
SW E
IdleaireInstallation
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0.0
50.0100.0150.0
200.0250.0300.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of Day
Con
c(p
pb)
InterstateIdling
0.0
50.0100.0150.0
200.0250.0300.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of Day
Con
c(p
pb)
InterstateIdling
0.0
50.0100.0150.0
200.0250.0300.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of Day
Con
c(p
pb)
InterstateIdling
0.02.0
4.06.08.0
10.012.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of Day
Con
c(u
g/m
3)
InterstateIdling
0.02.0
4.06.08.0
10.012.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of Day
Con
c(u
g/m
3)
InterstateIdling
0.02.0
4.06.08.0
10.012.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of Day
Con
c(u
g/m
3)
InterstateIdling
NOx
Idling Trucks at Truckstops are Largest NOx and PM2.5 Contributor to Roadside Air Quality (Interstate Off Ramp)
Combination of data used to determine contribution of idling trucks to air quality at ramp site near roadway–
NOx, PM Monitoring–
Meteorological Data–
EPA’s MOBILE 6.2 Emission Factors
Despite >20,000 Trucks per day traveling interstate near interchange…–
100s of Idling trucks dominate the NOx and PM2.5 right next to the interstate
–
Traffic on interstate free-flowing for this study
PM2.5
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Hot Spot” of High Pollutant Levels Formed by Idling Trucks at Truck Stops Near Roadway
Truckstops
form “Hot Spots”
of poor air quality
–
NOx, PM, MSATs elevated
Boundary of “Hot Spot”
difficult to define
–
Dependent on number of factors
Recent health risk studies link higher risk to residency near roadways
Further studies of “Hot Spots”
warranted
–
Health impacts of 2007/10 technology introduction
I-40/I-75
Watt Road
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Measured NO and NO2 well above NAAQS for NO2
NAAQS NO2
Monthly Mean NO and NO2 Concentrations at Trailer #1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04Month
NO
(NO
2) C
once
ntra
tions
(ppb
)
NONO2
chart courtesy of Dr. Terry Miller, UT
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1.8
4.8
9.9 9.8
24.3
16.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Winter Summer
Form
alde
hyde
(mic
rog/
m^3
)
MinimumAverageMaximum
Ambient Formaldehyde at Truck Stop
MinimumRiskLevel
Measured Formaldehyde exceeds minimum risk level often
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Mobile Source Air Toxics: Air Quality Near Truckstops
High Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde observed at truckstop especially in winter
Formaldehyde may transport to roadside and background in winter
0
4
8
12
Truckstop Ramp Ridge
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
3)
Winter Formaldehyde
Summer Formaldehyde
Winter Acetaldehyde
Summer Acetaldehyde
Roadside Background
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Monthly Average PM2.5 Concentrations at Trailer #1 & Trailer #2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04PM2.
5 C
once
ntra
tion
(ug/
m3)
Trailer #1
Trailer #2
Year-round PM2.5 levels at the truckstop exceed EPA’s required annual average
Max yearly average for PM2.5
chart courtesy of Dr. Terry Miller, UT
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24-Average PM2.5 Concentrations at Trailer #2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10-Dec 25-Dec 9-Jan 24-Jan 8-Feb 23-Feb 9-Mar 24-Mar 8-Apr 23-Apr 8-May 23-May 7-Jun 22-Jun 7-Jul 22-Jul 6-Aug
Time (Hour)
24-H
our A
vera
ge P
M2.
5 C
once
ntra
tion
(ug/
m3)
24-Average PM2.5 Concentrations at Trailer #2
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Mean Dp decreases when PM numbers increase, and vice versa
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
12:00AM
12:00PM
12:00AM
12:00PM
12:00AM
12:00PM
12:00AM
12:00PM
Time
Geo
met
ric M
ean
(nm
)
0.0E+00
5.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.5E+06
2.0E+06
2.5E+06
3.0E+06
Tota
l Num
ber (
#/cc
)
number
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Size distributions show 10-fold increase in nano-particles and combustion aerosols during overnight hours
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
10 100 1000Dp (nm)
dN/d
logD
p
11:00 AM8:30 PM
~35 nm!
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Winter OC & EC show more variation
July_Aug_OC_EC_sampling_summary_20041005
0
10
20
30
40
day night
Car
bon
Cou
nt (u
g/m
^3)
Truck Stop OC Truck Stop EC Road OC Road EC
error bars represent +/- COV
Summer
0
0
0
0
0
day night
Winter
0
25
50
16-Feb18-Feb20-Feb22-Feb23-Feb24-Feb25-Feb26-Feb27-Feb 2-Mar 3-Mar 4-Mar
PAH
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/m
^3)
0
12
24
36
48
PM2.
5 C
once
ntra
tion
(ug/
m^3
)
AcenaphthyleneAcenaphtheneFluorenePhenanthreneAnthraceneFluoroanthenePyrenePM 2.5
• The concentration of three- and four-ring PAHs follows the trend of PM2.5 concentration• PAHs are typically associated with combustion aerosols like diesel PM
>40 µg/m3 !
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Lube-related alkanes heavy on some winter days
0
50
100
150
16-F
eb18
-Feb20
-Feb
22-F
eb24
-Feb26
-Feb28
-Feb
2-Mar
4-Mar
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/m
^3)
n-Eicosanen-Heneicosanen-Docosanen-Tricosanen-Tetracosanen-Pentacosane
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Fast forward to a new understanding of crankcase emissions
Looking at evaluation methods for field-aged, retrofit DPF technology (EPA-OTAQ)
Crankcase emissions difficult to measure–
No vacuum or pressure can be exerted on the engine–
Particle sizes go well beyond SMPS–
Aerosol Particle Sizer very sensitive to concentration - >1000:1 dilution required
Contribute directly to PM2.5 as primary organic aerosol
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Exhaust Sampling System
DPF
Engine: 1999 Cummins B5.9 Diesel
Sampler forcrankcase PM
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Crankcase Emissions Sampling
System
Pri
mar
y D
iluti
on T
unne
l
CrankcaseHEPA
198 LPM To Pump (Roots Blower)
RoomAir
RoomAir
~8 LPM
~190 LPM
4 in.
Draft tube
1 LPM
70 mm filters
Isokinetic probe
Secondary Dilution Tunnel
99 LPM
Mass Flow Controller
HEPA-filtered air
Re=8500Isokinetic probe
Aerodynamic Particle Sizer**
5 LPM95 LPM
To Pump
SMPS*
* Scanning mobility particle sizer
(SMPS): measures particles < 1 um** Aerodynamic particle sizer: measures particles > 1 um
Manometer to ensure vacuum not exerted on crankase
1.5 in.
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Crankcase PM Mass Emissions
Total crankcase PM emitted during FTPMass collected: ~ 63 mg each filter
Exhaust PM collected during FTPMass sampled:~1.1 mg
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Transient Test
Cold FTP Hot FTP
Cra
nkca
se P
M M
ass
Emis
sion
s R
ate
(g/h
p-hr
)
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020Engine BaselineIncreased BackpressureDPF Present
Crankcase PM Mass Emissions for FTP Cycles
SOF
Soluble organics~90% of
crankcase PM
Crankcase emissions ~ 3 X greater than DPF treated exhaust emissionsFor hot FTP:
FTP w. DPF
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dp (nm)
101 102 103 104 105
dN/d
logd
p (#
/cm
3 )
0.0
5.0e+7
1.0e+8
1.5e+8
2.0e+8
2.5e+8
SMPSAPS
µg = 114 ± 2 nm Ctot = 2.9 x 107 #/cm3
dp (nm)
101 102 103 104 105
dN/d
logd
p (#
/cm
3 )
0.0
5.0e+7
1.0e+8
1.5e+8
2.0e+8
2.5e+8
SMPSAPS
µg = 159 ± 2 nm Ctot = 1.4 x 108 #/cm3
Crankcase Emissions Number-Size Distribution
1400 RPM, 300 ft lbs
Increased Backpressure
Engine Baseline
Backpressure 280 mbarat rated speed (1400 RPM)
dp
> 540 nmCtot
= 1.1 x 107
dp
> 540 nmCtot
= 1.8 x 106
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Summary
Winter temperatures, overnight stays influenced PM2.5
–
higher in truck stop, despite heavy truck traffic on I-40
OC/EC dominated by biogenics
in summer levels of both EC and OC higher in winter
–
much more variability in winter
Lube and PAH important in PM2.5
at the truck stop
Formaldehyde levels can get high in winter
–
strongly dependent on temperature/mixing
Crankcase PM
–
mass emissions ~ 3 X greater than DPF-out PM emissions over FTP
–
For dp
> 540 nm, total number concentration was about 1 x 107
for case of elevated backpressure