Pluperfect and Future Perfect

Sequence of Tenses

• In Latin, there are six main verb tenses. They are, in order of time:

• 1. Pluperfect

• 2. Perfect

• 3. Imperfect

• 4. Present

• 5. Future

• 6. Future Perfect

Review

• The tenses we have seen so far are the present, perfect, imperfect, and future.

• Present refers to an event that is currently happening.

• Perfect refers to a completed past action. For example, “Ego ambulavi” would translate as “I walked, I have walked and I did walk”

• Imperfect refers to an incomplete or ongoing action in the past. There is no specific number of times mentioned. For example: “Ego ambulabam” would translate as “I was walking”

• Future, obviously, refers to a future event. “Ego ambulabo” would translate as “I will walk.”

Pluperfect

• The pluperfect is the farthest back in time that we can go.

• Whereas perfect translated as something that HAS finished, pluperfect translates as “HAD finished.”

• English example: I had already left when they arrived.• The action of you leaving occurred before their

arrival. It is even farther back than the arriving.

Forms

• To form the pluperfect you must do the following:

• Find the third principal part of the verb, just like you would with perfect. This is the “ego” form of the perfect tense.

• Then, add the forms of esse in the imperfect.

• Eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

Forms pars secundaAUDIRE

Third principal part AUDIV-

Now, add the endings of esse in the imperfect:

Audiveram

Audiveras

Audiverat

Audiveramus

Audiveratis

Audiverant

Practica

• 1. Ego (sedere)

• 2. Tu (ducere)

• 3. Nos (ferre)

• 4. Ei (cogitare)

• 5. Vos (dare)

Future Perfect

• The future perfect is basically the opposite of the pluperfect; you can not go farther into the future!

• In English, we don’t use this tense often, as it is a slightly awkward translation.

• The future perfect translates to “Will have ____ed”

• I will have walked, they will have left.

• English example: By the time they get here, we will have already left.

Forms

• Just like all perfect tenses, you need the 3rd principal part to start.

• Drop the “I” from the 3rd principal part and add the future forms of the verb “esse”

• Ero, eris erit, erimus, eritis, erint

Audire

• Ego AudivERO

• Tu AudivERIS

• Is/Ea/Id Audiverit

• Nos Audiverimus

• Vos Audiveritis

• Ei/Eae/Ea- Audiverint*

*the future tense of esse in the third personal plural is usually “erunt” but here, it is changed to “erint”

Practica

• 1. Nos (manere)

• 2. Tu (docere)

• 3. Vos (habere)

• 4. Ei (potare)

• 5. Ego (ambulare)