*Plumbing Systems for BuildingsARC 473/573

*Common Plumbing SystemsSanitary Drainage SystemStorm Drainage SystemDomestic Water SystemDomestic Water Heating SystemPlumbing FixturesPlumbing SpecialtiesMiscellaneous Plumbing Systems

*Sanitary Drainage SystemConveys Waste and Sewage from all plumbing fixtures to an approved or acceptable disposal locationCommunity sewer systemSewage is treated, and returned to the environmentLocal sewage disposal systemSeptic field (See Section 11.6 MEEB)

*Drainage Pipe MaterialsCommonly Used MaterialsCast Iron PipeCopper pipe, type DWVPlastic pipe, type PVCPlastic pipe, type UPVCPlastic pipe, type PVCPlastic pipe, type HDPE

*Components of Sanitary Drainage SystemsA plumbing fixture is any device used to supply water for use, and to collect waste water, waste products, as well as human waste.Waste and sewage drain by gravity, wherever possible.Fixture branch horizontal drainage pipe collecting drainage from plumbing fixtures.Soil & Waste Stacks vertical pipe collecting discharge from fixtures and fixture branches.Building Drain horizontal pipe which collects all soil and waste stacks, extends to 5 ft beyond outside wall.piping.

*Components of Sanitary Drainage System (Contd)Building Sewer Extends from a point 5 ft. outside building and discharges to community sewer, or private disposal system.Building trap a trap installed in the building drain to prevent gases, rodents, etc. from entering the building thru the sewer. When used, a fresh air inlet is required to prevent siphoning the trap seal.Cleanout a provision in the sanitary drainage piping to cleanout blockages. Required every 100 ft. on horizontal lines, at base of waste or soil stacks, at change of direction of piping g.t. 45 degrees.

*Components of Sanitary Drainage System (Contd)Drainage piping conveying discharge from water closets, referred to as soil pipe. A sewage ejection pump is used for toilet rooms below the level of the sanitary sewer. Generally, two pumps are used, one to back up the other.

*PLUMBING SYMBOLS

*Sanitary Drainage Plan for Branch Bank

*Isometric Detail of Sanitary Drainage Piping

*Traps and Venting A plumbing trap is a device used to provide a water seal at the outlet of a plumbing fixture.Every plumbing fixture requires a trap.The trap serves to seal out methane and other harmful gases that reside in the sewer. Each time the fixture is used, a small amount of water remains in the pipe or trapway. Traps prone to evaporation (floor drains) require a means of replenishing the trap.Water closets and urinals generally have built-in traps.

*Fixture Trap and Vent

*Fixture Trap

*VentingLavatories, sinks, floor drains, drinking fountains generally have traps made from pipe.Each fixture trap must be vented to atmosphere (outdoors)Water and waste accelerating down pipe pushes air in front, creates partial vacuum behind tends to create unbalanced pressure in piping.A vent is a separate pipe connected to the fixture drain pipe downstream of the trap.The vent serves to relieve excess pressures that could blow out, or suction out the water forming the trap seal.Individual fixture vent pipes must be the diameter of the fixture drain, and minimum 1-1/4 diameter.

*Plumbing FixturesWater ClosetOperates by principal of siphonTypesFlush Tank typically for residential useFlush Valve typically for non-residential useFloor mounted typically for residential useWall mounted typically for non-residential useRequires Fixture Carrier

*Plumbing Fixtures (Contd)UrinalsWall HungFloor (rarely used)LavatoriesWall Hung Splash back (most common)SlabShelf BackLedge BackIn CounterUnder Counter

*Maximum Flow Rates and Consumption of Plumbing FixturesWater closet: 1.6 gallons/flushUrinal: 1.0 gallons/flushShower head: 2.5 gpm at 80 psiLavatory, private: 2.2 gpm at 60 psiLavatory, public, non-metering: .5 gpm at 60 psiLavatory, public, metering: .25 gallons per metering cycleSink faucet: 2.2 gpm at 60 psi.

*Flush Valve, Wall Hung Water Closet

*Water Closet Fixture Carrier Steel carrier bolts to floorCantilevered water closet bolts to carrierJosam Corporation

*Flush Valve, Floor Mounted Water Closet Does not require a fixture carrierFloor maintenance is more difficult

*Floor Mounted, Floor Outlet, Tank Type Water Closet Typical Residential DesignAmerican Standard Corp. Cadet

*Floor Mounted, Wall Outlet Tank Type Water Closet

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*Wall Mounted Urinal American Standard Lynbrook

*Wall Mounted Lavatory, Splashback Design

*Wall Mounted Wheelchair Lavatory Slab Design American Standard Wheelchair Users Lavatory

*Lavatory Fixture Carrier Carrier is framed within wall.Arms carry weight of cantilevered lavatoryJosam Corp.

*Vitreous China Counter Sink

*Counter Sink w/ ADA Faucet

*Mop Receptor in Janitors Closet 2x2 unit shownWall mounted faucet, pail hook and hoseVacuum breaker prevents backflow

*STORM DRAINAGEUrbanization alters the natural storm water pathways that have developed over the centuries.Until recently, the accepted approach to storm water disposal has been to collect storm water using gutters, roof drains, catch basins, and convey it to a body of water (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams) through an underground piping system.Various pollutants, including salts, oil, chemicals, organic compounds, and harmful metals, are carried by surface drainage into piped storm drains and eventually pollute these bodies of water.

*Sources of PollutantsMotor VehiclesManufacturing Plant EmissionsLawn fertilizingAnimal wasteGarbageConstruction debrisEtc.

*Storm Drainage (Contd)NYS DEC now requires a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for any site disturbance greater than one acre.

The storm water must be treated to filter out the majority of harmful contaminants.

The US Green Building Councils LEED Rating System provides credits for buildings which promote sustainable sites, including storm water management.

*Storm Drainage (Contd)Use of on-site disposal methods reduces the burden on the community storm water disposal system, and include:Roof retention the roof acts as a temporary storage volume, releasing the collected rainwater slowly, either as on-site infiltration, or to storm sewers at a slower rate, thus not overtaxing the community storm water system.Onsite Infiltration storm water is collected and discharged to the ground onsite.Useful Where soils are dry and absorptive.In buildings with basements or crawlspaces, footing drains must be included with sump pumps to prevent water from penetrating foundation and leaking into basement.Porous pavement uses high porosity asphalt, concrete, incremental paving units, and open celled pavers to allow surface drainage to penetrate to earth on the site.

*Collection Systems

The roof is intentionally designed to drain to:Roof drains (flat roof areas)Gutters (sloped roofs)Roof drains connect to roof leaders or conductors, which are vertical pipes that ultimately connect to underground building storm drain piping.Gutters drain to downspouts, which are either connected to the storm sewer, or simply drain to splash blocks, drywells, or other onsite disposal means.

*Collection Systems (Contd)Gutters and downspouts in northern climates often develop ice, which presents problems during thaw periods. Sometimes electric heating cable is interlaced along a perimeter band of sloped roofs and gutters, so as to keep them operating during freeze/thaw periods.Indoor roof leaders or conductors should be insulated, so as to prevent condensation from forming on the pipes and dripping on to interior finish materials.Conventional roof drains are common, which include a domed shaped strainer to restrict entry of leaves, seeds, etc. Controlled flow roof drains are constructed so as to moderate the flow of storm water through them.Some buildings with sloped roofs intentionally omit gutters. Overhangs drain above gravel trenches, which can serve to initiate on-site infiltration in dry soils, or drain through subsoil piping to an appropriate location.

*Size of roof drains, gutters and downspouts:The magnitude of the 100 year rainfall in the locality must first be assessed.(Buffalo, NY 2-1/2 per hour, although many designers use 4.)Select practical locations for locations of roof drains or gutters. For flat roofs, roof insulation can be built up and formed to provide required pitch. Roof drain areas should be subdivided into several small areas, as well as separate standalone roofs, such as vestibule overhangs, etc.

*Example:

Select roof drains for a 6000 s.f. flat roof, where it is convenient to divide the roof into four square drainage areas, in Miami, FloridaSolution:Maximum 1 hour rainfall for Miami is 4.5-5/hr. Use 5.The horizontal projected area per roof drain is 6000/4 = 1500 s.f.Refer to Table 20.8, p. 899 (p. 889 10th ed., p. 568, 9th ed.) At 5 rainfall per hour:A 3 roof drain will drain 1288 s.f. (too small)A 4 roof drain will drain 2768 s.f.

*Example (Contd)Use the 4 dia. roof drains, which will afford (2768-1288)/2768 x 100% =53% additional capacity.Gutters are selected in a similar way, but slope must also be considered.For example, if this building used a sloped roof with the same horizontal projected area, and four individual gutter segments were used to collect water from the roof, a 7 dia. gutter would be required at 1/8 per foot slope; a 6 diameter gutter at per foot slope see Table 20.7 (Table 9.7, 9th ed.)

*Domestic Water SystemsPotable water defined as water that is suitable for drinking.Requirement for potable water:Every structure equipped with plumbing fixtures and used for human occupancy or habitation must provide potable water. Water SourcesCommunity water supplyWater obtained from municipalities is generally treated and safe to drink

*Domestic Water Systems (contd)WellWater obtained from wells must be approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

*Domestic Water Systems (Contd)Generally, well water can be made potable by on-site treatment systems.The water is first tested to determine the type of treatment that is required.Types of contaminationBacterialChemicalRadiological

*Materials for Piping

NYS code permits various piping materials to be used for water service piping and water distribution piping. Generally, the most popular materials are:

Water Service PipeType K copper tubing ASTM B75, B88, B251, B447Cement lined ductile iron pipe AWWA C151, AWWA C115PVC plastic pipe ASTM D1785, D2241, D2672

*Materials for Piping (Contd)Water Distribution PipeType L, M copper tubing ASTM B75, B88, B251, B447Galvanized steel pipe ASTM A53CPVC plastic pipe ASTM D2847, F441, F442, CSA B137.6Disinfection of pipingAll new water distribution piping must be purged of harmful matter and disinfected in accordance with NYS Health regulations. (NYS 602.3.4)

*Components of the Water Distribution SystemWater ServicesCorporation valveA connection to the street main that is approved by the municipal water authority, consisting of a connection or tap, and a valve.Curb valveAn underground valve accessible from the surface to enable shut-off of the water service from outside of a building.Water meterRecords water consumption for revenue billing and other purposes.

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Backflow preventerPrevents water from within a building from flowing back into the public water main, which would otherwise contaminate the public water supply.Types:Double check valveReduced Pressure ZoneMust adhere to Health department requirementsHeated, lighted enclosureCannot be located in basement or underground

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Main Shut off valveA means to shut off all water supply from within a building.

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Pressure reducing valveRequired where pressure exceeds 80 psiHigh water pressures can damage plumbing fixtures, cause leaksWater distribution pipingTypes:UpfeedCity PressurePumpedDownfeed

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)RisersIsolation ValvesIsolation valves required at each riserStop valves required at each plumbing fixture

*Isometric Detail of Domestic Water Piping for Branch Bank

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Piping must be installed to drain to a convenient drain valve, for repairs, winterization for unoccupied periods.Water hammerQuick closing valves cause water pressure shock waves, causing pipe noise and vibration, as well as possible damage.Water hammer arrestors absorb excess pressure, and are required near all quick closing valves. (NYS 604.9)Protection from freezingAvoid locating domestic water piping in exterior walls.

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Provisions for drainagePipe InsulationRequired for energy conservation for all hot water piping.To prevent condensation on cold water pipes.Water Heating equipmentTypes:Direct fired heating appliance is located where water is heated.Most Common type used in residencesConsists of insulated storage tank, gas burner

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Water Heaters (Contd)Indirect fired heating appliance located separate from where water is heatedStorage typeWater heated in separate boiler, pump circulates hot water to heat exchanger located in a separate storage tank.Used where large quantities of hot water are required at intervals, where required quantities fluctuate, or where there is a limited amount of available energy, e.g. schools.

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Instantaneous typeWater is heated almost instantaneously as it flow through tubes surrounding a coil. Used for applications with a continuous hot water flow demand.Semi-instantaneous typeSmall storage tank and instantaneous water heater with control system used where there are space restrictions for large water heating system.

*Water Heater Installation Detail

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Relief valvesAs water temperature increases in confined volume, pressure increases; beyond limit, tank could rupture and cause harm/damage. A pressure and temperature relief valve is required on all above with storage tanks. Provisions to prevent scaldingHot water systems must be designed to limit hot water temperature at plumbing fixtures within safe temperature (110 deg F.)Lavatories, sinks

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Provisions to prevent scalding (contd)Shower valvesPressure balancing valvesAutomatically compensate for fluctuations in hot and cold water pressures.

*Components of the Water Distribution System (Contd)Hot water re-circulating systemPump generally used to continuously circulate hot water from heater to hot water pipes supplying most remote fixtures, to eliminate delay when hot water faucet is first opened. Often controlled by time clock and thermostat.Wall hydrants, hose bibs for connecting hoses.Vacuum breakers required to prevent backflow.

*Hot Water Recirculating System Provides continuous circuit for hot water to flow during occupied periods of the building.Hot water is instantly available at lavatories and sinks no waiting or wasted water.

*Pipe SizesSizes established based upon fixture unit methodEach fixture assigned a water supply fixture unit value for hot, cold, and total consumption.Fixture units convert to gallons per minute flow based upon Hunters curvePipes sized so as to provide required pressure at each fixture when water is flowing through them.

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Some Sustainable Design StrategiesMinimize water usageLow Flow FixturesExceed flow rates established by Energy Policy Act 1992 (>30% = LEED Credit)Waterless urinalsTwo stage flush toiletsFlow restrictors on showersMetering faucetsCollect & store rainwaterFor flush toilets/urinalsFor irrigation systemsOther uses

*Sustainable Design Strategies (contd)Minimize energy useOccupancy controlled hot water re-circulating systemsHigh efficiency domestic water heatersExceed best practice values for domestic hot water pipe insulation

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