Pluperfect (Pluscuamperfecto)

Forms

Use the imperfect forms of haber with the past participle of the verb to form its pluperfect.

había habíamos estudiadohabías habíais florecidohabía habían vivido

Functions

To express an action that was completed prior to another point in the past.

Muchas civilizaciones ya Many civilizations had habían florecido en América flourished in Americaantes de 1492. before 1492.

Review of Conditional + Past Subjunctive in if Clauses - Part 1

Forms

• To form the conditional, add these endings to the infinitive.

-ía -íamos-ías -íais-ía -ían

Verbs that have irregular stems in the future have the same stem in the conditional.

decir: dir- poder: podr- querer: querr-hacer: har- poner: pondr- tener: tendr-

• To form the past subjunctive, add these endings to the stem of the third-person plural preterite.

extendieron: extendier-

-a -amos-as -ais-a -an

Review of Conditional + Past Subjunctive in if Clauses - Part 2

Functions

Use the conditional with the past subjunctive to express ideas or situations that are contrary to fact.

Si pudiera, curaría el SIDA. If I could, I would cure AIDS.

Si pudiera, eliminaría los If I could, I would eliminate prejuicios. prejudices.

Future of Probability

Forms

To form the future tense, add these endings to the infinitive.

-é -emos-ás -éis-á -án

As with the conditional, several verbs add these endings not to the infinitive but to the following irregular stems.

decir: dir- poner: pondr-hacer: har- querer: querr-poder: podr- tener: tendr-

Functions

To express conjecture or uncertainty about the present or future

–¿Sabes cuándo llega? Do you know when she will arrive?

–Llegará para las doce. She’ll probably arrive around noon.

¿Cuántas horas trabajará al día? How many hours a day do you suppose she works?